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Atomic-Level Understanding of Surface Reconstruction Based on Li[NixMnyCo1–x–y]O2 Single-Crystal Studies

Cite this: ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020, 3, 5, 4799–4811
Publication Date (Web):April 30, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00411
Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
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    The stability of cathode particle surfaces that are directly exposed to the electrolyte is one of the most crucial and determining factors for cathode performance at high operating voltages. Theory has predicted a strong dependence of surface stability on chemical compositions as well as surface facets of layered oxides, yet conflicting results on the correlations exist as most experimental studies focus on cycled secondary particles recovered from composite electrodes. Herein, we synthesize well-formed Li[NixMnyCo1–x–y]O2 (NMC) single-crystal samples, carefully define pristine surface properties, and then monitor their evolution with cycling. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis show the formation of a surface reconstruction layer (SRL) as well as an extended surface reduction layer on pristine, Li-permeable non-(001) surfaces, even before cycling. We reveal a transition region with chemical gradient, in which the layered structure gradually densifies and eventually transforms into the SRL on the top surface. Contrary to these observations, no SRL is observed on pristine, Li-impermeable (001) surfaces, revealing the facet-dependent nature of surface reconstructions during particle synthesis. Upon electrochemical cycling, significant composition- and facet-dependent SRL growth is observed. The driving force and mechanism for surface reconstruction are further discussed. The present study provides insights into the origin as well as the nature of SRLs, highlighting the significance of surface engineering in cathode material optimization.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsaem.0c00411.

    • List of Rietveld refinement parameters and elemental compositions from ICP measurements; EDX mapping collected under STEM imaging; crystallographic configurations of layered LiTMO2; Rietveld refinement of synchrotron XRD patterns; HAADF STEM images and FFT analysis; EELS spectra of O K-edge, Mn L-edge, Co L-edge, and Ni L-edge collected on pristine and cycled samples (PDF)

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