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Ion-Boosting the Charge Density and Piezoelectric Response of Ferroelectrets to Significantly High Levels

  • Ningzhen Wang
    Ningzhen Wang
    Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
  • Jan van Turnhout*
    Jan van Turnhout
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands
    *Email: [email protected]
  • Robert Daniels
    Robert Daniels
    Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
  • Chao Wu
    Chao Wu
    Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
    More by Chao Wu
  • Jindong Huo
    Jindong Huo
    Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
    More by Jindong Huo
  • Reimund Gerhard
    Reimund Gerhard
    Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
  • Gregory Sotzing
    Gregory Sotzing
    Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
  • , and 
  • Yang Cao*
    Yang Cao
    Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
    *Email: [email protected]
    More by Yang Cao
Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 37, 42705–42712
Publication Date (Web):September 13, 2022
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c12185
Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society

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    Abstract

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    In contrast to molecular-dipole polymers, such as PVDF, ferroelectrets are a new class of flexible spatially heterogeneous piezoelectric polymers with closed or open voids that act as deformable macro-dipoles after charging. With a spectrum of manufacturing processes being developed to engineer the heterogeneous structures, ferroelectrets are made with attractive piezoelectric properties well-suited for applications, such as pressure sensors, acoustic transducers, etc. However, the sources of the macro-dipole charges have usually been the same, microscopic dielectric barrier discharges within the voids, induced when the ferroelectrets are poled under a large electric field typically via a so-called corona poling, resulting in the separation and trapping of opposite charges into the interior walls of the voids. Such a process is inherently self-limiting, as the reverse internal field from the macro-dipoles eventually extinguishes the microdischarges, resulting in limited density of ions and not too high overall piezoelectric performance. Here, a new method to form ferroelectrets with gigantic electroactivity is proposed and demonstrated with the aid of an external ion booster. A laminate consisting of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and fluorinated-ethylene-propylene (FEP) was prefilled with bipolar ions produced externally by an ionizer and sequentially poled to force the separation of positive and negative ions into the open fibrous structure, rendering an impressive piezoelectric d33 coefficient of 1600 pC/N─an improvement by a factor of 4 in comparison with the d33 of a similar sandwich poled with nonenhanced corona poling. The (pre)filling clearly increases the ion density in the open voids significantly. The charges stored in the open-cell structure stays at a high level for at least 4 months. In addition, an all-organic nanogenerator was made from an ePTFE-based ferroelectret, with conducting poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) coated fabric electrodes. When poled with this ion-boosting process, it yielded an output power twice that of a similar sample poled in a conventional corona-only process. The doubling in output power is mainly brought about by the significantly higher charge density achieved with the aid of external booster. Furthermore, aside from the bipolar ions, extra monopolar ions can during the corona poling be blown into the open pores by using for instance a negative ionic hair dryer to produce a unipolar ePTFE-based ferroelectret with its d33 coefficient enhanced by a factor of 3. Ion-boosting poling thus unleashes a new route to produce bipolar or unipolar open-cell ferroelectrets with highly enhanced piezoelectric response.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.2c12185.

    • Photograph of the experimental setup and microstructures of the conductive fabric (PDF)

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    Cited By

    This article is cited by 5 publications.

    1. Jindong Huo, Yifei Wang, Ningzhen Wang, Wenqiang Gao, Jierui Zhou, Yang Cao. Data-driven design and optimization of ultra-tunable acoustic metamaterials. Smart Materials and Structures 2023, 32 (5) , 05LT01. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/acc36c
    2. Zhijie Li, Fangwei Liang, Peiyu Zhang, Xinmiao Zhou. Instability and dynamic behavior of arc attachments on electrodes and the effect on electrode erosion. International Journal of Energy 2023, 2 (1) , 1-4. https://doi.org/10.54097/ije.v2i1.4902
    3. Jindong Huo, Ningzhen Wang, Hongtao Peng. Study of Non-Periodical Mechanical Metamaterials: Design and Application. Academic Journal of Science and Technology 2022, 3 (3) , 148-152. https://doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i3.2920
    4. Qian Wang, Fangwei Liang, Xinmiao Zhou. Rapid and Safe Arc Quench by Using External Magnetic Coil in Power Interruption. Academic Journal of Science and Technology 2022, 3 (3) , 206-210. https://doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i3.2983
    5. Qian Wang, Fangwei Liang, Jixing Sun. Experimental Study of Arc Discharge Induced Electrode Erosion and Its Influence on Arc Behaviors. Academic Journal of Science and Technology 2022, 3 (1) , 32-35. https://doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i1.1821

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