Ion-Boosting the Charge Density and Piezoelectric Response of Ferroelectrets to Significantly High LevelsClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Ningzhen WangNingzhen WangElectrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United StatesMore by Ningzhen Wang
- Jan van Turnhout*Jan van Turnhout*Email: [email protected]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The NetherlandsMore by Jan van Turnhout
- Robert DanielsRobert DanielsDepartment of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United StatesMore by Robert Daniels
- Chao WuChao WuElectrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United StatesMore by Chao Wu
- Jindong HuoJindong HuoElectrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United StatesMore by Jindong Huo
- Reimund GerhardReimund GerhardInstitute of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, GermanyMore by Reimund Gerhard
- Gregory SotzingGregory SotzingDepartment of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United StatesMore by Gregory Sotzing
- Yang Cao*Yang Cao*Email: [email protected]Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United StatesMore by Yang Cao
Abstract
In contrast to molecular-dipole polymers, such as PVDF, ferroelectrets are a new class of flexible spatially heterogeneous piezoelectric polymers with closed or open voids that act as deformable macro-dipoles after charging. With a spectrum of manufacturing processes being developed to engineer the heterogeneous structures, ferroelectrets are made with attractive piezoelectric properties well-suited for applications, such as pressure sensors, acoustic transducers, etc. However, the sources of the macro-dipole charges have usually been the same, microscopic dielectric barrier discharges within the voids, induced when the ferroelectrets are poled under a large electric field typically via a so-called corona poling, resulting in the separation and trapping of opposite charges into the interior walls of the voids. Such a process is inherently self-limiting, as the reverse internal field from the macro-dipoles eventually extinguishes the microdischarges, resulting in limited density of ions and not too high overall piezoelectric performance. Here, a new method to form ferroelectrets with gigantic electroactivity is proposed and demonstrated with the aid of an external ion booster. A laminate consisting of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and fluorinated-ethylene-propylene (FEP) was prefilled with bipolar ions produced externally by an ionizer and sequentially poled to force the separation of positive and negative ions into the open fibrous structure, rendering an impressive piezoelectric d33 coefficient of 1600 pC/N─an improvement by a factor of 4 in comparison with the d33 of a similar sandwich poled with nonenhanced corona poling. The (pre)filling clearly increases the ion density in the open voids significantly. The charges stored in the open-cell structure stays at a high level for at least 4 months. In addition, an all-organic nanogenerator was made from an ePTFE-based ferroelectret, with conducting poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) coated fabric electrodes. When poled with this ion-boosting process, it yielded an output power twice that of a similar sample poled in a conventional corona-only process. The doubling in output power is mainly brought about by the significantly higher charge density achieved with the aid of external booster. Furthermore, aside from the bipolar ions, extra monopolar ions can during the corona poling be blown into the open pores by using for instance a negative ionic hair dryer to produce a unipolar ePTFE-based ferroelectret with its d33 coefficient enhanced by a factor of 3. Ion-boosting poling thus unleashes a new route to produce bipolar or unipolar open-cell ferroelectrets with highly enhanced piezoelectric response.
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