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Ion-Boosting the Charge Density and Piezoelectric Response of Ferroelectrets to Significantly High Levels
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    Surfaces, Interfaces, and Applications

    Ion-Boosting the Charge Density and Piezoelectric Response of Ferroelectrets to Significantly High Levels
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    • Ningzhen Wang
      Ningzhen Wang
      Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
    • Jan van Turnhout*
      Jan van Turnhout
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands
      *Email: [email protected]
    • Robert Daniels
      Robert Daniels
      Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
    • Chao Wu
      Chao Wu
      Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
      More by Chao Wu
    • Jindong Huo
      Jindong Huo
      Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
      More by Jindong Huo
    • Reimund Gerhard
      Reimund Gerhard
      Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
    • Gregory Sotzing
      Gregory Sotzing
      Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
    • Yang Cao*
      Yang Cao
      Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
      *Email: [email protected]
      More by Yang Cao
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (1)

    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 37, 42705–42712
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c12185
    Published September 13, 2022
    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    In contrast to molecular-dipole polymers, such as PVDF, ferroelectrets are a new class of flexible spatially heterogeneous piezoelectric polymers with closed or open voids that act as deformable macro-dipoles after charging. With a spectrum of manufacturing processes being developed to engineer the heterogeneous structures, ferroelectrets are made with attractive piezoelectric properties well-suited for applications, such as pressure sensors, acoustic transducers, etc. However, the sources of the macro-dipole charges have usually been the same, microscopic dielectric barrier discharges within the voids, induced when the ferroelectrets are poled under a large electric field typically via a so-called corona poling, resulting in the separation and trapping of opposite charges into the interior walls of the voids. Such a process is inherently self-limiting, as the reverse internal field from the macro-dipoles eventually extinguishes the microdischarges, resulting in limited density of ions and not too high overall piezoelectric performance. Here, a new method to form ferroelectrets with gigantic electroactivity is proposed and demonstrated with the aid of an external ion booster. A laminate consisting of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and fluorinated-ethylene-propylene (FEP) was prefilled with bipolar ions produced externally by an ionizer and sequentially poled to force the separation of positive and negative ions into the open fibrous structure, rendering an impressive piezoelectric d33 coefficient of 1600 pC/N─an improvement by a factor of 4 in comparison with the d33 of a similar sandwich poled with nonenhanced corona poling. The (pre)filling clearly increases the ion density in the open voids significantly. The charges stored in the open-cell structure stays at a high level for at least 4 months. In addition, an all-organic nanogenerator was made from an ePTFE-based ferroelectret, with conducting poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) coated fabric electrodes. When poled with this ion-boosting process, it yielded an output power twice that of a similar sample poled in a conventional corona-only process. The doubling in output power is mainly brought about by the significantly higher charge density achieved with the aid of external booster. Furthermore, aside from the bipolar ions, extra monopolar ions can during the corona poling be blown into the open pores by using for instance a negative ionic hair dryer to produce a unipolar ePTFE-based ferroelectret with its d33 coefficient enhanced by a factor of 3. Ion-boosting poling thus unleashes a new route to produce bipolar or unipolar open-cell ferroelectrets with highly enhanced piezoelectric response.

    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.2c12185.

    • Photograph of the experimental setup and microstructures of the conductive fabric (PDF)

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    This article is cited by 11 publications.

    1. Ningzhen Wang, He Zhang, Xunlin Qiu, Reimund Gerhard, Jan van Turnhout, Jason Cressotti, Dong Zhao, Liang Tang, Yang Cao. Recent Advances in Ferroelectret Fabrication, Performance Optimization, and Applications. Advanced Materials 2024, 36 (52) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202400657
    2. Bidya Mondal, Dipankar Mandal. Geometry-modulated all organic 3D printed smart PLA fibers for flextension amplified giant mechanical energy harvesting and Machine learning assisted pressure mapping. Chemical Engineering Journal 2024, 496 , 154281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154281
    3. Yanting Gong, Kaijun Zhang, Iek Man Lei, Yan Wang, Junwen Zhong. Advances in Piezoelectret Materials‐Based Bidirectional Haptic Communication Devices. Advanced Materials 2024, 36 (33) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202405308
    4. Teresa Cheng, Han Hu, Navid Valizadeh, Liu Qiong, Florian Bittner, Ling Yang, Timon Rabczuk, Xiaoning Jiang, Xiaoying Zhuang. The Influence of Discontinuity‐Induced Fringing Effect on the Output Performance of Contact‐Separation Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Experiment and Modeling Studies. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research 2024, 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202400002
    5. Ningzhen Wang, Mohamadreza Arab Baferani, Robert Daniels, Chao Wu, Jindong Huo, Jan van Turnhout, Gregory A Sotzing, Reimund Gerhard, Yang Cao. Macro-dipoles in soft/hard expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene + fluoroethylenepropylene (ePTFE + FEP) fluoropolymer-film systems for high-output piezoelectric ferroelectret-transducer applications. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2024, 57 (14) , 145502. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad1a84
    6. Ziling Song, Xianfa Cai, Yiqin Wang, Wenyu Yang, Wei Li. Leveraging Ferroelectret Nanogenerators for Acoustic Applications. Micromachines 2023, 14 (12) , 2145. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14122145
    7. Jindong Huo, Yifei Wang, Ningzhen Wang, Wenqiang Gao, Jierui Zhou, Yang Cao. Data-driven design and optimization of ultra-tunable acoustic metamaterials. Smart Materials and Structures 2023, 32 (5) , 05LT01. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/acc36c
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    9. Jindong Huo, Ningzhen Wang, Hongtao Peng. Study of Non-Periodical Mechanical Metamaterials: Design and Application. Academic Journal of Science and Technology 2022, 3 (3) , 148-152. https://doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i3.2920
    10. Qian Wang, Fangwei Liang, Xinmiao Zhou. Rapid and Safe Arc Quench by Using External Magnetic Coil in Power Interruption. Academic Journal of Science and Technology 2022, 3 (3) , 206-210. https://doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i3.2983
    11. Qian Wang, Fangwei Liang, Jixing Sun. Experimental Study of Arc Discharge Induced Electrode Erosion and Its Influence on Arc Behaviors. Academic Journal of Science and Technology 2022, 3 (1) , 32-35. https://doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i1.1821

    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 37, 42705–42712
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c12185
    Published September 13, 2022
    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society

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