Disulfiram Copper Nanoparticles Prepared with a Stabilized Metal Ion Ligand Complex Method for Treating Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancers
- Wu ChenWu ChenDepartment of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United StatesMore by Wu Chen,
- Wen YangWen YangMaterials Research and Education Center, Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United StatesMore by Wen Yang,
- Pengyu ChenPengyu ChenMaterials Research and Education Center, Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United StatesMore by Pengyu Chen,
- Yongzhuo Huang*Yongzhuo Huang*E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: +86-21-2023-1981 (Y.H.).State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, ChinaMore by Yongzhuo Huang, and
- Feng Li*Feng Li*E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 334-844-7406 (F.L.).Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United StatesMore by Feng Li
Abstract

Disulfiram (DSF), an alcohol-aversion drug, has been explored for cancer treatment. Copper diethyldithiocarbamate (Cu(DDC)2) complex formed by DSF and copper ions is a major active ingredient for its anticancer activity. Direct administration of Cu(DDC)2 is a promising strategy to enhance the anticancer efficacy of DSF. However, efficient drug delivery remains a significant challenge for Cu(DDC)2 and hinders its clinical use. In this study, we developed a facile stabilized metal ion ligand complex (SMILE) method to prepare Cu(DDC)2 nanoparticles (NPs). The SMILE method could prepare Cu(DDC)2 NPs with different types of stabilizers including 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 2000, d-α-tocopherol PEG 1000 succinate, methoxy PEG 5000-b-poly(l-lactide) 5000, and other generally recognized as safe excipients approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The optimized formulations demonstrated excellent drug-loading efficiency (close to 100%), high drug concentrations (increased drug concentration by over 200-fold compared to the traditional micelle formulation), and an optimal particle size in the sub-100 nm range. Cu(DDC)2 NPs exhibited outstanding stability in serum for 72 h and can also be stored at room temperature for at least 1 month. The anticancer effects of Cu(DDC)2 NP formulations were determined by multiple assays including 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, colony-forming assay, calcein-AM/propidium iodide staining, and others. Cu(DDC)2 NPs showed excellent activity against drug-resistant prostate cancer cells and other cancer cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of around 100 nM. Our study also demonstrated that Cu(DDC)2 NPs induced cell death in drug-resistant prostate cancer cells (DU145-TXR) through paraptosis, which is a nonapoptotic cell death. To our best knowledge, the SMILE method provides, for the first time, a simple yet efficient process for generating Cu(DDC)2 NPs with high drug concentration, excellent loading efficiency, and desirable physicochemical properties. This method could potentially address drug delivery challenges of DSF/copper-based chemotherapy and facilitate its clinical translation.
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