Investigation of Amphiphilic Polypeptoid-Functionalized Halloysite Nanotubes as Emulsion Stabilizer for Oil Spill RemediationClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Tianyi YuTianyi YuDepartment of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United StatesMore by Tianyi Yu
- Lauren T. SwientoniewskiLauren T. SwientoniewskiDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United StatesMore by Lauren T. Swientoniewski
- Marzhana OmarovaMarzhana OmarovaDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United StatesMore by Marzhana Omarova
- Mei-Chun LiMei-Chun LiSchool of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United StatesMore by Mei-Chun Li
- Ioan I. NegulescuIoan I. NegulescuDepartment of Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United StatesMore by Ioan I. Negulescu
- Naisheng JiangNaisheng JiangDepartment of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United StatesMore by Naisheng Jiang
- Omead A. DarvishOmead A. DarvishDepartment of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United StatesMore by Omead A. Darvish
- Abhishek PanchalAbhishek PanchalInstitute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United StatesMore by Abhishek Panchal
- Diane A. BlakeDiane A. BlakeDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United StatesMore by Diane A. Blake
- Qinglin WuQinglin WuSchool of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United StatesMore by Qinglin Wu
- Yuri M. LvovYuri M. LvovInstitute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United StatesMore by Yuri M. Lvov
- Vijay T. JohnVijay T. JohnDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United StatesMore by Vijay T. John
- Donghui Zhang*Donghui Zhang*E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 225-578-4893.Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United StatesMore by Donghui Zhang
Abstract

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), naturally occurring and environmental benign clay nanoparticles, have been successfully functionalized with amphiphilic polypeptoid polymers by surface-initiated polymerization methods and investigated as emulsion stabilizers toward oil spill remediation. The hydrophilicity and lipophilicity balance (HLB) of the grafted polypeptoids was shown to affect the wettability of functionalized HNTs and their performance as stabilizers for oil-in-water emulsions. The functionalized HNTs having relatively high hydrophobic content (HLB = 12.0–15.0) afforded the most stable oil-in-water emulsions containing the smallest oil droplet sizes. This has been attributed to the augmented interfacial activities of polypeptoid-functionalized HNTs, resulting in more effective reduction of interfacial tension, enhancement of thermodynamic propensity of the HNT particles to partition at the oil–water interface, and increased emulsion viscosity relative to the pristine HNTs. Cell culture studies have revealed that polypeptoid-functionalized HNTs are noncytotoxic toward Alcanivorax borkumensis, a dominant alkane degrading bacterium found in the ocean after oil spill. Notably, the functionalized HNTs with higher hydrophobic polypeptoid content (HLB = 12.0–14.3) were shown to induce more cell proliferation than either pristine HNTs or those functionalized with less hydrophobic polypeptoids. It was postulated that the functionalized HNTs with higher hydrophobic polypeptoid content may promote the bacterial proliferation by providing larger oil–water interfacial area and better anchoring of bacteria at the interface.
Cited By
Smart citations by scite.ai include citation statements extracted from the full text of the citing article. The number of the statements may be higher than the number of citations provided by ACS Publications if one paper cites another multiple times or lower if scite has not yet processed some of the citing articles.
This article is cited by 57 publications.
- Giulia D’Agostino, Maria Rita Caruso, Giuseppe Cavallaro, Giuseppe Lazzara, Stefana Milioto. Pickering Emulsion Gel Based on Funori Biopolymer and Halloysite Nanotubes: A New Sustainable Material for the Cleaning of Artwork Surfaces. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2024, 6
(13)
, 7679-7690. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.4c01152
- Cuiying Tan, Puxiang Zhao, Youquan Zhou, Mingxian Liu. Hydrophobic Halloysite Nanotubes via Ball Milling for Stable Pickering Emulsions: Implications for Food Preservation. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2022, 5
(8)
, 11289-11301. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c02410
- Amber J. Pete, Bhuvnesh Bharti, Michael G. Benton. Nano-enhanced Bioremediation for Oil Spills: A Review. ACS ES&T Engineering 2021, 1
(6)
, 928-946. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.0c00217
- Ofer Prinz Setter, Ariel Movsowitz, Sarah Goldberg, Ester Segal. Antibody-Functionalized Halloysite Nanotubes for Targeting Bacterial Cells. ACS Applied Bio Materials 2021, 4
(5)
, 4094-4104. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.0c01332
- Botuo Zheng, Songyi Xu, Xufeng Ni, Jun Ling. Understanding Acid-Promoted Polymerization of the N-Substituted Glycine N-Thiocarboxyanhydride in Polar Solvents. Biomacromolecules 2021, 22
(4)
, 1579-1589. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00016
- Dmitrij Stehl, Tina Skale, Lena Hohl, Yuri Lvov, Joachim Koetz, Matthias Kraume, Anja Drews, Regine von Klitzing. Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Halloysite Clay Nanotubes Toward Efficient Filterability. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2020, 3
(12)
, 11743-11751. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c02205
- Ehsan Chehrazi, Alireza Sharif, Mohammad Karimi. Rational Design of Halloysite Surface Chemistry for High Performance Nanotube–Thin Film Nanocomposite Gas Separation Membranes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12
(33)
, 37527-37537. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c06374
- Giuseppe Cavallaro, Stefana Milioto, Giuseppe Lazzara. Halloysite Nanotubes: Interfacial Properties and Applications in Cultural Heritage. Langmuir 2020, 36
(14)
, 3677-3689. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00573
- Samahe Sadjadi, Soheila Yaghoubi, Xuemin Zhong, Peng Yuan. Zirconia on acid-treated halloysite as an efficient catalyst for conversion of mono-saccharides to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 2025, 175 , 114182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2025.114182
- Tianqi Jiang, Jialiang Zhou, Ruixue Wang, Hengxue Xiang, Jinqi Wang, Zexu Hu, Senlong Yu, Gongxun Zhai, Chao Jia, Meifang Zhu. Long-term and rapid antibacterial efficacy of Cu2O-GO nanocomposites for medical protective textiles. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2025, 190 , 108673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108673
- Huifang Bi, Catherine N. Mulligan, Kenneth Lee, Baiyu Zhang, Zhi Chen, Chunjiang An. Nanotechnology for oil spill response and cleanup in coastal regions. Environmental Science: Nano 2025, 12
(1)
, 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EN00954A
- Heba M. Fahmy, Nourhan S. Sultan, Eman M. Hieba, Rewida R. Hamed. Functionalized nanoclays in the environmental industry. 2025, 195-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15894-0.00004-5
- Yaw Kwakye Adofo, Emmanuel Nyankson, Benjamin Agyei-Tuffour, Selassie Gbogbo, Christian Amoako, Joseph Arko Morgan, Gloria Pokuaa Manu, Grace Karikari Arkorful. Halloysite nanotubes as delivery mechanism for feather protein-based multi-surfactant systems in crude oil dispersion application. Heliyon 2025, 11
(2)
, e41951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41951
- Soheila Yaghoubi, Samahe Sadjadi, Xuemin Zhong, Peng Yuan, Majid M. Heravi. Clay-supported bio-based Lewis acid ionic liquid as a potent catalyst for the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymthylfurfural. Scientific Reports 2024, 14
(1)
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50773-2
- Yongkang Wang, Wei Liu, Zhiyi Zang, Yuzheng Luo, Shuyi Sun, Shuangkun Zhang, Thomas P. Russell, Shaowei Shi, Zhanpeng Wu. Amphiphilic Polyphosphazene for Fluorocarbon Emulsion Stabilization. Small 2024, 20
(34)
https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202312275
- Ying Liu, Liang Liu, Xinxia Li, Juan Yu, Meijuan Chen, Lin Lin, Ruoxian Jia, Yimin Fan. Pickering emulsions by combining nanocellulose/nanochitin and silk fibroin: Silk fibroin as a stabilizer or an emulsifier. Industrial Crops and Products 2024, 211 , 118270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118270
- Kai Hu, Honghong Lyu, Haonan Duan, Zhenzhong Hu, Boxiong Shen. Facilitate the preparation of naturally modified and self-healing superhydrophobic/superoleophilic biochar-based foams for efficient oil-water separation. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2024, 465 , 133489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133489
- Samahe Sadjadi, Soheila Yaghoubi, Xuemin Zhong, Peng Yuan, Majid M. Heravi. Composite of gum arabic and halloysite as a bio-based acidic catalyst for efficient synthesis of 5-hydroxymthylfurfural. Applied Clay Science 2024, 247 , 107197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.107197
- Lorenzo Lisuzzo, Giuseppe Cavallaro, Stefana Milioto, Giuseppe Lazzara. Coating of silk sutures by Halloysite/wax Pickering emulsions for controlled delivery of eosin. Applied Clay Science 2024, 247 , 107217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.107217
- Fardin Saghandali, Mohammad Kazemeini, Samahe Sadjadi. Halloysite-supported silicotungstic acid as an efficient catalyst for dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 2024, 184 , 111697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2023.111697
- Sima Darvishi, Samahe Sadjadi, Eric Monflier, Majid M. Heravi. k-carrageenan nanocomposite as an efficient acidic bio-based catalyst for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose. Journal of Molecular Structure 2024, 1296 , 136827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136827
- Osman Duman, Uğur Cengiz, Ceren Özcan Diker, Candan Cengiz, Süleyman Mert Güreşir, Sibel Tunç. Fabrication of superhydrophobic melamine sponge composite sorbent in supercritical carbon dioxide atmosphere for selective and effective oil removal from water. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2023, 11
(6)
, 111602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.111602
- Osman Duman, Ceren Özcan Diker, Süleyman Mert Güreşir, Uğur Cengiz, Sibel Tunç. Superhydrophobic melamine sponge-sorbent fabricated using WS2, halloysite nanotube, octyltriethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, and polydimethylsiloxane for the selective uptake of oil from water. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2023, 56 , 104454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104454
- Samahe Sadjadi, Soheila Yaghoubi, Xuemin Zhong, Peng Yuan, Majid M. Heravi. Tuning the acidity of halloysite by polyionic liquid to develop an efficient catalyst for the conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Scientific Reports 2023, 13
(1)
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34876-4
- Prokopiy Maximov, Evan Dasi, Natalia Kalinina, Alexey Ruban, Boris Pokidko, Maxim Rudmin. Zinc-Intercalated Halloysite Nanotubes as Potential Nanocomposite Fertilizers with Targeted Delivery of Micronutrients. Materials 2023, 16
(20)
, 6729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206729
- Pooja Chauhan, Arfin Imam, Pankaj Kumar Kanaujia, Sunil Kumar Suman. Nano-bioremediation: an eco-friendly and effective step towards petroleum hydrocarbon removal from environment. Environmental Research 2023, 231 , 116224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116224
- Samahe Sadjadi, Neda Abedian-Dehaghani, Majid M. Heravi, Xuemin Zhong, Peng Yuan, Josep Duran, Albert Poater, Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh. Clay-supported acidic ionic liquid as an efficient catalyst for conversion of carbohydrates to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2023, 382 , 121847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121847
- Samahe Sadjadi, Neda Abedian-Dehaghani, Xuemin Zhong, Majid M. Heravi, Peng Yuan. Ionic liquid-functionalized halloysite as an efficient catalyst for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Applied Clay Science 2023, 237 , 106896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106896
- Maria Rita Caruso, Giuseppe Cavallaro, Stefana Milioto, Giuseppe Lazzara. Halloysite nanotubes/Keratin composites for wool treatment. Applied Clay Science 2023, 238 , 106930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106930
- Maria Helena José, João Paulo Canejo, Maria Helena Godinho. Oil/Water Mixtures and Emulsions Separation Methods—An Overview. Materials 2023, 16
(6)
, 2503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062503
- Jiaji Cheng, Moyun Kang, Wei Lin, Chenchen Liang, Yuqi Liu, Yapeng Wang, Shaoshuai Niu, Feng Zhang. Preparation and characterization of phase change material microcapsules with modified halloysite nanotube for controlling temperature in the building. Construction and Building Materials 2023, 362 , 129764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129764
- Martina Maria Calvino, Lorenzo Lisuzzo, Giuseppe Cavallaro, Giuseppe Lazzara, Stefana Milioto. Halloysite based geopolymers filled with wax microparticles as sustainable building materials with enhanced thermo-mechanical performances. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2022, 10
(6)
, 108594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108594
- Iniya Prasanthi, Barsha Rani Bora, Kalyan Raidongia, K.K.R. Datta. Fluorinated graphene nanosheet supported halloysite nanoarchitectonics: Super-wetting coatings for efficient and recyclable oil sorption. Separation and Purification Technology 2022, 301 , 122049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122049
- Yaping Wang, Qianqian Wang, Guoyi Wu, Hengxue Xiang, Mugaanire Tendo Innocent, Mian Zhai, Chao Jia, Peng Zou, Jialiang Zhou, Meifang Zhu. Ultra-fast bacterial inactivation of Cu2O@halloysite nanotubes hybrids with charge adsorption and physical piercing ability for medical protective fabrics. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022, 122 , 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.059
- Arash Shams, Samahe Sadjadi, Josep Duran, Sílvia Simon, Albert Poater, Naeimeh Bahri‐Laleh. Effect of support hydrophobicity of halloysite‐based catalysts on the polyalphaolefin hydrofinishing performance. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 2022, 36
(7)
https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.6719
- Zhiwen Zhu, Xing Song, Yiqi Cao, Bing Chen, Kenneth Lee, Baiyu Zhang. Recent advancement in the development of new dispersants as oil spill treating agents. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 2022, 36 , 100770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2021.100770
- Lorenzo Lisuzzo, Giuseppe Cavallaro, Stefana Milioto, Giuseppe Lazzara. Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Halloysite Nanotubes: From General Aspects to Technological Applications. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2022, 9
(10)
https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202102346
- Lorenzo Lisuzzo, Giuseppe Cavallaro, Stefana Milioto, Giuseppe Lazzara. Halloysite nanotubes as nanoreactors for heterogeneous micellar catalysis. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2022, 608 , 424-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.146
- Yongfeng Zhu, Aiqin Wang. Pickering emulsions and foams stabilization based on clay minerals. 2022, 169-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91858-9.00001-X
- Anne Aimable, Gisèle Lecomte-Nana, Cécile Pagnoux. Role of surfactants and polymers for clay minerals as stabilizer of Pickering emulsion. 2022, 277-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91858-9.00007-0
- Yogesh A. Patil, Viral R. Mehta, Deepak R. Boraste, Ganapati S. Shankarling. Facile preparation of Cucurbit[6]uril modified melamine sponge for efficient oil spill cleanup. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021, 9
(6)
, 106603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106603
- Bin Yan, Xiaoyu Wang, Xiaoling Zhang, Shengqu Liu, Min Li, Rong Ran. Novel dispersant based on the synergy of nickel hydroxide and sulfonated lignin for applications in oil spill remediation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021, 9
(6)
, 106607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106607
- Aleksandr Glotov, Andrei Novikov, Anna Stavitskaya, Vladimir Nedolivko, Dmitry Kopitsyn, Alexandra Kuchierskaya, Evgenii Ivanov, Valentine Stytsenko, Vladimir Vinokurov, Yuri Lvov. Nanoreactors based on hydrophobized tubular aluminosilicates decorated with ruthenium: Highly active and stable catalysts for aromatics hydrogenation. Catalysis Today 2021, 378 , 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.10.001
- Taotao Lu, Hao Gou, Honghong Rao, Guohu Zhao. Recent progress in nanoclay-based Pickering emulsion and applications. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021, 9
(5)
, 105941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105941
- Jin-Xin Liu, Heng-Jia Zhu, Pan Wang, Jian-Ming Pan. Recent studies of Pickering emulsion system in petroleum treatment: The role of particles. Petroleum Science 2021, 18
(5)
, 1551-1563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2021.10.001
- Samahe Sadjadi, Fatemeh Koohestani, Neda Abedian-Dehaghani, Majid M. Heravi. Halloysite Nanoclay with High Content of Sulfonic Acid-Based Ionic Liquid: A Novel Catalyst for the Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans. Catalysts 2021, 11
(10)
, 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11101172
- Haonan Duan, Honghong Lyu, Boxiong Shen, Jingya Tian, Xinyu Pu, Fumei Wang, Xudong Wang. Superhydrophobic-superoleophilic biochar-based foam for high-efficiency and repeatable oil-water separation. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 780 , 146517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146517
- Sahar Karimi, Samahe Sadjadi, Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh, Mehdi Nekoomanesh-Haghighi. New less-toxic halloysite-supported ionic liquid/AlCl3 oligomerization catalysts: a comparative study on the effects of various ionic liquids on the properties of polyalphaolefins. Molecular Catalysis 2021, 509 , 111648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111648
- Samahe Sadjadi, Fatemeh Koohestani, Gerard Pareras, Mehdi Nekoomanesh-Haghighi, Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh, Albert Poater. Combined experimental and computational study on the role of ionic liquid containing ligand in the catalytic performance of halloysite-based hydrogenation catalyst. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2021, 331 , 115740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115740
- Sahar Karimi, Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh, Gerard Pareras, Samahe Sadjadi, Mehdi Nekoomanesh-Haghighi, Albert Poater. Pd on nitrogen rich polymer–halloysite nanocomposite as an environmentally benign and sustainable catalyst for hydrogenation of polyalfaolefin based lubricants. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2021, 97 , 441-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.02.031
- Mahtab Tabrizi, Samahe Sadjadi, Gerard Pareras, Mehdi Nekoomanesh-Haghighi, Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh, Albert Poater. Efficient hydro-finishing of polyalfaolefin based lubricants under mild reaction condition using Pd on ligands decorated halloysite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2021, 581 , 939-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.112
- Ofer Prinz Setter, Ester Segal. Halloysite nanotubes – the nano-bio interface. Nanoscale 2020, 12
(46)
, 23444-23460. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR06820A
- Samahe Sadjadi, Fatemeh Koohestani, Mohammad Atai. Pd on magnetic hybrid of halloysite and POSS‐containing copolymer: An efficient catalyst for dye reduction. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 2020, 34
(12)
https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.6006
- Marina Massaro, Renato Noto, Serena Riela. Past, Present and Future Perspectives on Halloysite Clay Minerals. Molecules 2020, 25
(20)
, 4863. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204863
- Samahe Sadjadi, Fatemeh Koohestani, Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh. Pd immobilization on the multi-amine functionalized halloysite as an efficient catalyst for hydrogenation reaction: An experimental and computational study. Applied Clay Science 2020, 192 , 105645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105645
- A.M. Abu El-Soad, A.V. Pestov, D.P. Tambasova, V.A. Osipova, N.A. Martemyanov, Giuseppe Cavallaro, E.G. Kovaleva, Giuseppe Lazzara. Insights into grafting of (3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxy silane on halloysite nanotubes surface. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 2020, 915 , 121224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121224
- Samahe Sadjadi. Halloysite-based hybrids/composites in catalysis. Applied Clay Science 2020, 189 , 105537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105537
Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.
Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.
The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.