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Toward Optimized Radial Modulation of the Space-Charge Region in One-Dimensional SnO2–NiO Core–Shell Nanowires for Hydrogen Sensing

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    Research Article

    Toward Optimized Radial Modulation of the Space-Charge Region in One-Dimensional SnO2–NiO Core–Shell Nanowires for Hydrogen Sensing
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    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 4, 4594–4606
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b19442
    Published January 14, 2020
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    Abstract

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    The gas-sensing properties and mechanism and the role of the shell thickness of structurally well-defined SnO2/NiO heterostructures are studied. One-dimensional (1D) SnO2/NiO core–shell nanowires (CSNWs) were produced by a two-step process; single-crystalline SnO2-core nanowires (NWs) were synthesized by vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) deposition and then decorated with a polycrystalline NiO-shell layer by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The thickness of the NiO-shell layer was precisely controlled between 2 and 8.2 nm. The electrical conductance of the sensors was decreased many orders of magnitude with the NiO coating, suggesting that the conductivity of the sensors is dominated by Schottky barrier junctions across the n(core)–p(shell) interfaces. The gas-sensing response of pristine SnO2 NWs and SnO2/NiO CSNWs sensors with various thicknesses of the NiO-shell layers was investigated toward hydrogen at various temperatures. The response of the SnO2/NiO-X (X is the number of ALD cycles) CSNWs significantly depends on the thickness of the NiO-shell layer. The SnO2/NiO-100 sensor showed the best performance (NiO-shell thickness ca. 4.1 nm), where the radial modulation of the space-charge region is maximized. The sensing response of the SnO2/NiO-100 sensor was 114 for 500 ppm of hydrogen at 500 °C, which was about four times higher than the response of pristine SnO2 NWs. The sensing mechanism is mainly based on the formation of a p–n junction at the p-NiO-shell and the n-SnO2-core interface and the modulation of the hole-accumulation region in the NiO-shell layer. The remarkable performance of the SnO2/NiO CSNWs sensors toward hydrogen is attributed to the high surface to volume ratio of the 1D SnO2 core-NWs, the conformal NiO shell layer, and the optimized shell layer thickness radially modulating the space-charge regions.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.9b19442.

    • Spectroscopic ellipsometry curves and description; GIXRD patterns and description; gas-sensing response of all of the sensors at various temperatures toward hydrogen, ethanol, and acetone; response of the sensor toward 200 ppm of hydrogen at various operating temperatures for fixed RH% and at different humidity levels (RH, 0–75%) for a fixed temperature; calibration plots for the SnO2/NiO-100 CSNWs sensor at 0% and 40% relative humidity levels at an optimized temperature (500 °C); response transient for the response and recovery time of all of the fabricated sensors at 0% and 40% RH; table of the values for the response and recovery times; dynamic transient response for repeatability of the signals, response after 3 months for the stability of the signals; table showing the fitting parameters of the calibration curves, representative parameters, and detection limits (PDF)

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    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 4, 4594–4606
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