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Supercritical Fluids as Reaction Media for Scalable Production of Carbon Nanomaterials
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    Supercritical Fluids as Reaction Media for Scalable Production of Carbon Nanomaterials
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    ACS Applied Nano Materials

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2019, 2, 2, 1009–1017
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b02272
    Published January 29, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    We have demonstrated scalable and selective synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and onion-like carbons (OLCs) in a batch reactor using supercritical fluids (SCFs) as reaction media. The process utilizes toluene and alcohols (ethanol, propanol, and butanol) as carbon precursors in combination with ferrocene. Growth with supercritical toluene at 600 °C in the absence of water yields large diameter CNTs while introduction of 92.5 mmol/L of water enhances product yield by 50%, promoting formation of smaller diameter CNTs and decorating the exterior surface of CNTs with Fe nanoparticles. At 400 and 500 °C, in the absence of water, supercritical toluene produces mainly OLCs and CNFs, respectively. For alcohols, a gradual evolution of the morphology of nanocarbons forms from mainly OLCs to tube-like structures as the ratio of C/O atoms increases, possibly due to a decrease in the tendency of graphitic sheets to minimize their energies by curling into onion-like structures as chain length increases. This study provides a framework for utilizing SCF reaction media in a batch reactor to achieve scalable and selective growth of different nanocarbons and nanocarbon–metal nanocomposites.

    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.8b02272.

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    This article is cited by 4 publications.

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    ACS Applied Nano Materials

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2019, 2, 2, 1009–1017
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b02272
    Published January 29, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

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