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Size-Controlled LiDAR-Detectable Black Pigments: Comparative Study from the Nano- to the Micron-Scale
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    Size-Controlled LiDAR-Detectable Black Pigments: Comparative Study from the Nano- to the Micron-Scale
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    • Jiwon Kim
      Jiwon Kim
      Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseo-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
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    • Zambaga Otgonbayar
      Zambaga Otgonbayar
      Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseo-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
    • Suk Jekal
      Suk Jekal
      Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseo-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
      More by Suk Jekal
    • Minki Sa
      Minki Sa
      Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseo-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
      More by Minki Sa
    • Dahee Kang
      Dahee Kang
      Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseo-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
      More by Dahee Kang
    • Jungchul Noh
      Jungchul Noh
      McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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    • Woo-Jin Song*
      Woo-Jin Song
      Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
      Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
      Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
      *Email: [email protected]
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    • Chang-Min Yoon*
      Chang-Min Yoon
      Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseo-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
      *Email: [email protected]. Tel: 82-42-821-1528. Fax: 82-42-821-1593.
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (2)

    ACS Applied Optical Materials

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Opt. Mater. 2024, 2, 11, 2328–2339
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.4c00368
    Published October 21, 2024
    Copyright © 2024 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors emit pulsed near-infrared (NIR) lasers toward targets and detect the reflected signals to measure the distance between LiDAR-equipped autonomous vehicles and surrounding objects. However, LiDAR sensors have difficulty recognizing black and dark objects owing to their intrinsic light absorption characteristics, including NIR light, which limits their practical application in autonomous driving environments. In this study, NIR-reflective silica/black titania core/shell (SBT/CS) pigments of various sizes (140 nm, 1.3 μm, and 6.6 μm) ranging from the nano- to micron-scale are synthesized to evaluate the suitability of LiDAR-detectable paints in car coatings. The silica cores are fabricated using the Stöber method by adjusting the quantity of the reagents and then coated with a black titania shell via titanium tetrachloride sol–gel and NaBH4 reduction methods. In practical LiDAR applications, the SBT/CS pigments with 100 nm cores exhibit the highest NIR reflectance (27.8 R% at 905 nm) owing to their high specific surface area. Conversely, SBT/CS pigments with 6 μm cores demonstrate excellent spreadability and durability owing to their increased contact area and mechanical strength. All of the SBT/CS-painted objects are successfully recognized using commercial LiDAR sensors, thus confirming the advantages of micron-scaled SBT/CS-based paints in autonomous driving environments.

    Copyright © 2024 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsaom.4c00368.

    • STEM images of M2-core, white and black core/shell, STEM images of M3-core, white and black core/shell, shell thickness and diameter of the core, white and black core/shell, surface area and pore size distribution of the core material, XPS survey spectra of the white and black core/shell, XPS spectra of the M1-core material, XPS spectra of the M2-core material, XPS spectra of the M3-core material, percentages of various chemical bonds in ST/CS and SBT/CS in the Ti 2p XPS spectra, blackness of the series of core/shell material, digital photograph of the panel coated with hydrophilic black paints, LiDAR recognition images of the panel coated with hydrophilic black paints, LiDAR reflectance of the panel coated with two different black paints, LiDAR reflectance of the panel coated with two different black paints, and tensile strain and Young’s modulus of various films (PDF)

    • Evaluation of the series of SBT/CS-painted panels using a rotating-type LiDAR sensor (Video S1) (MP4)

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    ACS Applied Optical Materials

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Opt. Mater. 2024, 2, 11, 2328–2339
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.4c00368
    Published October 21, 2024
    Copyright © 2024 American Chemical Society

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