Diurnal Changes and Machine Learning Analysis of Perovskite Modules Based on Two Years of Outdoor MonitoringClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Vasiliki Paraskeva*Vasiliki Paraskeva*[email protected]PV Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, CyprusMore by Vasiliki Paraskeva
- Matthew NortonMatthew NortonPV Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, CyprusMore by Matthew Norton
- Andreas LiveraAndreas LiveraPV Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, CyprusMore by Andreas Livera
- Andreas KyprianouAndreas KyprianouPV Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, CyprusMore by Andreas Kyprianou
- Maria HadjipanayiMaria HadjipanayiPV Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, CyprusMore by Maria Hadjipanayi
- Elias PeraticosElias PeraticosPV Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, CyprusMore by Elias Peraticos
- Aranzazu AguirreAranzazu AguirreImec, imo-imomec, Thin Film PV Technology, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumHasselt University, imo-imomec, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, BelgiumEnergyVille, imo-imomec, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumMore by Aranzazu Aguirre
- Santhosh RameshSanthosh RameshImec, imo-imomec, Thin Film PV Technology, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumHasselt University, imo-imomec, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, BelgiumEnergyVille, imo-imomec, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumMore by Santhosh Ramesh
- Tamara MerckxTamara MerckxImec, imo-imomec, Thin Film PV Technology, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumHasselt University, imo-imomec, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, BelgiumEnergyVille, imo-imomec, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumMore by Tamara Merckx
- Rita EbnerRita EbnerAIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Energy, Giefingasse 2, 1210 Vienna, AustriaMore by Rita Ebner
- Tom AernoutsTom AernoutsImec, imo-imomec, Thin Film PV Technology, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumHasselt University, imo-imomec, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, BelgiumEnergyVille, imo-imomec, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumMore by Tom Aernouts
- Anurag Krishna*Anurag Krishna*[email protected]Imec, imo-imomec, Thin Film PV Technology, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumHasselt University, imo-imomec, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, BelgiumEnergyVille, imo-imomec, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, BelgiumMore by Anurag Krishna
- George E. GeorghiouGeorge E. GeorghiouPV Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, CyprusMore by George E. Georghiou
Abstract
Long-term stability is the primary challenge for the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics, exacerbated by limited outdoor data and unclear correlations between indoor and outdoor tests. In this study, we report on the outdoor stability testing of perovskite mini-modules conducted over a two-year period. We conducted a detailed analysis of the changes in performance across the day, quantifying both the diurnal degradation and the overnight recovery. Additionally, we employed the XGBoost regression model to forecast the power output. Our statistical analysis of extensive aging data showed that all perovskite configurations tested exhibited diurnal degradation and recovery, maintaining a linear relationship between these phases across all environmental conditions. Our predictive model, focusing on essential environmental parameters, accurately forecasted the power output of mini-modules with a 6.76% nRMSE, indicating its potential to predict the lifetime of perovskite-based devices.
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You are free to share(copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format and to adapt(remix, transform, and build upon) the material for any purpose, even commercially within the parameters below:
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Mini Module ID | Exposure period | Perovskite Absorber | Electron Transport Layer (ETL) | Hole Transport Layer (HTL) | Isc (mA) | Voc (V) | FF (norm.u) | PCE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ETL1_ A | 22/07/2021–22/07/2023 | FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.94Br0.06)3 | LiF/C60/BCP | NiO | 13.81 | 7.11 | 0.56 | 13.38 |
ETL2_A | 11/08/2022–11/08/2023 | FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.94Br0.06)3 | LiF/C60/LiF | NiO | 11.52 | 6.88 | 0.65 | 14.32 |
ETL2_B | 11/08/2022- 11/08/2023 | FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.94Br0.06)3 | LiF/C60/LiF | NiO | 12.52 | 6.79 | 0.68 | 14.46 |
Figure 1
Figure 1. Long-term performance and performance loss rate. (a) Daily average power conversion efficiency (PCE) in normalized units from perovskite mini-modules of different structures. The initial PCE is shown in Table 1. The lifetime of the samples under test ranges between some months and up to two years of testing. Efficiency at reverse sweeps is reported in the graph. (b and c) Performance ratio evolution over time for (b) ETL1_A and (c) ETL2_B samples. The performance loss rate was estimated with a differential evolution algorithm on the performance ratio time series.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Open-circuit voltage value evolution over time for the samples (a) ETL1_A and (b) ETL2_A. The reduction of the open-circuit voltage values of the perovskite devices with the transition from the Voc load to MPP load between IV sweeps is indicated by the arrows in both cases.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Representation of a diurnal change in performance for one module under test for two consecutive days. The points used to extract diurnal performance degradation and diurnal performance recovery overnight are indicated in the schematic.
Figure 4
Figure 4. (a) Diurnal performance degradation and (b) diurnal performance recovery overnight for mini-modules, ETL1_A and ETL2_A. Open-circuit load was utilized mainly during the outdoor testing of modules, while MPP load was applied only in some months of testing. The boxplot results take into consideration the mean and median values of the data collected from each day in the field within each month of testing.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Diurnal performance degradation for the ETL1_A sample at different temperatures and irradiance levels.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Diurnal changes occur at all major electrical parameters of a perovskite device during (a) day and (b) night hours. Current and voltage values correspond to the ones at maximum power point conditions (Imp, Vmp). Data correspond to the 38th day of exposure of sample ETL2_A (where PCE degradation was around 9%) and at irradiances higher than 400 W/m2. The data in the red circles have been utilized for calculating the diurnal degradation and recovery values for PCE, Imp, Vmp and FF. Data corresponds to a day with high irradiation and temperature levels.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Diurnal performance recovery overnight against diurnal performance degradation at (a) different ambient temperatures and (b) total irradiation levels during the two years of outdoor testing. Data correspond to the ETL1_A sample, which presented a longer lifetime.
Figure 8
Figure 8. Measured and predicted power output from sample ETL1_A for four (4) selected days in (a) July 2022, (b) November 2022, (c) February 2023 and (d) April 2023. The mean module temperature for each day is provided in each graph.
Figure 9
Figure 9. Actual vs predicted power for perovskite mini-module ETL1_A Module using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) regression model. The normalized root-mean-square error (nRMSE) and the normalized mean bias error (nMBE) metrics are provided in the inset.
Materials and Methods
Materials
Perovskite Precursor Solution
Device Fabrication
Aging of Perovskite Mini-Modules
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01943.
Supplementary Discussion 1–17, Figures 1–35, and Tables 1–5, as mentioned in the text. (PDF)
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Acknowledgments
This work has been financed by the European Union through the TESTARE project (Grant ID: 101079488), European Regional Development Fund and the Republic of Cyprus through the DegradationLab project (Grant ID: INFRASTRUCTURES/1216/0043) and European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant N°101006715).
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- 16Velilla, E.; Jaramillo, F.; Mora-Seró, I. High-throughput analysis of the ideality factor to evaluate the outdoor performance of perovskite solar minimodules. Nat. Energy 2021, 6 (1), 54– 62, DOI: 10.1038/s41560-020-00747-9Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 17Stoichkov, V.; Bristow, N.; Troughton, J.; De Rossi, F.; Watson, T. M.; Kettle, J. Outdoor performance monitoring of perovskite solar cell mini-modules: Diurnal performance, observance of reversible degradation and variation with climatic performance. Sol. Energy 2018, 170, 549– 556, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.086Google Scholar17https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVyqtrbN&md5=99dcb210c580a749b75d9712434a67f6Outdoor performance monitoring of perovskite solar cell mini-modules: Diurnal performance, observance of reversible degradation and variation with climatic performanceStoichkov, V.; Bristow, N.; Troughton, J.; De Rossi, F.; Watson, T. M.; Kettle, J.Solar Energy (2018), 170 (), 549-556CODEN: SRENA4; ISSN:0038-092X. (Elsevier Ltd.)The outdoor performance monitoring of two types of perovskite solar cell (PSC) mini-modules based on two different absorbers - CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) and Cs0.05FA0.83MA0.17PbI(0.87Br0.13)3 (FMC) is reported. PSC modules displayed markedly different outdoor performance characteristics to other PV technologies owing to the reversible diurnal changes in efficiency, difference in temp. coeff. between absorber layers and response under low light conditions. Examn. of diurnal performance parameters on a sunny day showed that whereas the FMC modules maintained their efficiency throughout the day, the MAPI modules peaked in performance during the morning and afternoon, with a strong decrease around midday. Overall, the MAPI modules showed a strongly neg. temp. coeff. (TC) for PCE, whereas the FMC modules showed a moderate pos. temp. coeff. performance as a function of temp. due to the increase in JSC and FF. Outdoor monitoring of the MAPI modules over several days highlighted that the reduced over the course of the day but recovered overnight. In contrast the FMC modules improved slightly during the daytime although this was too reversed overnight. This paper provides insight into how PSC modules perform under real-life conditions and consider some of the unique characteristics that are obsd. in this solar cell technol.
- 18Li, J. Ink Design Enabling Slot-Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with > 22% Power Conversion Efficiency, Micro-Modules, and 1 Year of Outdoor Performance Evaluation. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13 (33), 2203898 DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202203898Google Scholar18https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXkslylu74%253D&md5=fb3f94853b76afb00358b355370eb559Ink Design Enabling Slot-Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with >22% Power Conversion Efficiency, Micro-Modules, and 1 Year of Outdoor Performance EvaluationLi, Jinzhao; Dagar, Janardan; Shargaieva, Oleksandra; Maus, Oliver; Remec, Marco; Emery, Quiterie; Khenkin, Mark; Ulbrich, Carolin; Akhundova, Fatima; Marquez, Jose A.; Unold, Thomas; Fenske, Markus; Schultz, Christof; Stegemann, Bert; Al-Ashouri, Amran; Albrecht, Steve; Esteves, Alvaro Tejada; Korte, Lars; Kobler, Hans; Abate, Antonio; Tobbens, Daniel M.; Zizak, Ivo; List-Kratochvil, Emil J. W.; Schlatmann, Rutger; Unger, EvaAdvanced Energy Materials (2023), 13 (33), 2203898CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)The next technol. step in the exploration of metal-halide perovskite solar cells is the demonstration of larger-area device prototypes under outdoor operating conditions. The authors here demonstrate that when slot-die coating the halide perovskite layers on large areas, ribbing effects may occur but can be prevented by adjusting the precursor ink's rheol. properties. For formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) precursor inks based on 2-methoxyethanol, the ink viscosity is adjusted by adding acetonitrile (ACN) as a co-solvent leading to smooth FAPbI3 thin-films with high quality and layer homogeneity. For an optimized content of 46 vol% of the ACN co-solvent, a certified steady-state performance of 22.3% is achieved in p-i-n FAPbI3-perovskite solar cells. Scaling devices to larger areas by making laser series-interconnected mini-modules of 12.7 cm2, a power conversion efficiency of 17.1% is demonstrated. A full year of outdoor stability testing with continuous max. power point tracking on encapsulated devices is performed and it is demonstrated that these devices maintain close to 100% of their initial performance during winter and spring followed by a significant performance decline during warmer summer months. This work highlights the importance of the real-condition evaluation of larger area device prototypes to validate the technol. potential of halide perovskite photovoltaics.
- 19Chen, W. Interfacial stabilization for inverted perovskite solar cells with long-term stability. Sci. Bull. 2021, 66 (10), 991– 1002, DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.029Google Scholar19https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhs1Gjs7nM&md5=ac04971d706c218f5416d58929a2dde0Interfacial stabilization for inverted perovskite solar cells with long-term stabilityChen, Wei; Han, Bing; Hu, Qin; Gu, Meng; Zhu, Yudong; Yang, Wenqiang; Zhou, Yecheng; Luo, Deying; Liu, Fang-Zhou; Cheng, Rui; Zhu, Rui; Feng, Shien-Ping; Djurisic, Aleksandra B.; Russell, Thomas P.; He, ZhubingScience Bulletin (2021), 66 (10), 991-1002CODEN: SBCUA5; ISSN:2095-9281. (Elsevier B.V.)Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) commonly exhibit significant performance degrdn. due to ion migration through the top charge transport layer and ultimately metal electrode corrosion. Here, we demonstrate an interfacial management strategy using a boron chloride subphthalocyanine (Cl6SubPc)/fullerene electron-transport layer, which not only passivates the interfacial defects in the perovskite, but also suppresses halide diffusion as evidenced by multiple techniques, including visual element mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy. As a result, we obtain inverted PSCs with an efficiency of 22.0% (21.3% certified), shelf life of 7000 h, T80 of 816 h under damp heat stress (compared to less than 20 h without Cl6SubPc), and initial performance retention of 98% after 2000 h at 80 °C in inert environment, 90% after 2034 h of illumination and max. power point tracking in ambient for encapsulated devices and 95% after 1272 h outdoor testing ISOS-O-1. Our strategy and results pave a new way to move PSCs forward to their potential commercialization solidly.
- 20Ramirez, D.; Velilla, E.; Montoya, J. F.; Jaramillo, F. Mitigating scalability issues of perovskite photovoltaic technology through a p-i-n meso-superstructured solar cell architecture. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2019, 195, 191– 197, DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.03.014Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21De Bastiani, M. Toward Stable Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Photovoltaics: A Six-Month Outdoor Performance Study in a Hot and Humid Climate. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 2944– 2951, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01018Google Scholar21https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhs1KgtrbE&md5=56ad766248865ed514b3ed368f2be242Toward Stable Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Photovoltaics: A Six-Month Outdoor Performance Study in a Hot and Humid ClimateDe Bastiani, Michele; Van Kerschaver, Emmanuel; Jeangros, Quentin; Ur Rehman, Atteq; Aydin, Erkan; Isikgor, Furkan H.; Mirabelli, Alessandro J.; Babics, Maxime; Liu, Jiang; Zhumagali, Shynggys; Ugur, Esma; Harrison, George T.; Allen, Thomas G.; Chen, Bin; Hou, Yi; Shikin, Semen; Sargent, Edward H.; Ballif, Christophe; Salvador, Michael; De Wolf, StefaanACS Energy Letters (2021), 6 (8), 2944-2951CODEN: AELCCP; ISSN:2380-8195. (American Chemical Society)Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are emerging as a high-efficiency and prospectively cost-effective solar technol. with great promise for deployment at the utility scale. However, despite the remarkable performance progress reported lately, assuring sufficient device stability-particularly of the perovskite top cell-remains a challenge on the path to practical impact. In this work, we analyze the outdoor performance of encapsulated bifacial perovskite/silicon tandems, by carrying out field-testing in Saudi Arabia. Over a six month expt., we find that the open circuit voltage retains its initial value, whereas the fill factor degrades, which is found to have two causes. A first degrdn. mechanism is linked with ion migration in the perovskite and is largely reversible overnight, though it does induce hysteretic behavior over time. A second, irreversible, mechanism is caused by corrosion of the silver metal top contact with the formation of silver iodide. These findings provide directions for the design of new and more stable perovskite/silicon tandems.
- 22Liu, J. 28.2%-Efficient, Outdoor-Stable Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell. Joule 2021, 5 (12), 3169– 3186, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.11.003Google Scholar22https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXis12hsbrL&md5=0b714f31eb7e4f0f0a767fc9687211b1A 28.2%-efficient, outdoor-stable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cellLiu, Jiang; Aydin, Erkan; Yin, Jun; De Bastiani, Michele; Isikgor, Furkan H.; Rehman, Atteq Ur; Yengel, Emre; Ugur, Esma; Harrison, George T.; Wang, Mingcong; Gao, Yajun; Khan, Jafar Iqbal; Babics, Maxime; Allen, Thomas G.; Subbiah, Anand S.; Zhu, Kaichen; Zheng, Xiaopeng; Yan, Wenbo; Xu, Fuzong; Salvador, Michael F.; Bakr, Osman M.; Anthopoulos, Thomas D.; Lanza, Mario; Mohammed, Omar F.; Laquai, Frederic; De Wolf, StefaanJoule (2021), 5 (12), 3169-3186CODEN: JOULBR; ISSN:2542-4351. (Cell Press)Stacking perovskite solar cells onto cryst. silicon bottom cells in a monolithic tandem configuration enables power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs) well above those of their single-junction counterparts. However, state-of-the-art wide-band-gap perovskite films suffer from phase stability issues. Here, we show how carbazole as an additive to the perovskite precursor soln. can not only reduce nonradiative recombination losses but, perhaps more importantly, also can suppress phase segregation under exposure to moisture and light illumination. This enables a stabilized PCE of 28.6% (independently certified at 28.2%) for a monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell over ∼1 cm2 and 27.1% over 3.8 cm2, built from a textured silicon heterojunction solar cell. The modified tandem devices retain ∼93% of their performance over 43 days in a hot and humid outdoor environment of almost 100% relative humidity over 250 h under continuous 1-sun illumination and about 87% during a 85/85 damp-heat test for 500 h, demonstrating the improved phase stability.
- 23Khenkin, M. Light cycling as a key to understanding the outdoor behaviour of perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17 (2), 602– 610, DOI: 10.1039/D3EE03508EGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 24Emery, Q. Encapsulation and Outdoor Testing of Perovskite Solar Cells: Comparing Industrially Relevant Process with a Simplified Lab Procedure. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14 (4), 5159– 5167, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14720Google Scholar24https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xhtlens74%253D&md5=35b730af2722766dfcc11c1e8011516dEncapsulation and outdoor testing of perovskite solar cells: Comparing industrially relevant process with a simplified lab procedureEmery, Quiterie; Remec, Marko; Paramasivam, Gopinath; Janke, Stefan; Dagar, Janardan; Ulbrich, Carolin; Schlatmann, Rutger; Stannowski, Bernd; Unger, Eva; Khenkin, MarkACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2022), 14 (4), 5159-5167CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown great potential for next-generation photovoltaics. One of the main barriers to their com. use is their poor long-term stability under ambient conditions and, in particular, their sensitivity to moisture and oxygen. Therefore, several encapsulation strategies are being developed in an attempt to improve the stability of PSCs in a humid environment. The lack of common testing procedures makes the comparison of encapsulation strategies challenging. In this paper, we optimized and investigated two common encapsulation strategies: lamination-based glass-glass encapsulation for outdoor operation and com. use (COM) and a simple glue-based encapsulation mostly utilized for lab. research purposes (LAB). We compare both approaches and evaluate their effectiveness to impede humidity ingress under three different testing conditions: on-shelf storage at 21°C and 30% relative humidity (RH) (ISOS-D1), damp heat exposure at 85°C and 85% RH (ISOS-D3), and outdoor operational stability continuously monitoring device performance for 10 mo under max. power point tracking on a roof-top test site in Berlin, Germany (ISOS-O3). LAB encapsulation of perovskite devices consists of glue and a cover glass and can be performed at ambient temp., in an inert environment without the need for complex equipment. This glue-based encapsulation procedure allowed PSCs to retain more than 93% of their conversion efficiency after 1566 h of storage in ambient atm. and, therefore, is sufficient and suitable as an interim encapsulation for cell transport or short-term expts. outside an inert atm. However, this simple encapsulation does not pass the IEC 61215 damp heat test and hence results in a high probability of fast degrdn. of the cells under outdoor conditions. The COM encapsulation procedure requires the use of a vacuum laminator and the cells to be able to withstand a short period of air exposure and at least 20 min at elevated temps. (in our case, 150°C). This encapsulation method enabled the cells to pass the IEC 61215 damp heat test and even to retain over 95% of their initial efficiency after 1566 h in a damp heat chamber. Above all, passing the damp heat test for COM-encapsulated devices translates to devices fully retaining their initial efficiency for the full duration of the outdoor test (>10 mo). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the longest outdoor stability demonstrations for PSCs published to date. We stress that both encapsulation approaches described in this work are useful for the scientific community as they fulfill different purposes: the COM for the realization of prototypes for long-term real-condition validation and, ultimately, commercialization of perovskite solar cells and the LAB procedure to enable testing and carrying out expts. on perovskite solar cells under noninert conditions.
- 25De Rossi, F. An Interlaboratory Study on the Stability of All-Printable Hole Transport Material–Free Perovskite Solar Cells. Energy Technol. 2020, 8 (12), 1– 10, DOI: 10.1002/ente.202000134Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 26Huang, M. Perovskite Solar Module Outdoor Field Testing and Spectral Irradiance Effects on Power Generation. Phys. Status Solidi - Rapid Res. Lett. 2022, 16 (11), 2– 7, DOI: 10.1002/pssr.202200220Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 27Gehlhaar, R.; Merckx, T.; Qiu, W.; Aernouts, T. Outdoor Measurement and Modeling of Perovskite Module Temperatures. Glob. Challenges 2018, 2 (7), 1800008 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201800008Google Scholar27https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3MnjtFOgug%253D%253D&md5=0fc54ca028381cfd22b1b0a5f88d854bOutdoor Measurement and Modeling of Perovskite Module TemperaturesGehlhaar Robert; Merckx Tamara; Qiu Weiming; Aernouts TomGlobal challenges (Hoboken, NJ) (2018), 2 (7), 1800008 ISSN:.Photovoltaic cells and modules are exposed to partially rapid changing environmental parameters that influence the device temperature. The evolution of the device temperature of a perovskite module of 225 cm(2) area is presented during a period of 25 days under central European conditions. The temperature of the glass-glass packaged perovskite solar module is directly measured at the back contact by a thermocouple. The device is exposed to ambient temperatures from 3 to 34 °C up to solar irradiation levels exceeding 1300 W m(-2). The highest recorded module temperature is 61 °C under constant high irradiation levels. Under strong fluctuations of the global solar irradiance, temperature gradients of more than 3 K min(-1) with total changes of more than 20 K are measured. Based on the experimental data, a dynamic iterative model is developed for the module temperature evolution in dependence on ambient temperature and solar irradiation. Furthermore, specific thermal device properties that enable an extrapolation of the module response beyond the measured parameter space can be determined. With this set of parameters, it can be predicted that the temperature of the perovskite layer in thin-film photovoltaic devices is exceeding 70 °C under realistic outdoor conditions. Additionally, perovskite module temperatures can be calculated in final applications.
- 28Pescetelli, S. Integration of two-dimensional materials-based perovskite solar panels into a stand-alone solar farm. Nat. Energy 2022, 7 (7), 597– 607, DOI: 10.1038/s41560-022-01035-4Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 29Remec, M. From Sunrise to Sunset: Unraveling Metastability in Perovskite Solar Cells by Coupled Outdoor Testing and Energy Yield Modelling. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2304452, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202304452Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 30Liu, Z. Machine learning with knowledge constraints for process optimization of open-air perovskite solar cell manufacturing. Joule 2022, 6 (4), 834– 849, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2022.03.003Google Scholar30https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhtFaqtbbP&md5=5d4e4ea50ca68956748f7ee75258b042Machine learning with knowledge constraints for process optimization of open-air perovskite solar cell manufacturingLiu, Zhe; Rolston, Nicholas; Flick, Austin C.; Colburn, Thomas W.; Ren, Zekun; Dauskardt, Reinhold H.; Buonassisi, TonioJoule (2022), 6 (4), 834-849CODEN: JOULBR; ISSN:2542-4351. (Cell Press)Developing a scalable manufg. technique for perovskite solar cells requires process optimization in high-dimensional parameter space. Herein, we present a machine learning (ML)-guided framework of sequential learning for manufg. the process optimization of perovskite solar cells. We apply our methodol. to the rapid spray plasma processing (RSPP) technique for open-air perovskite device fabrication. With a limited exptl. budget of screening 100 process conditions, we demonstrated an efficiency improvement to 18.5% as the best result from a device fabricated by RSPP. Our model is enabled by three innovations: flexible knowledge transfer between expts. processes by incorporating data from prior exptl. data as a probabilistic constraint, incorporation of both subjective human observations and ML insights when selecting next expts., and adaptive strategy of locating the region of interest using Bayesian optimization before conducting local exploration for high-efficiency devices. Furthermore, in virtual benchmarking, our framework achieves faster improvements with limited expts. budgets than traditional design-of-expts. methods.
- 31Al-Sabana, O.; Abdellatif, S. O. Optoelectronic devices informatics: optimizing DSSC performance using random-forest machine learning algorithm. Optoelectron. Lett. 2022, 18 (3), 148– 151, DOI: 10.1007/s11801-022-1115-9Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Odabaşı, Ç.; Yıldırım, R. Machine learning analysis on stability of perovskite solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2020, 205, 110284 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110284Google Scholar32https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitFKqsbvF&md5=6e84313700520309bf04d69268189608Machine learning analysis on stability of perovskite solar cellsOdabasi, Cagla; Yildirim, RamazanSolar Energy Materials & Solar Cells (2020), 205 (), 110284CODEN: SEMCEQ; ISSN:0927-0248. (Elsevier B.V.)In this work, a dataset contg. long-term stability data for 404 organolead halide perovskite cells was constructed from 181 published papers and analyzed using machine-learning tools of assocn. rule mining and decision trees; the effects of cell manufg. materials, deposition methods and storage conditions on cell stability were investigated. For regular cells, mixed cation perovskites, multi-spin coating as one-step deposition, DMF + DMSO as precursor soln. and chlorobenzene as anti-solvent were found to have pos. effects on stability; SnO2 as ETL compact layer, PCBM as second ETL, inorg. HTLs or HTL-free cells, LiTFSI + TBP + FK209 and F4TCNQ as HTL additives and carbon as back contact were also found to improve stability. The cells stored under low humidity were found to be more stable as expected. The degrdn. was slightly faster in inverted cells under humid condition; the use of some materials (like mixed cation perovskites, PTAA and NiOx as HTL, PCBM + C60 as ETL, and BCP interlayer) were found to result in more stable cells.
- 33Lu, Y. Predicting the device performance of the perovskite solar cells from the experimental parameters through machine learning of existing experimental results. J. Energy Chem. 2023, 77, 200– 208, DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2022.10.024Google Scholar33https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXlslajtQ%253D%253D&md5=edad2a901e00725fedbb8fddb8472250Predicting the device performance of the perovskite solar cells from the experimental parameters through machine learning of existing experimental resultsLu, Yao; Wei, Dong; Liu, Wu; Meng, Juan; Huo, Xiaomin; Zhang, Yu; Liang, Zhiqin; Qiao, Bo; Zhao, Suling; Song, Dandan; Xu, ZhengJournal of Energy Chemistry (2023), 77 (), 200-208CODEN: JECOFG; ISSN:2095-4956. (Science Press)The performance of the metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) highly relies on the exptl. parameters, including the fabrication processes and the compns. of the perovskites; tremendous exptl. work has been done to optimize these factors. However, predicting the device performance of the PSCs from the fabrication parameters before expts. is still challenging. Herein, we bridge this gap by machine learning (ML) based on a dataset including 1072 devices from peer-reviewed publications. The optimized ML model accurately predicts the PCE from the exptl. parameters with a root mean square error of 1.28% and a Pearson coeff. r of 0.768. Moreover, the factors governing the device performance are ranked by shapley additive explanations (SHAP), among which, A-site cation is crucial to getting highly efficient PSCs. Expts. and d. functional theory calcns. are employed to validate and help explain the predicting results by the ML model. Our work reveals the feasibility of ML in predicting the device performance from the exptl. parameters before expts., which enables the reverse exptl. design toward highly efficient PSCs.
- 34Liu, Y. How Machine Learning Predicts and Explains the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. Sol. RRL 2022, 6 (6), 1– 11, DOI: 10.1002/solr.202101100Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 35Kouroudis, I. Artificial Intelligence-Based, Wavelet-Aided Prediction of Long-Term Outdoor Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2024, 9 (4), 1581– 1586, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00328Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Merckx, T. Stable Device Architecture with Industrially Scalable Processes for Realizing Efficient 784 cm2Monolithic Perovskite Solar Modules. IEEE J. Photovoltaics 2023, 13 (3), 419– 421, DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3259061Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 37Kyprianou, A.; Giacomin, J.; Worden, K.; Heidrich, M. Differential evolution based identification of automotive hydraulic engine mount model parameters. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2000, 214 (3), 249– 264, DOI: 10.1243/0954407001527402Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 38Herterich, J. Toward Understanding the Short-Circuit Current Loss in Perovskite Solar Cells with 2D Passivation Layers. Sol. RRL 2022, 6 (7), 2200195 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202200195Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 39Qu, G. Spontaneous decoration of ionic compounds at perovskite interfaces to achieve 23.38% efficiency with 85% fill factor in NiOX-based perovskite solar cells. J. Energy Chem. 2023, 85, 39– 48, DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2023.05.035Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 40Bae, S. Electric-Field-Induced Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7 (16), 3091– 3096, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01176Google Scholar40https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xht1Cjsr%252FM&md5=f8badd6230f4047ca4de2d14fc65240dElectric-Field-Induced Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar CellsBae, Soohyun; Kim, Seongtak; Lee, Sang-Won; Cho, Kyung Jin; Park, Sungeun; Lee, Seunghun; Kang, Yoonmook; Lee, Hae-Seok; Kim, DonghwanJournal of Physical Chemistry Letters (2016), 7 (16), 3091-3096CODEN: JPCLCD; ISSN:1948-7185. (American Chemical Society)Perovskite solar cells have great potential for high efficiency generation but are subject to the impact of external environmental conditions such as humidity, UV and sun light, temp., and elec. fields. The long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is an important issue for their commercialization. Various studies on the stability of perovskite solar cells are currently being performed; however, the stability related to elec. fields is rarely discussed. Here the elec. stability of perovskite solar cells is studied. Ion migration is confirmed using the temp.-dependent dark current decay. Changes in the power conversion efficiency according to the amt. of the external bias are measured in the dark, and a significant drop is obsd. only at an applied voltage greater than 0.8 V. We demonstrate that perovskite solar cells are stable under an elec. field up to the operating voltage.
- 41Zuo, L.; Li, Z.; Chen, H. Ion Migration and Accumulation in Halide Perovskite Solar Cells†. Chin. J. Chem. 2023, 41 (7), 861– 876, DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200505Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 42Chen, T.; Guestrin, C. XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining ; 2016; pp 785– 794. DOI: 10.1145/2939672.2939785 .Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Livera, A.; Paphitis, G.; Theristis, M.; Lopez-Lorente, J.; Makrides, G.; Georghiou, G. Photovoltaic System Health-State Architecture for Data-Driven Failure Detection. Solar 2022, 2 (1), 81– 98, DOI: 10.3390/solar2010006Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 44Alcañiz, A.; Lindfors, A. V.; Zeman, M.; Ziar, H.; Isabella, O. Effect of Climate on Photovoltaic Yield Prediction Using Machine Learning Models. Glob. Challenges 2023, 7 (1), 2200166 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200166Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
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Abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1. Long-term performance and performance loss rate. (a) Daily average power conversion efficiency (PCE) in normalized units from perovskite mini-modules of different structures. The initial PCE is shown in Table 1. The lifetime of the samples under test ranges between some months and up to two years of testing. Efficiency at reverse sweeps is reported in the graph. (b and c) Performance ratio evolution over time for (b) ETL1_A and (c) ETL2_B samples. The performance loss rate was estimated with a differential evolution algorithm on the performance ratio time series.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Open-circuit voltage value evolution over time for the samples (a) ETL1_A and (b) ETL2_A. The reduction of the open-circuit voltage values of the perovskite devices with the transition from the Voc load to MPP load between IV sweeps is indicated by the arrows in both cases.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Representation of a diurnal change in performance for one module under test for two consecutive days. The points used to extract diurnal performance degradation and diurnal performance recovery overnight are indicated in the schematic.
Figure 4
Figure 4. (a) Diurnal performance degradation and (b) diurnal performance recovery overnight for mini-modules, ETL1_A and ETL2_A. Open-circuit load was utilized mainly during the outdoor testing of modules, while MPP load was applied only in some months of testing. The boxplot results take into consideration the mean and median values of the data collected from each day in the field within each month of testing.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Diurnal performance degradation for the ETL1_A sample at different temperatures and irradiance levels.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Diurnal changes occur at all major electrical parameters of a perovskite device during (a) day and (b) night hours. Current and voltage values correspond to the ones at maximum power point conditions (Imp, Vmp). Data correspond to the 38th day of exposure of sample ETL2_A (where PCE degradation was around 9%) and at irradiances higher than 400 W/m2. The data in the red circles have been utilized for calculating the diurnal degradation and recovery values for PCE, Imp, Vmp and FF. Data corresponds to a day with high irradiation and temperature levels.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Diurnal performance recovery overnight against diurnal performance degradation at (a) different ambient temperatures and (b) total irradiation levels during the two years of outdoor testing. Data correspond to the ETL1_A sample, which presented a longer lifetime.
Figure 8
Figure 8. Measured and predicted power output from sample ETL1_A for four (4) selected days in (a) July 2022, (b) November 2022, (c) February 2023 and (d) April 2023. The mean module temperature for each day is provided in each graph.
Figure 9
Figure 9. Actual vs predicted power for perovskite mini-module ETL1_A Module using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) regression model. The normalized root-mean-square error (nRMSE) and the normalized mean bias error (nMBE) metrics are provided in the inset.
References
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- 8He, J. Influence of phase transition on stability of perovskite solar cells under thermal cycling conditions. Sol. Energy 2019, 188, 312– 317, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.06.0258https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtFyjtLfM&md5=79c55bb2a9d16f12b9f27c309af55716Influence of phase transition on stability of perovskite solar cells under thermal cycling conditionsHe, Jiang; Li, Tianhui; Liu, Xueping; Su, Hang; Ku, Zhiliang; Zhong, Jie; Huang, Fuzhi; Peng, Yong; Cheng, Yi-BingSolar Energy (2019), 188 (), 312-317CODEN: SRENA4; ISSN:0038-092X. (Elsevier Ltd.)In this research, we investigated the influence of phase transition in four std. perovskite materials on the device stability under thermal cycling (TC) condition, which is listed in International Electrotech. Commission (IEC) stability tests criteria. The evolution of morphol., phase structure and charge carrier dynamics of four type perovskite materials throughout thermal cycling were analyzed. It was found that the cubic to tetragonal phase transition of MAPbI3 caused the quick degrdn. of the device, the α to γ phase transition in FAPbI3 and FA0.6MA0.4PbI3 resulted in sustained efficiency loss, while the FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3 was more stable compared to above three perovskites under the same test condition. The FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3 device retained nearly 88% of its initial efficiency after 200 temp. cycles between -30°C and 85°C, which could be ascribed to its successful stabilization of perovskite structure.
- 9Domanski, K. Migration of cations induces reversible performance losses over day/night cycling in perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10 (2), 604– 613, DOI: 10.1039/C6EE03352K9https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1Kqsrw%253D&md5=16ca87419307796be4c335973da5379bMigration of cations induces reversible performance losses over day/night cycling in perovskite solar cellsDomanski, Konrad; Roose, Bart; Matsui, Taisuke; Saliba, Michael; Turren-Cruz, Silver-Hamill; Correa-Baena, Juan-Pablo; Carmona, Cristina Roldan; Richardson, Giles; Foster, Jamie M.; De Angelis, Filippo; Ball, James M.; Petrozza, Annamaria; Mine, Nicolas; Nazeeruddin, Mohammad K.; Tress, Wolfgang; Gratzel, Michael; Steiner, Ullrich; Hagfeldt, Anders; Abate, AntonioEnergy & Environmental Science (2017), 10 (2), 604-613CODEN: EESNBY; ISSN:1754-5706. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Perovskites have been demonstrated in solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of well above 20%, which makes them one of the strongest contenders for next generation photovoltaics. While there are no concerns about their efficiency, very little is known about their stability under illumination and load. Ionic defects and their migration in the perovskite crystal lattice are some of the most alarming sources of degrdn., which can potentially prevent the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, we provide direct evidence of elec. field-induced ionic defect migration and we isolate their effect on the long-term performance of state-of-the-art devices. Supported by modeling, we demonstrate that ionic defects, migrating on timescales significantly longer (above 103 s) than what has so far been explored (from 10-1 to 102 s), abate the initial efficiency by 10-15% after several hours of operation at the max. power point. Though these losses are not negligible, we prove that the initial efficiency is fully recovered when leaving the device in the dark for a comparable amt. of time. We verified this behavior over several cycles resembling day/night phases, thus probing the stability of PSCs under native working conditions. This unusual behavior reveals that research and industrial stds. currently in use to assess the performance and the stability of solar cells need to be adjusted for PSCs. Our work paves the way for much needed new testing protocols and figures of merit specifically designed for PSCs.
- 10Wenson, G.; Thakkar, H.; Tsai, H.; Stein, J.; Singh, R.; Nie, W. The degradation and recovery behavior of mixed-cation perovskite solar cells in moisture and a gas mixture environment. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10 (25), 13519– 13526, DOI: 10.1039/D2TA02352K10https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhsFCitbvJ&md5=c23d9f5a7073bcf67a7e3fe421c99bbeThe degradation and recovery behavior of mixed-cation perovskite solar cells in moisture and a gas mixture environmentWenson, George; Thakkar, Harshul; Tsai, Hsinhan; Stein, Joshua; Singh, Rajinder; Nie, WanyiJournal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2022), 10 (25), 13519-13526CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Metal halide perovskites are not only established as champion materials for conversion of solar energy to electricity but are also one of the promising candidates for solar driven fuel generation. In this paper, we report the photovoltaic devices' operational stability investigation in dry and humid nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) environments. By monitoring the behavior of a mixed-cation mixed-halide perovskite solar cell under const. 1-sun illumination in a gas mixt., we find that relative humidity plays a central role in expediting degrdn. Interestingly, rapid degrdn. is a recoverable process once the light source is removed at the same humidity level. After a detailed anal. of the current-voltage characteristics, an increase in the series resistance is obsd. when exposed to continuous illumination. This is validated by surface resistivity measurements on both sides of the device. Photoluminescence (PL) characterization indicates a temporary decrease in the PL intensity and can be expedited by higher relative humidity levels. Our study reports behavior of perovskite solar cells in dry and wet N2 and CO2 environments that is necessary for solar-to-fuel applications like CO2 redn. and water splitting in the gas phase.
- 11Huang, F. Fatigue behavior of planar CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells revealed by light on/off diurnal cycling. Nano Energy 2016, 27, 509– 514, DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.07.03311https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtlaksrbL&md5=bec0ab0c102dd40ff71fe3304d9e85daFatigue behavior of planar CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells revealed by light on/off diurnal cyclingHuang, Fuzhi; Jiang, Liangcong; Pascoe, Alexander R.; Yan, Yanfa; Bach, Udo; Spiccia, Leone; Cheng, Yi-BingNano Energy (2016), 27 (), 509-514CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)Long-term stability represents a major challenge for the com. deployment of hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The stability of solar cells is commonly tested under continuous illumination over extended periods of time, for example, 1000 h. We have found that such a method does not adequately reflect the long-term performance of perovskite solar cells under the diurnal solar irradn. cycles experienced in real-world applications. We report a new characterization protocol of multiple 12-h cycles of darkness and illumination, uncovering a unique 'fatigue' behavior of PSCs. The PSC efficiency was found to decrease to 50% or less of its max. value after storage in the dark for 12 h under open circuit conditions. The solar cell performance was capable of recovering to its max. value in the subsequent 12-h illumination period, but the recovery rate slowed significantly with successive illumination/darkness cycles. This fatigue mechanism was strongly dependent on the cell temp. The identification of this fatigue behavior renders our proposed characterization protocol an essential component of perovskite solar cell testing.
- 12Khenkin, M. V. Reconsidering figures of merit for performance and stability of perovskite photovoltaics. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11 (4), 739– 743, DOI: 10.1039/C7EE02956J12https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXisF2lsL0%253D&md5=8f73aa9fe10f808859be09d41594ae00Reconsidering figures of merit for performance and stability of perovskite photovoltaicsKhenkin, Mark V.; K. M., Anoop; Visoly-Fisher, Iris; Galagan, Yulia; Di Giacomo, Francesco; Patil, Bhushan Ramesh; Sherafatipour, Golnaz; Turkovic, Vida; Rubahn, Horst-Gunter; Madsen, Morten; Merckx, Tamara; Uytterhoeven, Griet; Bastos, Joao P. A.; Aernouts, Tom; Brunetti, Francesca; Lira-Cantu, Monica; Katz, Eugene A.Energy & Environmental Science (2018), 11 (4), 739-743CODEN: EESNBY; ISSN:1754-5706. (Royal Society of Chemistry)The development of hybrid org.-inorg. halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that combine high performance and operational stability is vital for implementing this technol. Recently, reversible improvement and degrdn. of PSC efficiency have been reported under illumination-darkness cycling. Quantifying the performance and stability of cells exhibiting significant diurnal performance variations is challenging. We report the outdoor stability measurements of two types of devices showing either reversible photo-degrdn. or reversible efficiency improvement under sunlight. Instead of the initial (or stabilized) efficiency and T80 as the figures of merit for the performance and stability of such devices, we propose using the value of the energy output generated during the first day of exposure and the time needed to reach its 20% drop, resp. The latter accounts for both the long-term irreversible degrdn. and the reversible diurnal efficiency variation and does not depend on the type of process prevailing in a given perovskite cell.
- 13Singh, R. Danger in the Dark: Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells with Varied Stoichiometries and Morphologies Stressed at Various Conditions. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16 (21), 27450– 27462, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04350There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 14Prete, M. Bias-Dependent Dynamics of Degradation and Recovery in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021, 4, 6562– 6573, DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c00588There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 15Lee, S.-W. UV Degradation and Recovery of Perovskite Solar Cells. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38150, DOI: 10.1038/srep3815015https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitFWnsrbO&md5=d81b883ce09392bbbb6a6ee99a6af7eeUV Degradation and Recovery of Perovskite Solar CellsLee, Sang-Won; Kim, Seongtak; Bae, Soohyun; Cho, Kyungjin; Chung, Taewon; Mundt, Laura E.; Lee, Seunghun; Park, Sungeun; Park, Hyomin; Schubert, Martin C.; Glunz, Stefan W.; Ko, Yohan; Jun, Yongseok; Kang, Yoonmook; Lee, Hae-Seok; Kim, DonghwanScientific Reports (2016), 6 (), 38150CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Although the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has increased from 3.81% to 22.1% in just 7 years, they still suffer from stability issues, as they degrade upon exposure to moisture, UV light, heat, and bias voltage. We herein examd. the degrdn. of perovskite solar cells in the presence of UV light alone. The cells were exposed to 365 nm UV light for over 1,000 h under inert gas at <0.5 ppm humidity without encapsulation. 1-sun illumination after UV degrdn. resulted in recovery of the fill factor and power conversion efficiency. Furthermore, during exposure to consecutive UV light, the diminished short circuit c.d. (Jsc) and EQE continuously restored. 1-sun light soaking induced recovery is considered to be caused by resolving of stacked charges and defect state neutralization. The Jsc and EQE bounce-back phenomenon is attributed to the beneficial effects of PbI2 which is generated by the decompn. of perovskite material.
- 16Velilla, E.; Jaramillo, F.; Mora-Seró, I. High-throughput analysis of the ideality factor to evaluate the outdoor performance of perovskite solar minimodules. Nat. Energy 2021, 6 (1), 54– 62, DOI: 10.1038/s41560-020-00747-9There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 17Stoichkov, V.; Bristow, N.; Troughton, J.; De Rossi, F.; Watson, T. M.; Kettle, J. Outdoor performance monitoring of perovskite solar cell mini-modules: Diurnal performance, observance of reversible degradation and variation with climatic performance. Sol. Energy 2018, 170, 549– 556, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.08617https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVyqtrbN&md5=99dcb210c580a749b75d9712434a67f6Outdoor performance monitoring of perovskite solar cell mini-modules: Diurnal performance, observance of reversible degradation and variation with climatic performanceStoichkov, V.; Bristow, N.; Troughton, J.; De Rossi, F.; Watson, T. M.; Kettle, J.Solar Energy (2018), 170 (), 549-556CODEN: SRENA4; ISSN:0038-092X. (Elsevier Ltd.)The outdoor performance monitoring of two types of perovskite solar cell (PSC) mini-modules based on two different absorbers - CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) and Cs0.05FA0.83MA0.17PbI(0.87Br0.13)3 (FMC) is reported. PSC modules displayed markedly different outdoor performance characteristics to other PV technologies owing to the reversible diurnal changes in efficiency, difference in temp. coeff. between absorber layers and response under low light conditions. Examn. of diurnal performance parameters on a sunny day showed that whereas the FMC modules maintained their efficiency throughout the day, the MAPI modules peaked in performance during the morning and afternoon, with a strong decrease around midday. Overall, the MAPI modules showed a strongly neg. temp. coeff. (TC) for PCE, whereas the FMC modules showed a moderate pos. temp. coeff. performance as a function of temp. due to the increase in JSC and FF. Outdoor monitoring of the MAPI modules over several days highlighted that the reduced over the course of the day but recovered overnight. In contrast the FMC modules improved slightly during the daytime although this was too reversed overnight. This paper provides insight into how PSC modules perform under real-life conditions and consider some of the unique characteristics that are obsd. in this solar cell technol.
- 18Li, J. Ink Design Enabling Slot-Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with > 22% Power Conversion Efficiency, Micro-Modules, and 1 Year of Outdoor Performance Evaluation. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13 (33), 2203898 DOI: 10.1002/aenm.20220389818https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXkslylu74%253D&md5=fb3f94853b76afb00358b355370eb559Ink Design Enabling Slot-Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with >22% Power Conversion Efficiency, Micro-Modules, and 1 Year of Outdoor Performance EvaluationLi, Jinzhao; Dagar, Janardan; Shargaieva, Oleksandra; Maus, Oliver; Remec, Marco; Emery, Quiterie; Khenkin, Mark; Ulbrich, Carolin; Akhundova, Fatima; Marquez, Jose A.; Unold, Thomas; Fenske, Markus; Schultz, Christof; Stegemann, Bert; Al-Ashouri, Amran; Albrecht, Steve; Esteves, Alvaro Tejada; Korte, Lars; Kobler, Hans; Abate, Antonio; Tobbens, Daniel M.; Zizak, Ivo; List-Kratochvil, Emil J. W.; Schlatmann, Rutger; Unger, EvaAdvanced Energy Materials (2023), 13 (33), 2203898CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)The next technol. step in the exploration of metal-halide perovskite solar cells is the demonstration of larger-area device prototypes under outdoor operating conditions. The authors here demonstrate that when slot-die coating the halide perovskite layers on large areas, ribbing effects may occur but can be prevented by adjusting the precursor ink's rheol. properties. For formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) precursor inks based on 2-methoxyethanol, the ink viscosity is adjusted by adding acetonitrile (ACN) as a co-solvent leading to smooth FAPbI3 thin-films with high quality and layer homogeneity. For an optimized content of 46 vol% of the ACN co-solvent, a certified steady-state performance of 22.3% is achieved in p-i-n FAPbI3-perovskite solar cells. Scaling devices to larger areas by making laser series-interconnected mini-modules of 12.7 cm2, a power conversion efficiency of 17.1% is demonstrated. A full year of outdoor stability testing with continuous max. power point tracking on encapsulated devices is performed and it is demonstrated that these devices maintain close to 100% of their initial performance during winter and spring followed by a significant performance decline during warmer summer months. This work highlights the importance of the real-condition evaluation of larger area device prototypes to validate the technol. potential of halide perovskite photovoltaics.
- 19Chen, W. Interfacial stabilization for inverted perovskite solar cells with long-term stability. Sci. Bull. 2021, 66 (10), 991– 1002, DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.02919https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhs1Gjs7nM&md5=ac04971d706c218f5416d58929a2dde0Interfacial stabilization for inverted perovskite solar cells with long-term stabilityChen, Wei; Han, Bing; Hu, Qin; Gu, Meng; Zhu, Yudong; Yang, Wenqiang; Zhou, Yecheng; Luo, Deying; Liu, Fang-Zhou; Cheng, Rui; Zhu, Rui; Feng, Shien-Ping; Djurisic, Aleksandra B.; Russell, Thomas P.; He, ZhubingScience Bulletin (2021), 66 (10), 991-1002CODEN: SBCUA5; ISSN:2095-9281. (Elsevier B.V.)Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) commonly exhibit significant performance degrdn. due to ion migration through the top charge transport layer and ultimately metal electrode corrosion. Here, we demonstrate an interfacial management strategy using a boron chloride subphthalocyanine (Cl6SubPc)/fullerene electron-transport layer, which not only passivates the interfacial defects in the perovskite, but also suppresses halide diffusion as evidenced by multiple techniques, including visual element mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy. As a result, we obtain inverted PSCs with an efficiency of 22.0% (21.3% certified), shelf life of 7000 h, T80 of 816 h under damp heat stress (compared to less than 20 h without Cl6SubPc), and initial performance retention of 98% after 2000 h at 80 °C in inert environment, 90% after 2034 h of illumination and max. power point tracking in ambient for encapsulated devices and 95% after 1272 h outdoor testing ISOS-O-1. Our strategy and results pave a new way to move PSCs forward to their potential commercialization solidly.
- 20Ramirez, D.; Velilla, E.; Montoya, J. F.; Jaramillo, F. Mitigating scalability issues of perovskite photovoltaic technology through a p-i-n meso-superstructured solar cell architecture. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2019, 195, 191– 197, DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.03.014There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21De Bastiani, M. Toward Stable Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Photovoltaics: A Six-Month Outdoor Performance Study in a Hot and Humid Climate. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 2944– 2951, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c0101821https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhs1KgtrbE&md5=56ad766248865ed514b3ed368f2be242Toward Stable Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Photovoltaics: A Six-Month Outdoor Performance Study in a Hot and Humid ClimateDe Bastiani, Michele; Van Kerschaver, Emmanuel; Jeangros, Quentin; Ur Rehman, Atteq; Aydin, Erkan; Isikgor, Furkan H.; Mirabelli, Alessandro J.; Babics, Maxime; Liu, Jiang; Zhumagali, Shynggys; Ugur, Esma; Harrison, George T.; Allen, Thomas G.; Chen, Bin; Hou, Yi; Shikin, Semen; Sargent, Edward H.; Ballif, Christophe; Salvador, Michael; De Wolf, StefaanACS Energy Letters (2021), 6 (8), 2944-2951CODEN: AELCCP; ISSN:2380-8195. (American Chemical Society)Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are emerging as a high-efficiency and prospectively cost-effective solar technol. with great promise for deployment at the utility scale. However, despite the remarkable performance progress reported lately, assuring sufficient device stability-particularly of the perovskite top cell-remains a challenge on the path to practical impact. In this work, we analyze the outdoor performance of encapsulated bifacial perovskite/silicon tandems, by carrying out field-testing in Saudi Arabia. Over a six month expt., we find that the open circuit voltage retains its initial value, whereas the fill factor degrades, which is found to have two causes. A first degrdn. mechanism is linked with ion migration in the perovskite and is largely reversible overnight, though it does induce hysteretic behavior over time. A second, irreversible, mechanism is caused by corrosion of the silver metal top contact with the formation of silver iodide. These findings provide directions for the design of new and more stable perovskite/silicon tandems.
- 22Liu, J. 28.2%-Efficient, Outdoor-Stable Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell. Joule 2021, 5 (12), 3169– 3186, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.11.00322https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXis12hsbrL&md5=0b714f31eb7e4f0f0a767fc9687211b1A 28.2%-efficient, outdoor-stable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cellLiu, Jiang; Aydin, Erkan; Yin, Jun; De Bastiani, Michele; Isikgor, Furkan H.; Rehman, Atteq Ur; Yengel, Emre; Ugur, Esma; Harrison, George T.; Wang, Mingcong; Gao, Yajun; Khan, Jafar Iqbal; Babics, Maxime; Allen, Thomas G.; Subbiah, Anand S.; Zhu, Kaichen; Zheng, Xiaopeng; Yan, Wenbo; Xu, Fuzong; Salvador, Michael F.; Bakr, Osman M.; Anthopoulos, Thomas D.; Lanza, Mario; Mohammed, Omar F.; Laquai, Frederic; De Wolf, StefaanJoule (2021), 5 (12), 3169-3186CODEN: JOULBR; ISSN:2542-4351. (Cell Press)Stacking perovskite solar cells onto cryst. silicon bottom cells in a monolithic tandem configuration enables power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs) well above those of their single-junction counterparts. However, state-of-the-art wide-band-gap perovskite films suffer from phase stability issues. Here, we show how carbazole as an additive to the perovskite precursor soln. can not only reduce nonradiative recombination losses but, perhaps more importantly, also can suppress phase segregation under exposure to moisture and light illumination. This enables a stabilized PCE of 28.6% (independently certified at 28.2%) for a monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell over ∼1 cm2 and 27.1% over 3.8 cm2, built from a textured silicon heterojunction solar cell. The modified tandem devices retain ∼93% of their performance over 43 days in a hot and humid outdoor environment of almost 100% relative humidity over 250 h under continuous 1-sun illumination and about 87% during a 85/85 damp-heat test for 500 h, demonstrating the improved phase stability.
- 23Khenkin, M. Light cycling as a key to understanding the outdoor behaviour of perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17 (2), 602– 610, DOI: 10.1039/D3EE03508EThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 24Emery, Q. Encapsulation and Outdoor Testing of Perovskite Solar Cells: Comparing Industrially Relevant Process with a Simplified Lab Procedure. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14 (4), 5159– 5167, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c1472024https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xhtlens74%253D&md5=35b730af2722766dfcc11c1e8011516dEncapsulation and outdoor testing of perovskite solar cells: Comparing industrially relevant process with a simplified lab procedureEmery, Quiterie; Remec, Marko; Paramasivam, Gopinath; Janke, Stefan; Dagar, Janardan; Ulbrich, Carolin; Schlatmann, Rutger; Stannowski, Bernd; Unger, Eva; Khenkin, MarkACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2022), 14 (4), 5159-5167CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown great potential for next-generation photovoltaics. One of the main barriers to their com. use is their poor long-term stability under ambient conditions and, in particular, their sensitivity to moisture and oxygen. Therefore, several encapsulation strategies are being developed in an attempt to improve the stability of PSCs in a humid environment. The lack of common testing procedures makes the comparison of encapsulation strategies challenging. In this paper, we optimized and investigated two common encapsulation strategies: lamination-based glass-glass encapsulation for outdoor operation and com. use (COM) and a simple glue-based encapsulation mostly utilized for lab. research purposes (LAB). We compare both approaches and evaluate their effectiveness to impede humidity ingress under three different testing conditions: on-shelf storage at 21°C and 30% relative humidity (RH) (ISOS-D1), damp heat exposure at 85°C and 85% RH (ISOS-D3), and outdoor operational stability continuously monitoring device performance for 10 mo under max. power point tracking on a roof-top test site in Berlin, Germany (ISOS-O3). LAB encapsulation of perovskite devices consists of glue and a cover glass and can be performed at ambient temp., in an inert environment without the need for complex equipment. This glue-based encapsulation procedure allowed PSCs to retain more than 93% of their conversion efficiency after 1566 h of storage in ambient atm. and, therefore, is sufficient and suitable as an interim encapsulation for cell transport or short-term expts. outside an inert atm. However, this simple encapsulation does not pass the IEC 61215 damp heat test and hence results in a high probability of fast degrdn. of the cells under outdoor conditions. The COM encapsulation procedure requires the use of a vacuum laminator and the cells to be able to withstand a short period of air exposure and at least 20 min at elevated temps. (in our case, 150°C). This encapsulation method enabled the cells to pass the IEC 61215 damp heat test and even to retain over 95% of their initial efficiency after 1566 h in a damp heat chamber. Above all, passing the damp heat test for COM-encapsulated devices translates to devices fully retaining their initial efficiency for the full duration of the outdoor test (>10 mo). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the longest outdoor stability demonstrations for PSCs published to date. We stress that both encapsulation approaches described in this work are useful for the scientific community as they fulfill different purposes: the COM for the realization of prototypes for long-term real-condition validation and, ultimately, commercialization of perovskite solar cells and the LAB procedure to enable testing and carrying out expts. on perovskite solar cells under noninert conditions.
- 25De Rossi, F. An Interlaboratory Study on the Stability of All-Printable Hole Transport Material–Free Perovskite Solar Cells. Energy Technol. 2020, 8 (12), 1– 10, DOI: 10.1002/ente.202000134There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 26Huang, M. Perovskite Solar Module Outdoor Field Testing and Spectral Irradiance Effects on Power Generation. Phys. Status Solidi - Rapid Res. Lett. 2022, 16 (11), 2– 7, DOI: 10.1002/pssr.202200220There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 27Gehlhaar, R.; Merckx, T.; Qiu, W.; Aernouts, T. Outdoor Measurement and Modeling of Perovskite Module Temperatures. Glob. Challenges 2018, 2 (7), 1800008 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.20180000827https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3MnjtFOgug%253D%253D&md5=0fc54ca028381cfd22b1b0a5f88d854bOutdoor Measurement and Modeling of Perovskite Module TemperaturesGehlhaar Robert; Merckx Tamara; Qiu Weiming; Aernouts TomGlobal challenges (Hoboken, NJ) (2018), 2 (7), 1800008 ISSN:.Photovoltaic cells and modules are exposed to partially rapid changing environmental parameters that influence the device temperature. The evolution of the device temperature of a perovskite module of 225 cm(2) area is presented during a period of 25 days under central European conditions. The temperature of the glass-glass packaged perovskite solar module is directly measured at the back contact by a thermocouple. The device is exposed to ambient temperatures from 3 to 34 °C up to solar irradiation levels exceeding 1300 W m(-2). The highest recorded module temperature is 61 °C under constant high irradiation levels. Under strong fluctuations of the global solar irradiance, temperature gradients of more than 3 K min(-1) with total changes of more than 20 K are measured. Based on the experimental data, a dynamic iterative model is developed for the module temperature evolution in dependence on ambient temperature and solar irradiation. Furthermore, specific thermal device properties that enable an extrapolation of the module response beyond the measured parameter space can be determined. With this set of parameters, it can be predicted that the temperature of the perovskite layer in thin-film photovoltaic devices is exceeding 70 °C under realistic outdoor conditions. Additionally, perovskite module temperatures can be calculated in final applications.
- 28Pescetelli, S. Integration of two-dimensional materials-based perovskite solar panels into a stand-alone solar farm. Nat. Energy 2022, 7 (7), 597– 607, DOI: 10.1038/s41560-022-01035-4There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 29Remec, M. From Sunrise to Sunset: Unraveling Metastability in Perovskite Solar Cells by Coupled Outdoor Testing and Energy Yield Modelling. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2304452, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202304452There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 30Liu, Z. Machine learning with knowledge constraints for process optimization of open-air perovskite solar cell manufacturing. Joule 2022, 6 (4), 834– 849, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2022.03.00330https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhtFaqtbbP&md5=5d4e4ea50ca68956748f7ee75258b042Machine learning with knowledge constraints for process optimization of open-air perovskite solar cell manufacturingLiu, Zhe; Rolston, Nicholas; Flick, Austin C.; Colburn, Thomas W.; Ren, Zekun; Dauskardt, Reinhold H.; Buonassisi, TonioJoule (2022), 6 (4), 834-849CODEN: JOULBR; ISSN:2542-4351. (Cell Press)Developing a scalable manufg. technique for perovskite solar cells requires process optimization in high-dimensional parameter space. Herein, we present a machine learning (ML)-guided framework of sequential learning for manufg. the process optimization of perovskite solar cells. We apply our methodol. to the rapid spray plasma processing (RSPP) technique for open-air perovskite device fabrication. With a limited exptl. budget of screening 100 process conditions, we demonstrated an efficiency improvement to 18.5% as the best result from a device fabricated by RSPP. Our model is enabled by three innovations: flexible knowledge transfer between expts. processes by incorporating data from prior exptl. data as a probabilistic constraint, incorporation of both subjective human observations and ML insights when selecting next expts., and adaptive strategy of locating the region of interest using Bayesian optimization before conducting local exploration for high-efficiency devices. Furthermore, in virtual benchmarking, our framework achieves faster improvements with limited expts. budgets than traditional design-of-expts. methods.
- 31Al-Sabana, O.; Abdellatif, S. O. Optoelectronic devices informatics: optimizing DSSC performance using random-forest machine learning algorithm. Optoelectron. Lett. 2022, 18 (3), 148– 151, DOI: 10.1007/s11801-022-1115-9There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Odabaşı, Ç.; Yıldırım, R. Machine learning analysis on stability of perovskite solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2020, 205, 110284 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.11028432https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitFKqsbvF&md5=6e84313700520309bf04d69268189608Machine learning analysis on stability of perovskite solar cellsOdabasi, Cagla; Yildirim, RamazanSolar Energy Materials & Solar Cells (2020), 205 (), 110284CODEN: SEMCEQ; ISSN:0927-0248. (Elsevier B.V.)In this work, a dataset contg. long-term stability data for 404 organolead halide perovskite cells was constructed from 181 published papers and analyzed using machine-learning tools of assocn. rule mining and decision trees; the effects of cell manufg. materials, deposition methods and storage conditions on cell stability were investigated. For regular cells, mixed cation perovskites, multi-spin coating as one-step deposition, DMF + DMSO as precursor soln. and chlorobenzene as anti-solvent were found to have pos. effects on stability; SnO2 as ETL compact layer, PCBM as second ETL, inorg. HTLs or HTL-free cells, LiTFSI + TBP + FK209 and F4TCNQ as HTL additives and carbon as back contact were also found to improve stability. The cells stored under low humidity were found to be more stable as expected. The degrdn. was slightly faster in inverted cells under humid condition; the use of some materials (like mixed cation perovskites, PTAA and NiOx as HTL, PCBM + C60 as ETL, and BCP interlayer) were found to result in more stable cells.
- 33Lu, Y. Predicting the device performance of the perovskite solar cells from the experimental parameters through machine learning of existing experimental results. J. Energy Chem. 2023, 77, 200– 208, DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2022.10.02433https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXlslajtQ%253D%253D&md5=edad2a901e00725fedbb8fddb8472250Predicting the device performance of the perovskite solar cells from the experimental parameters through machine learning of existing experimental resultsLu, Yao; Wei, Dong; Liu, Wu; Meng, Juan; Huo, Xiaomin; Zhang, Yu; Liang, Zhiqin; Qiao, Bo; Zhao, Suling; Song, Dandan; Xu, ZhengJournal of Energy Chemistry (2023), 77 (), 200-208CODEN: JECOFG; ISSN:2095-4956. (Science Press)The performance of the metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) highly relies on the exptl. parameters, including the fabrication processes and the compns. of the perovskites; tremendous exptl. work has been done to optimize these factors. However, predicting the device performance of the PSCs from the fabrication parameters before expts. is still challenging. Herein, we bridge this gap by machine learning (ML) based on a dataset including 1072 devices from peer-reviewed publications. The optimized ML model accurately predicts the PCE from the exptl. parameters with a root mean square error of 1.28% and a Pearson coeff. r of 0.768. Moreover, the factors governing the device performance are ranked by shapley additive explanations (SHAP), among which, A-site cation is crucial to getting highly efficient PSCs. Expts. and d. functional theory calcns. are employed to validate and help explain the predicting results by the ML model. Our work reveals the feasibility of ML in predicting the device performance from the exptl. parameters before expts., which enables the reverse exptl. design toward highly efficient PSCs.
- 34Liu, Y. How Machine Learning Predicts and Explains the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. Sol. RRL 2022, 6 (6), 1– 11, DOI: 10.1002/solr.202101100There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 35Kouroudis, I. Artificial Intelligence-Based, Wavelet-Aided Prediction of Long-Term Outdoor Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2024, 9 (4), 1581– 1586, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00328There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Merckx, T. Stable Device Architecture with Industrially Scalable Processes for Realizing Efficient 784 cm2Monolithic Perovskite Solar Modules. IEEE J. Photovoltaics 2023, 13 (3), 419– 421, DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2023.3259061There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 37Kyprianou, A.; Giacomin, J.; Worden, K.; Heidrich, M. Differential evolution based identification of automotive hydraulic engine mount model parameters. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2000, 214 (3), 249– 264, DOI: 10.1243/0954407001527402There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 38Herterich, J. Toward Understanding the Short-Circuit Current Loss in Perovskite Solar Cells with 2D Passivation Layers. Sol. RRL 2022, 6 (7), 2200195 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202200195There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 39Qu, G. Spontaneous decoration of ionic compounds at perovskite interfaces to achieve 23.38% efficiency with 85% fill factor in NiOX-based perovskite solar cells. J. Energy Chem. 2023, 85, 39– 48, DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2023.05.035There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 40Bae, S. Electric-Field-Induced Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7 (16), 3091– 3096, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b0117640https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xht1Cjsr%252FM&md5=f8badd6230f4047ca4de2d14fc65240dElectric-Field-Induced Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar CellsBae, Soohyun; Kim, Seongtak; Lee, Sang-Won; Cho, Kyung Jin; Park, Sungeun; Lee, Seunghun; Kang, Yoonmook; Lee, Hae-Seok; Kim, DonghwanJournal of Physical Chemistry Letters (2016), 7 (16), 3091-3096CODEN: JPCLCD; ISSN:1948-7185. (American Chemical Society)Perovskite solar cells have great potential for high efficiency generation but are subject to the impact of external environmental conditions such as humidity, UV and sun light, temp., and elec. fields. The long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is an important issue for their commercialization. Various studies on the stability of perovskite solar cells are currently being performed; however, the stability related to elec. fields is rarely discussed. Here the elec. stability of perovskite solar cells is studied. Ion migration is confirmed using the temp.-dependent dark current decay. Changes in the power conversion efficiency according to the amt. of the external bias are measured in the dark, and a significant drop is obsd. only at an applied voltage greater than 0.8 V. We demonstrate that perovskite solar cells are stable under an elec. field up to the operating voltage.
- 41Zuo, L.; Li, Z.; Chen, H. Ion Migration and Accumulation in Halide Perovskite Solar Cells†. Chin. J. Chem. 2023, 41 (7), 861– 876, DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200505There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 42Chen, T.; Guestrin, C. XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining ; 2016; pp 785– 794. DOI: 10.1145/2939672.2939785 .There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Livera, A.; Paphitis, G.; Theristis, M.; Lopez-Lorente, J.; Makrides, G.; Georghiou, G. Photovoltaic System Health-State Architecture for Data-Driven Failure Detection. Solar 2022, 2 (1), 81– 98, DOI: 10.3390/solar2010006There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 44Alcañiz, A.; Lindfors, A. V.; Zeman, M.; Ziar, H.; Isabella, O. Effect of Climate on Photovoltaic Yield Prediction Using Machine Learning Models. Glob. Challenges 2023, 7 (1), 2200166 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200166There is no corresponding record for this reference.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01943.
Supplementary Discussion 1–17, Figures 1–35, and Tables 1–5, as mentioned in the text. (PDF)
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