Black Carbon-Amended Engineered Media Filters for Improved Treatment of Stormwater Runoff

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This article references 57 other publications.

1. 1

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   Luthy, R. G.; Sharvelle, S.; Dillon, P. Urban Stormwater to Enhance Water Supply. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 5534– 5542,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05913

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   Urban Stormwater to Enhance Water Supply

   Luthy, Richard G.; Sharvelle, Sybil; Dillon, Peter

   Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (10), 5534-5542CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

   A review. The capture, treatment, and recharge of urban runoff can augment water supplies for water-scarce cities. This article describes trends in urban stormwater capture for potable water supply using examples from the U.S. and Australia. In water-limited climates, water supply potential exists for large scale stormwater harvesting and recharge, such as neighborhood-scale and larger projects. The beneficial use of urban stormwater to meet nonpotable water demands has been successfully demonstrated in the U.S. and internationally. However, in terms of potable water use in the U.S., the lack of a regulatory framework and uncertainty in treatment and water quality targets are barriers to wide-scale adoption of urban stormwater for recharge, which is not so evident in Australia. More data on urban stormwater quality, particularly with respect to pathogens and polar org. contaminants, are needed to better inform treatment requirements. New technologies hold promise for improved operation and treatment, but must be demonstrated in field trials. Stormwater treatment systems may be needed for large-scale recharge in highly urbanized areas where source control is challenging. The co-benefits of water supply, urban amenities, and pollution redn. are important for financing, public acceptance and implementation-but are rarely quantified.
5. 5

   Pinasseau, L.; Wiest, L.; Volatier, L.; Mermillod-Blondin, F.; Vulliet, E. Emerging polar pollutants in groundwater: Potential impact of urban stormwater infiltration practices. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 266, 115387,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115387

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   Emerging polar pollutants in groundwater: Potential impact of urban stormwater infiltration practices

   Pinasseau, Lucie; Wiest, Laure; Volatier, Laurence; Mermillod-Blondin, Florian; Vulliet, Emmanuelle

   Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 266 (Part_2), 115387CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   The quality of groundwater resources is decreasing partly due to chem. contaminations from a wide range of activities, such as industrial and agricultural enterprises and changes in land-use. In urban areas, one potential major pathway of GW contamination is assocd. with urban water management practises based on stormwater runoff infiltration systems. Data on the performance of the upper layer of soil and the unsatd. zone of infiltration basins to limit the contamination of GW by hydrophilic compds. are lacking. With this aim, the impact of infiltration practises on GW contamination was assessed for 12 pesticides and 4 pharmaceuticals selected according to their ecotoxicol. relevance and their likelihood of being present in urban stormwater and GW. For this purpose, 3 campaigns were conducted at 4 SIS during storm events. For each campaign, passive samplers based on the use of Empore disk were deployed in GW wells upstream and downstream of SIS, as well as in the stormwater runoff entering the infiltration basins. Upstream and downstream GW contaminations were compared to evaluate the potential effect of SIS on GW contamination and possible relationships with stormwater runoff compn. were examd. Our results showed two interesting opposite trends: (i) carbendazim, diuron, fluopyram, imidacloprid and lamotrigine had concns. significantly increasing in GW impacted by infiltration, indicating a contribution of SIS to GW contamination, (ii) atrazine, simazine and 2 transformation products exhibited concns. significantly decreasing with infiltration due to a probable diln. of historic GW contaminants with infiltrated stormwater runoff. The other 7 contaminants showed no general trend. This study demonstrates that passive samplers deployed in GW wells enabled the capture of emerging polar pollutants present at very low concns. and allowed the assessment of infiltration practises on GW quality. New data on GW and urban stormwater are provided for poorly studied hazardous compds.
6. 6

   Okaikue-Woodi, F. E. K.; Cherukumilli, K.; Ray, J. R. A critical review of contaminant removal by conventional and emerging media for urban stormwater treatment in the United States. Water Res. 2020, 187, 116434,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116434

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   A critical review of contaminant removal by conventional and emerging media for urban stormwater treatment in the United States

   Okaikue-Woodi, Fanny E. K.; Cherukumilli, Katya; Ray, Jessica R.

   Water Research (2020), 187 (), 116434CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   A review. Stormwater is a major component of the urban water cycle contributing to street flooding and high runoff vols. in urban areas, and elevated contaminant concns. in receiving waters from contact with impervious surfaces. Engineers and city planners are investing in best management practices to reduce runoff vol. and to potentially capture and use urban stormwater. However, these current approaches result in moderate to low contaminant removal efficiencies for certain classes of contaminants (e.g., particles, nutrients, and some metals). This review describes options and opportunities to augment existing stormwater infrastructure with conventional and emerging reactive media to improve contaminant removal. This crit. anal. characterizes media physicochem. properties and mechanisms contributing to contaminant removal, describes possible candidates for new engineered media, highlights lab and field studies investigating stormwater media contaminant removal, and identifies possible limitations and knowledge gaps in media implementation. Following this anal., information is provided regarding factors that may contribute to or adversely impact urban stormwater treatment by media. The review closes with insights into addnl. research directions and important information necessary for safe and effective urban stormwater treatment using media.
7. 7

   Fassman, E. Stormwater BMP treatment performance variability for sediment and heavy metals. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2012, 84, 95– 103,  DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.06.033

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   Stormwater BMP treatment performance variability for sediment and heavy metals

   Fassman, Elizabeth

   Separation and Purification Technology (2012), 84 (), 95-103CODEN: SPUTFP; ISSN:1383-5866. (Elsevier B.V.)

   Performance-based stormwater best management practice (BMP) selection should match appropriate technologies with site water quality concerns and consider the ability to meet water quality stds. Empirically derived frequency anal. of effluent flow-weighted composite event mean concns. (EMCs) for sites in the International BMP Database are presented for total suspended solids, and total and dissolved zinc and copper for dry detention basins, retention basins, wetland basins, media filters, grassed swales, bioretention, and permeable pavement. Performance characterization among BMPs using the probability plots is also compared to typical percent removal type assessment. No single device emerges as providing the best treatment across all water quality parameters considered. Detention basins provide the least water quality protection amongst all devices, and will not likely satisfy the typical goal of 75% TSS removal. Retention ponds can meet the 75% objective only when median percent removal is considered, but effluent TSS EMCs are approx. twice the level as compared to bioretention cells and grassed swales for the majority of events. Most BMPs are able to meet US EPA marine water quality discharge criteria for zinc, and many are able to meet the more stringent ANZECC threshold for 95% species protection. Copper is problematic for all BMPs with respect to water quality criteria. Resurfacing with permeable pavement could prevent up to 2/3 of the contaminant concns. from typical urban source areas.
8. 8

   Sabin, L. D.; Lim, J. H.; Stolzenbach, K. D.; Schiff, K. C. Contribution of trace metals from atmospheric deposition to stormwater runoff in a small impervious urban catchment. Water Res. 2005, 39, 3929– 3937,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.07.003

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   Contribution of trace metals from atmospheric deposition to stormwater runoff in a small impervious urban catchment

   Sabin, Lisa D.; Lim, Jeong Hee; Stolzenbach, Keith D.; Schiff, Kenneth C.

   Water Research (2005), 39 (16), 3929-3937CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier B.V.)

   The contribution of atm. deposition to trace metal emissions in storm water runoff was examd. by quantifying wet and dry deposition fluxes and storm water discharges in a small, highly impervious urban catchment, Los Angeles, California. At the beginning of the dry season in spring 2003, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn dry deposition measurements were made monthly for 1 yr. Storm water runoff and wet deposition samples were also collected, and load ests. of total annual deposition (wet + dry) were compared with annual storm water loads. Wet deposition contributed 1-10% of total deposition inside the catchment, indicating the dominance of dry deposition in semi-arid regions such as Los Angeles. Based on the total deposition:storm water ratio, atm. deposition potentially accounted for as much as 57-100% of total trace metal loads in storm water in the study area. Despite potential bias attributable to processes which were not quantified in this study (e.g., resuspension out of the catchment or sequestration within the catchment), these results demonstrated atm. deposition represents an important trace metal source in storm water discharging to surface water near urban centers.
9. 9

   Spahr, S.; Teixido, M.; Sedlak, D. L.; Luthy, R. G. Hydrophilic trace organic contaminants in urban stormwater: occurrence, toxicological relevance, and the need to enhance green stormwater infrastructure. Environmental Science-Water Research & Technology 2020, 6, 15– 44,  DOI: 10.1039/C9EW00674E

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   Hydrophilic trace organic contaminants in urban stormwater: occurrence, toxicological relevance, and the need to enhance green stormwater infrastructure

   Spahr, Stephanie; Teixido, Marc; Sedlak, David L.; Luthy, Richard G.

   Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology (2020), 6 (1), 15-44CODEN: ESWRAR; ISSN:2053-1419. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

   Hydrophilic trace org. contaminants (hyphil-TrOCs) are polar, often ionizable org. compds. of anthropogenic origin that have various applications in the urban environment e.g., as pesticides, plasticizers, and flame retardants. Hyphil-TrOCs can be washed off in storm events and enter surface waters via untreated urban stormwater discharges or combined sewer overflows. Though trace concns. of these chems. may pose a risk to ecosystem and human health, information on their presence in urban stormwater remains elusive. Monitoring and source apportionment of hyphil-TrOCs in urban stormwater is complicated by the vast no. and sources of org. contaminants and the high variability in aq. concn. over time and space. Here, we present the current state of knowledge on the occurrence and toxicol. relevance of hyphil-TrOCs in urban stormwater. To mitigate neg. impacts of contaminated surface runoff to receiving water bodies and to prevent sanitary or combined sewer overflows, many cities implement sustainable green stormwater infrastructure, also called best management practices (BMPs). Current knowledge suggests that conventional stormwater BMPs such as detention basins, constructed wetlands, and biofilters often fail to remove hyphil-TrOCs. We identify future research needs to enhance green stormwater infrastructure with respect to water quality and safe use of urban stormwater for non-potable applications or groundwater recharge and present potential benefits of geomedia amendments in BMPs (e.g., activated carbon or biochar-amended biofilters). We highlight the need to improve stormwater monitoring strategies by combining chem. and bioanal. tools to better assess effects of complex chem. mixts. and the treatment performance of BMPs and assure safe stormwater use for water supply.
10. 10

    Page, D.; Vanderzalm, J.; Kumar, A.; Cheng, K. Y.; Kaksonen, A. H.; Simpson, S. Risks of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) for Sustainable Water Recycling via Aquifers. Water 2019, 11, 1737,  DOI: 10.3390/w11081737

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    Risks of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for sustainable water recycling via aquifers

    Page, Declan; Vanderzalm, Joanne; Kumar, Anupama; Cheng, Ka Yu; Kaksonen, Anna H.; Simpson, Stuart

    Water (Basel, Switzerland) (2019), 11 (8), 1737CODEN: WATEGH; ISSN:2073-4441. (MDPI AG)

    The prediction of the fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water recycling with urban stormwater and treated wastewater is important since PFAS are widely used, persistent, and have potential impacts on human health and the environment. These alternative water sources have been utilized for water recycling via aquifers or managed aquifer recharge (MAR). However, the fate of these chems. in MAR schemes and the potential impact in terms of regulation have not been studied. PFAS can potentially be transported long distances in the subsurface during MAR. This article reviews the potential risks to MAR systems using recycled water and urban stormwater. To date, there are insufficient data to det. if PFAS can be degraded by natural processes or retained in the aquifer and become suitable pre-treatment or post-treatment technologies that will need to be employed depending upon the end use of the recovered water. The use of engineered pre-treatment or post-treatment methods needs to be based on a 'fit for purpose' principle and carefully integrated with the proposed water end use to ensure that human and environmental health risks are appropriately managed.
11. 11

    Fletcher, T. D.; Shuster, W.; Hunt, W. F.; Ashley, R.; Butler, D.; Arthur, S.; Trowsdale, S.; Barraud, S.; Semadeni-Davies, A.; Bertrand-Krajewski, J. L. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more - The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water Journal 2015, 12, 525– 542,  DOI: 10.1080/1573062X.2014.916314

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12. 12

    Trowsdale, S. A.; Simcock, R. Urban stormwater treatment using bioretention. Journal of Hydrology 2011, 397, 167– 174,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.023

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    Urban stormwater treatment using bioretention

    Trowsdale, Sam A.; Simcock, Robyn

    Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2011), 397 (3-4), 167-174CODEN: JHYDA7; ISSN:0022-1694. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Urban stormwater has neg. environmental and ecol. effects. Bioretention systems are starting to be used in efforts to mitigate these effects. A bioretention system receiving H2O from a light industrial catchment and a busy road was designed, built and monitored for changes in soil physics as well as hydrol. and hydrochem. efficiency. The soils in the bioretention system were designed to have high metal removal potential and high permeability to compensate for undersized bioretention vol. The inflow hydrograph was sharp peaks with little baseflow, typical of runoff from impervious surfaces. The bioretention system smoothed the hydrograph by reducing peak flow and vol. for all 12 events monitored. Overflow occurred in 10 events indicating the increased permeability did not fully compensate for the undersized vol. Runoff was heavily polluted with sediment and heavy metals, in particular Zn. The majority of the Zn, lead and Total Suspended Sediments were removed from the stormwater that flowed through the bioretention system, with TSS and total Zn concns. reducing by orders of magnitude. Despite high removal efficiency, median concns. of Zn exiting the bioretention system still exceeded ecosystem health guidelines and the bioretention system was both a source and sink of Cu.
13. 13

    Villarreal, E. L.; Semadeni-Davies, A.; Bengtsson, L. Inner city stormwater control using a combination of best management practices. Ecological Engineering 2004, 22, 279– 298,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.06.007

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14. 14

    Wolfand, J. M.; Seller, C.; Bell, C. D.; Cho, Y. M.; Oetjen, K.; Hogue, T. S.; Luthy, R. G. Occurrence of Urban-Use Pesticides and Management with Enhanced Stormwater Control Measures at the Watershed Scale. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 3634– 3644,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05833

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    14

    Occurrence of Urban-Use Pesticides and Management with Enhanced Stormwater Control Measures at the Watershed Scale

    Wolfand, Jordyn M.; Seller, Carolin; Bell, Colin D.; Cho, Yeo-Myoung; Oetjen, Karl; Hogue, Terri S.; Luthy, Richard G.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (7), 3634-3644CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Urban-use pesticides are of increasing concern as they are widely used and have been linked to toxicity of aquatic organisms. To assess the occurrence and treatment of these pesticides in stormwater runoff, an approach combining field sampling and watershed-scale modeling was employed. Stormwater samples were collected at four locations in the lower San Diego River watershed during a storm event and analyzed for fipronil, three of its degrdn. products, and eight pyrethroids. All 12 compds. were detected with frequency ranging from 50 to 100%. Field results indicate pesticide pollution is ubiquitous at levels above toxicity benchmarks and that runoff may be a major pollutant source to urban surface waters. A watershed-scale stormwater model was developed, calibrated using collected data, and evaluated for pesticide storm load and concns. under several management scenarios. Modeling results show that enhanced stormwater control measures, such as biochar-amended biofilters, reduce both pesticide storm load and toxicity benchmark exceedances, while conventional biofilters reduce the storm load but provide minimal toxicity benchmark exceedance redn. Consequently, biochar amendment has the potential to broadly improve water quality at the watershed scale, particularly when meeting concn.-based metrics such as toxicity benchmarks. This research motivates future work to demonstrate the reliability of full-scale enhanced stormwater control measures to treat pollutants of emerging concern.
15. 15

    Ray, J. R.; Shabtai, I. A.; Teixido, M.; Mishael, Y. G.; Sedlak, D. L. Polymer-clay composite geomedia for sorptive removal of trace organic compounds and metals in urban stormwater. Water Res. 2019, 157, 454– 462,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.097

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    15

    Polymer-clay composite geomedia for sorptive removal of trace organic compounds and metals in urban stormwater

    Ray, Jessica R.; Shabtai, Itamar A.; Teixido, Marc; Mishael, Yael G.; Sedlak, David L.

    Water Research (2019), 157 (), 454-462CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Functionalized polymer-clay composites were developed and characterized as engineered geomedia for trace contaminant removal during infiltration of urban runoff. Montmorillonite clays were functionalized with either poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDADMAC) or poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) (PVPcoS) to enhance org. compd. sorption using a simple, scalable synthesis method. Seven representative trace org. compds. and six trace metals were employed to assess the performance of the polymer-clay composites relative to biochar (i.e., an adsorbent proposed for similar purposes) in batch sorption and column studies under simulated stormwater conditions. Contaminant and geomedia electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, and the presence of natural org. matter (NOM) affected sorption. In batch studies, polymer-clay composites exhibited similar performance to biochar for perfluoroalkyl substance removal, but had lower affinity for polar pesticides and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate. Oxyanion removal was greatest for pos.-charged PDADMAC-clay composites (particularly Cr[VI]), while PVPcoS-clay composites removed over 95% of Ni, Cd, and Cu. NOM decreased removal of all org. compds., but increased trace metal removal on clay composites due to sorption of NOM-complexed metals. Polymer-clay composite-amended columns best removed oxyanions, while biochar-amended columns exhibited superior removal for all trace orgs.
16. 16

    Ashoori, N.; Teixido, M.; Spahr, S.; LeFevre, G. H.; Sedlak, D. L.; Luthy, R. G. Evaluation of pilot-scale biochar-amended woodchip bioreactors to remove nitrate, metals, and trace organic contaminants from urban stormwater runoff. Water Res. 2019, 154, 1– 11,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.040

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    16

    Evaluation of pilot-scale biochar-amended woodchip bioreactors to remove nitrate, metals, and trace organic contaminants from urban stormwater runoff

    Ashoori, Negin; Teixido, Marc; Spahr, Stephanie; LeFevre, Gregory H.; Sedlak, David L.; Luthy, Richard G.

    Water Research (2019), 154 (), 1-11CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Stormwater is increasingly being valued as a freshwater resource in arid regions and can provide opportunities for beneficial reuse via aquifer recharge if adequate pollutant removal can be achieved. Herein, we tested nutrient, metal, and trace org. contaminant removal of a pilot-scale CTR system in the lab. using biochar-amended woodchip bioreactors following eight months of aging under field conditions with exposure to real stormwater. Replicate columns with woodchips and biochar (33% by wt.), woodchips and straw, or woodchips only were operated with continuous, satd. flow for eight months using water from a watershed that drained an urban area consisting of residential housing and parks in Sonoma, California. After aging, columns were challenged for five months by continuous exposure to synthetic stormwater amended with 50μg L-1 of six trace org. contaminants (i.e., fipronil, diuron, 1H-benzotriazole, atrazine, 2,4-D, and TCEP) and five metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) frequently detected in stormwater in order to replicate the treatment unit operation of a CTR system. Throughout the eight-month aging and five-month challenge expt., nitrate concns. were below the detection limit after treatment (i.e., <0.05 mg N L-1). The removal efficiencies for metals in all treatments were >80% for Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb. For Zn, about 50% removal occurred in the woodchip-biochar systems while the other systems achieved about 20% removal.
17. 17

    Cederlund, H.; Borjesson, E.; Stenstrom, J. Effects of a wood-based biochar on the leaching of pesticides chlorpyrifos, diuron, glyphosate and MCPA. Journal of Environmental Management 2017, 191, 28– 34,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.004

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    17

    Effects of a wood-based biochar on the leaching of pesticides chlorpyrifos, diuron, glyphosate and MCPA

    Cederlund, Harald; Boerjesson, Elisabet; Stenstroem, John

    Journal of Environmental Management (2017), 191 (), 28-34CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    We studied the ability of a wood-based biochar to reduce the leaching of the pesticides chlorpyrifos, diuron, glyphosate and MCPA in a sand column test system. In addn., time-dependent adsorption of the pesticides to the biochar and to the sand used in the columns was detd. The sorption kinetics was shown to be controlled by the log Kow-values of the pesticides and sorption rates varied in the order: chlorpyrifos (log Kow = 4.7) > diuron (log Kow = 2.87) > MCPA (log Kow = -0.8) > glyphosate (log Kow = -3.2). Glyphosate sorbed very weakly to the biochar but strongly to the sand. Biochar was most effective at retaining the pesticides if applied as a distinct layer rather than mixed with the sand. Leaching of diuron and MCPA was reduced by biochar application, and the retention was linearly related to the thickness of the biochar layers. However, leaching of chlorpyrifos and glyphosate was not affected by biochar addn. Leaching was low for all pesticides when the pesticides were added directly to biochar that was then added to the column. Together, our results suggest that a viable strategy for using biochar as a means to mitigate leaching of pesticides may be to use it as an adsorptive layer directly on or close to the soil surface. This would be esp. useful in areas where pesticides are routinely handled and potentially spilled.
18. 18

    Sun, Y. Q.; Chen, S. S.; Lau, A. Y. T.; Tsang, D. C. W.; Mohanty, S. K.; Bhatnagar, A.; Rinklebe, J.; Lin, K. Y. A.; Ok, Y. S. Waste-derived compost and biochar amendments for stormwater treatment in bioretention column: Co-transport of metals and colloids. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 383, 121243,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121243

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    18

    Waste-derived compost and biochar amendments for stormwater treatment in bioretention column: Co-transport of metals and colloids

    Sun, Yuqing; Chen, Season S.; Lau, Abbe Y. T.; Tsang, Daniel C. W.; Mohanty, Sanjay K.; Bhatnagar, Amit; Rinklebe, Jorg; Lin, Kun-Yi Andrew; Ok, Yong Sik

    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2020), 383 (), 121243CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Bioretention systems, as one of the most practical management operations for low impact development of water recovery, utilize different soil amendments to remove contaminants from stormwater. For the sake of urban sustainability, the utilization of amendments derived from waste materials has a potential to reduce waste disposal at landfill while improving the quality of stormwater discharge. This study investigated the efficiency of food waste compost and wood waste biochar for metal removal from synthetic stormwater runoff under intermittent flow and co-presence of colloids. Throughout intermittent infiltration of 84 pore vols. of stormwater, columns amended with compost and biochar removed more than 50-70% of influent metals, whereas iron-oxide coated sand was much less effective. Only a small portion of metals adsorbed on the compost (< 0.74%) was reactivated during the drainage of urban pipelines that do not flow frequently, owing to abundant oxygen-contg. functional groups in compost. In comparison, co-existing kaolinite enhanced metal removal by biochar owing to the abundance of active sites, whereas co-existing humic acid facilitated mobilization via metal-humate complexation. The results suggest that both waste-derived compost and biochar show promising potential for stormwater harvesting, while biochar is expected to be more recalcitrant and desirable in field-scale bioretention systems.
19. 19

    Ulrich, B. A.; Im, E. A.; Werner, D.; Higgins, C. P. Biochar and Activated Carbon for Enhanced Trace Organic Contaminant Retention in Stormwater Infiltration Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 6222– 6230,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00376

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    19

    Biochar and Activated Carbon for Enhanced Trace Organic Contaminant Retention in Stormwater Infiltration Systems

    Ulrich, Bridget A.; Im, Eugenia A.; Werner, David; Higgins, Christopher P.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (10), 6222-6230CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    To assess the effectiveness of biochar and activated C (AC) for enhanced trace org. contaminant (TOrC) retention in storm water infiltration systems, an approach combining forward-prediction modeling and lab. verification expts. was used. Batch and column tests were conducted using representative TOrC and synthetic storm water. Based on batch screening tests, 2 com. available biochars (BN-biochar, MCG-biochar) and an AC were examd. AC exhibited the strongest sorption, followed by MCG-biochar then BN-biochar. Langmuir isotherms provided better fits to equil. data than Freundlich isotherms. Due to superior sorption kinetics, 0.2 wt. percent MCG-biochar in satd. sand columns retained TOrC more effectively than 1.0 wt. percent BN-biochar. A forward-prediction, intra-particle diffusion model based on the Langmuir isotherm adequately predicted column results when calibrated using only batch parameters, as indicated by a Monte Carlo uncertainty anal. Case study simulations estd. an infiltration basin amended with F300-AC or MCG-biochar could obtain atrazine sorption-retarded break-through times of 54 or 5.8 years, resp., at a 1 in/h infiltration rate. Results indicated biochar or AC with superior sorption capacity and kinetics can enhance TOrC retention in infiltration systems; performance under various conditions can be predicted using batch test results.
20. 20

    Ulrich, B. A.; Vignola, M.; Edgehouse, K.; Werner, D.; Higgins, C. P. Organic Carbon Amendments for Enhanced Biological Attenuation of Trace Organic Contaminants in Biochar-Amended Stormwater Biofilters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 9184– 9193,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01164

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    Organic Carbon Amendments for Enhanced Biological Attenuation of Trace Organic Contaminants in Biochar-Amended Stormwater Biofilters

    Ulrich, Bridget A.; Vignola, Marta; Edgehouse, Katelynn; Werner, David; Higgins, Christopher P.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (16), 9184-9193CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    This study sought to evaluate how dissolved org. carbon (DOC) affects attenuation of trace org. contaminants (TOrCs) in biochar-amended stormwater biofilters. It was hypothesized that (1) DOC-augmented runoff would demonstrate enhanced TOrC biodegrdn., and (2) biochar-amended sand bearing DOC-cultivated biofilms would achieve enhanced TOrC attenuation due to sorptive retention and biodegrdn. Microcosm and column expts. were conducted; utilizing actual runoff, DOC from straw and compost, and a suite of TOrCs. Biodegrdn. of TOrCs in runoff was more enhanced by compost DOC than straw DOC (particularly for atrazine, prometon, benzotriazole, and fipronil). 16S rRNA gene quantification and sequencing revealed that growth-induced microbial community changes were, amongst replicates, most consistent for compost-augmented microcosms, and least consistent for raw runoff microcosms. Compost DOC most robustly enhanced utilization of TOrCs as carbon substrates, possibly due to higher residual nutrient levels upon TOrC exposure. Sand columns contg. just 0.5 wt% biochar maintained sorptive TOrC retention in the presence of compost-DOC-cultivated biofilms, and TOrC removal was further enhanced by biol. activity. Overall, these results suggest that co-amendment with biochar and compost may robustly enhance TOrC attenuation in stormwater biofilters; a finding of significance for efforts to mitigate the impacts of runoff on water quality.
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    Boehm, A. B.; Bell, C. D.; Fitzgerald, N. J. M.; Gallo, E.; Higgins, C. P.; Hogue, T. S.; Luthy, R. G.; Portmann, A. C.; Ulrich, B. A.; Wolfand, J. M. Biochar-augmented biofilters to improve pollutant removal from stormwater - can they improve receiving water quality?. Environmental Science-Water Research & Technology 2020, 6, 1520– 1537,  DOI: 10.1039/D0EW00027B

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    21

    Biochar-augmented biofilters to improve pollutant removal from stormwater - can they improve receiving water quality?

    Boehm, Alexandria B.; Bell, Colin D.; Fitzgerald, Nicole J. M.; Gallo, Elizabeth; Higgins, Christopher P.; Hogue, Terri S.; Luthy, Richard G.; Portmann, Andrea C.; Ulrich, Bridget A.; Wolfand, Jordyn M.

    Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology (2020), 6 (6), 1520-1537CODEN: ESWRAR; ISSN:2053-1419. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    Stormwater biofilters are being implemented widely in urban environments to provide green space, alleviate flooding, and improve stormwater quality. However, biofilters with conventional media (sand, soil, and/or mulch or compost) do not reliably remove contaminants from stormwater. Research suggests addn. of biochar to the biofilter media can improve the pollutant removal capacity of biofilters. In the current work, we present a systematic review of lab. and mesocosm studies of biochar-augmented biofilters and an assessment of watershed-scale implementation of biofilters on local water quality. A full text review of 84 papers was conducted; of these, data were extd. from the 14 that met our inclusion criteria. log10 removal of microbial pollutants and trace org. contaminants (TOrCs) by biochar-augmented media is generally greater than those of the controls contg. just sand, soil, and/or compost. log10 removal of nitrogen, phosphorous, total org. carbon, and total suspended solids in biochar-augmented biofilters is not clearly higher than those of control expts. A supplemental anal. of four studies reporting longer-term breakthrough data revealed that TOrC removal effectiveness varies substantially among high temp. wood-based biochars, and that operational lifetimes of full-scale systems constrained by TOrC sorption capacity could range from five months to over seven years depending on the selected biochar. At the watershed-scale, biochar-augmented biofilters can provide enhanced treatment of runoff, resulting in the need for fewer treatment units or a smaller vol. of watershed runoff treated to meet water quality criteria compared to their conventional counterparts. While their installation can reduce the load of pollutants to receiving waters, achieving concn.-based water quality targets may prove difficult even when pollutant removal capacity is high. This work highlights the importance of a systems approach to studying how biofilter installation affects water quality within a watershed. We identify several topical areas where further research is needed, esp. as installation of biofilters and other stormwater control measures gain popularity in highly urbanized watersheds.
22. 22

    Crittenden, J. C.; Borchardt, J. H.; Montgomery Watson Harza (Firm); MWH’s water treatment principles and design; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, New Jeresy, 2012.

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    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
23. 23

    Mohanty, S. K.; Valenca, R.; Berger, A. W.; Yu, I. K. M.; Xiong, X. N.; Saunders, T. M.; Tsang, D. C. W. Plenty of room for carbon on the ground: Potential applications of biochar for stormwater treatment. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 625, 1644– 1658,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.037

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    Plenty of room for carbon on the ground: Potential applications of biochar for stormwater treatment

    Mohanty, Sanjay K.; Valenca, Renan; Berger, Alexander W.; Yu, Iris K. M.; Xiong, Xinni; Saunders, Trenton M.; Tsang, Daniel C. W.

    Science of the Total Environment (2018), 625 (), 1644-1658CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A review. Low impact development (LID) systems are increasingly used to manage stormwater, but they have limited capacity to treat stormwater-a resource to supplement existing water supply in water-stressed urban areas. To enhance their pollutant removal capacity, infiltration-based LID systems can be augmented with natural or engineered geomedia that meet the following criteria: they should be economical, readily available, and have capacity to remove a wide range of stormwater pollutants in conditions expected during intermittent infiltration of stormwater. Biochar, a carbonaceous porous co-product of waste biomass pyrolysis/gasification, meets all these criteria. Biochar can adsorb pollutants, improve water-retention capacity of soil, retain and slowly release nutrients for plant uptake, and help sustain microbiota in soil and plants atop; all these attributes could help improve removal of contaminants in stormwater treatment systems. This article discusses contaminant removal mechanisms by biochar, summarizes specific biochar properties that enhance targeted contaminants removal from stormwater, and identifies challenges and opportunities to retrofit biochar in LID to optimize stormwater treatment.
24. 24

    Roos, C. Clean Heat and Power Using Biomass Gasification for Industrial and Agricultural Projects; US Department of Energy, 2010.

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25. 25

    Wang, F.; Sun, H. W.; Ren, X. H.; Liu, Y. R.; Zhu, H. K.; Zhang, P.; Ren, C. Effects of humic acid and heavy metals on the sorption of polar and apolar organic pollutants onto biochars. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 231, 229– 236,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.023

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    Effects of humic acid and heavy metals on the sorption of polar and apolar organic pollutants onto biochars

    Wang, Fei; Sun, Hongwen; Ren, Xinhao; Liu, Yarui; Zhu, Hongkai; Zhang, Peng; Ren, Chao

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2017), 231 (Part_1), 229-236CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The effects of humic acid (HA) and heavy metals (Cu2+ and Ag+) on the sorption of polar and apolar org. pollutants onto biochars that were produced at temps. of 200°C (BC200) and 700°C (BC700) were studied. Due to the plentiful polar functional groups on BC200, cationic propranolol exhibited higher levels of sorption than naphthalene on BC200 while naphthalene and propranolol showed similar sorption capacities on BC700. HA changed the characteristics of biochars and generally inhibited the sorption of target org. pollutants on biochars. Residue dissolved HA in soln. may also contribute to sorption inhibition. Complexation between polar functional groups on BC200 and heavy metals slightly enhanced the sorption of neutral naphthalene and significantly enhanced that of anionic 4-nitro-1-naphtol, while limited the sorption of cationic propranolol. Heavy metals together with their assocd. water mols. decreased the sorption of target chems. on BC700 via pore-filling or pore-mouth-covering. Inhibition of heavy metals for 4-nitro-1-naphthol was found to be the weakest due to the bridge effects of heavy metals between 4-nitro-1-naphtol and BC700. The higher polarizability of Ag+ led to the increase of its sorption on biochars in the presence of org. arom. pollutants. The results of the present study shed light on the sorption mechanisms of bi-solute systems and enable us to select suitable biochar sorbents when chems. co-exist.
26. 26

    Spahr, S.; Teixido, M.; Gall, S. S.; Pritchard, J. C.; Hagemann, N.; Helmreich, B.; Luthy, R. G. Performance of biochars for the elimination of trace organic contaminants and metals from urban stormwater. Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 2022, 13, 1287,  DOI: 10.1039/d1ew00857a

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27. 27

    Pitcher, S. K.; Slade, R. C. T.; Ward, N. I. Heavy metal removal from motorway stormwater using zeolites. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 334, 161– 166,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.035

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    Heavy metal removal from motorway stormwater using zeolites

    Pitcher, S. K.; Slade, R. C. T.; Ward, N. I.

    Science of the Total Environment (2004), 334-335 (), 161-166CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The possibility of using zeolites to reduce heavy metals present in motorway storm water was been studied. Currently, the primary pollutant removal mechanism used to treat storm water is retaining the large vol. of storm water in detention ponds to allow time for pollutants (mainly those assocd. with particulate matter) to sep. out. There is also a need to reduce dissolved heavy metal concns., possibly by introducing some type of ion exchange material into the treatment facility. Batch expts. were conducted using 2 zeolites (synthetic MAP and natural mordenite) to test their ability to remove dissolved heavy metals from simulated and spiked motorway storm water. Synthetic zeolite MAP exhibited almost complete removal (>91%) of studied heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) from both solns.; however, using such synthetic zeolites could have serious environmental implications since it increased Na concns. to 295 mg/L, removed Ca, and increased spiked motorway storm water pH to 8.5. Mordenite was less effective at reducing heavy metal concns. (42-89% in synthetic soln., 6-44% in motorway storm water), exhibiting a preference for Pb > Cu > Zn ∼ Cd. It was proposed that heavy metal uptake was partially inhibited by other dissolved pollutants in motorway storm water.
28. 28

    Reddy, K. R.; Xie, T.; Dastgheibi, S. Removal of heavy metals from urban stormwater runoff using different filter materials. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2014, 2, 282– 292,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2013.12.020

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    28

    Removal of heavy metals from urban stormwater runoff using different filter materials

    Reddy, Krishna R.; Xie, Tao; Dastgheibi, Sara

    Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (2014), 2 (1), 282-292CODEN: JECEBG; ISSN:2213-3437. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Heavy metals wash from tires, automobile exhausts, road asphalt, fuel combustion, parking dust, and recreational land into urban stormwater runoff and its subsequent discharge into surface and subsurface water sources can create public health and environmental hazards. An in-ground permeable reactive filter system is proposed to treat contaminated urban stormwater. However, the filter materials should be carefully selected. Several series of batch expts. were conducted with synthetic stormwater contg. individual metal contaminants at different concns. to det. the adsorption and removal behavior of four potential permeable inorg. filter materials (calcite, zeolite, sand, and iron filings) for six common toxic heavy metal contaminants (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Zn). The adsorbed metals, pH, oxidn.-redn. potential and elec. cond. of batch samples were detd. Isotherm modeling was performed to assess the mechanisms and quantify the adsorption of each filter material for the contaminants. The extent of adsorption and removal of metals was found to depend on the type and concn. of metal as well as the filter material. Langmuir or Freundlich isotherm proved best to describe the metal adsorption behavior. The max. removal rates achieved for individual metals were: 95-100% Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by calcite, zeolite and iron filings, 90% Ni by zeolite, and 100% Cr by iron filings. Sand produced low results with max. levels of 8-58%. Based on the max. adsorption capacity of each filter material, the typical filter size and vol. of stormwater that can be treated were estd. No single filter material was capable of removing all metals to the max. extent; therefore, a combination of filter materials should be investigated for the simultaneous removal of multiple heavy metals.
29. 29

    Prabhukumar, G.; Bhupal, G. S.; Pagilla, K. R. Laboratory Evaluation of Sorptive Filtration Media Mixtures for Targeted Pollutant Removals from Simulated Stormwater. Water Environment Research 2015, 87, 789– 795,  DOI: 10.2175/106143015X14362865226239

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    Laboratory evaluation of sorptive filtration media mixtures for targeted pollutant removals from simulated stormwater

    Prabhukumar, Giridhar; Bhupal, Gurmanpreet Singh; Pagilla, Krishna R.

    Water Environment Research (2015), 87 (9), 789-795CODEN: WAERED; ISSN:1061-4303. (Water Environment Federation)

    Urban stormwater pollutants including nutrients, trace metals, polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs), total suspended solids (TSS) and indicator microorganisms (E. coli) were the target pollutants in this study. Their simultaneous removal from synthetic stormwater using different sorptive media was investigated through lab.-scale column expts. The media considered for testing were calcite (C), sand (S), zeolite (Z) and iron filings (Fe0). These media are easily/com. available, environmentally benign, long lasting (non-biodegradable), highly permeable and effective in removing multiple target pollutants. Based on individual media testing, three different mixed media compns. were selected (1) C-Z-S, (2) C-S-Fe0 and (3) C-Z-S-Fe0, for simultaneous removal of target pollutants using column expts. The mixed media compn., C-Z-S-Fe0 showed significantly better simultaneous removal of all the target pollutants as compared to the other two compns. These compns. can be tailored to meet site-specific stormwater pollutant removal in a passive in-ground sorptive media filter.
30. 30

    Grebel, J. E.; Mohanty, S. K.; Torkelson, A. A.; Boehm, A. B.; Higgins, C. P.; Maxwell, R. M.; Nelson, K. L.; Sedlak, D. L. Engineered Infiltration Systems for Urban Stormwater Reclamation. Environmental Engineering Science 2013, 30, 437– 454,  DOI: 10.1089/ees.2012.0312

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    30

    Engineered Infiltration Systems for Urban Stormwater Reclamation

    Grebel, Janel E.; Mohanty, Sanjay K.; Torkelson, Andrew A.; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Higgins, Christopher P.; Maxwell, Reed M.; Nelson, Kara L.; Sedlak, David L.

    Environmental Engineering Science (2013), 30 (8), 437-454CODEN: EESCF5; ISSN:1092-8758. (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.)

    A review. Urban stormwater contains a variety of contaminants that can adversely impact receiving waters. Contaminants of greatest concern include compds. derived from paving materials and automobile tires, biocides, and pathogens. Low-impact development systems built to manage urban stormwater often utilize some form of engineered infiltration or subsurface filtration to reduce the vol. of runoff leaving a developed site. Use of infiltration techniques without proper consideration of contaminants in stormwater risks further degrdn. of urban ecosystems and water resources. Although engineered infiltration systems also have the capacity to remove contaminants from stormwater, the potential of these systems has not yet been fully exploited or optimized. With improved designs based on known mechanisms of contaminant removal, engineered infiltration has the potential to provide reliable treatment of urban stormwater, resulting in a water resource that is safe for aquifer recharge or urban stream restoration. This article discusses chem. and biol. contaminants of concern in urban stormwater and the mechanisms by which they are removed during infiltration through porous media systems, including filtration, sorption, and chem. and biol. transformation. Three strategies have been identified as opportunities to more effectively optimize treatment of stormwater: (1) choice of infiltration media; (2) manipulation of system hydraulic behavior; and (3) manipulation of redox conditions. Novel techniques to apply these strategies and topics requiring further research are also discussed.
31. 31

    Genc-Fuhrman, H.; Mikkelsen, P. S.; Ledin, A. Simultaneous removal of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn from stormwater: Experimental comparison of 11 different sorbents. Water Res. 2007, 41, 591– 602,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.10.024

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    31

    Simultaneous removal of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn from stormwater: Experimental comparison of 11 different sorbents

    Genc-Fuhrman, Huelya; Mikkelsen, Peter S.; Ledin, Anna

    Water Research (2007), 41 (3), 591-602CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The potential of using alumina, activated bauxsol-coated sand (ABCS), bark, bauxsol-coated sand (BCS), fly ash (FA), granulated activated carbon (GAC), granulated ferric hydroxide (GFH), iron oxide-coated sand (IOCS), natural zeolite (NZ), sand, and spinel (MgAl2O4) as sorbents for removing heavy metals from stormwater are investigated in the present study. The ability of the sorbents to remove a mixt. of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn from synthetic stormwater samples were evaluated in batch tests at a starting pH of 6.5. The metal speciation and satn. data is obtained using the PHREEQ-C geochem. model and used to elucidate the sorption data. It is found that BCS, FA, and spinel have significantly higher affinity towards heavy metals mainly present as cationic or non-charged species (i.e. Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) compared to those present as anionic species (i.e. As and Cr). However, IOCS, NZ and sand have higher affinity towards As and Cr, while alumina has equally high affinity to all tested heavy metals. The Freundlich isotherm model is found to fit the data in many cases, but ill fitted results are also obsd., esp. for FA, BCS and GAC, possibly due to leaching of some metals from the sorbents (i.e. for FA) and oversatd. conditions making pptn. the dominant removal mechanism over sorption in batches with high heavy metal concns. and pH. Calcd. sorption consts. (i.e. Kd) are used to compare the overall heavy metal removal efficiency of the sorbents, which in a decreasing order are found to be: alumina, BCS, GFH, FA, GAC, spinel, ABCS, IOCS, NZ, bark, and sand. These findings are significant for future development of secondary filters for removal of dissolved heavy metals from stormwater runoff under realistic competitive conditions in terms of initial heavy metal concns., pH and ionic strength.
32. 32

    Portmann, A. C.; LeFevre, G. H.; Hankawa, R.; Werner, D.; Higgins, C. P. The regenerative role of biofilm in the removal of pesticides from stormwater in biochar-amended biofilters. Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 2022, 1092,  DOI: 10.1039/d1ew00870f

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    32

    The regenerative role of biofilm in the removal of pesticides from stormwater in biochar-amended biofilters

    Portmann, Andrea C.; LeFevre, Gregory H.; Hankawa, Rennosuke; Werner, David; Higgins, Christopher P.

    Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology (2022), 8 (5), 1092-1110CODEN: ESWRAR; ISSN:2053-1419. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    Low-impact, green infrastructure systems such as biofilters, particularly when amended with biochar, can help address chem. pollution conveyed via stormwater that is increasingly posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems and groundwater quality. Although removal of org. contaminants including pesticides by biochar-amended systems has been studied, the role of a biofouling layer on contaminant removal, biotransformation, and filter lifetime remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the removal of the pesticides atrazine, imidacloprid, and clothianidin in biol. active biochar-amended columns through complete exhaustion of contaminant removal capacity. The resultant data indicate that biol. processes accounted for 20-36% of overall removal in the biochar-amended sand columns. In addn., a combined target and suspect screening approach using liq. chromatog. quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) was employed to evaluate the potential transformation of these three pesticides and release of the transformation products (TPs). All TPs detected in the effluent remained below 2.5% of their resp. parent influent concns. for the duration of the expt. Furthermore, at a biochar application rate of 0.5 wt%, the presence of an active biofilm prolonged the filter lifetime by 1.8-2.3 times compared to a fouled but inactive filter, where removal was presumably dominated by adsorption only. Scenario modeling ests. showed that biochar-amended biofilters could last at least 17 years before exceeding aquatic life threshold values at biochar-application rates as low as 1 wt% (5 vol%) in a representative case study. Results of this study provide novel insight on pesticide TP formation in biochar-amended biofilters and estn. of filter lifetimes.
33. 33

    Washington State, D.o.E., Water Quality Program. Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington; Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2019.

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34. 34

    City of Scottsdale. Greater Phoenix Metro Green Infrastructure & LID Handbook , 2019.

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    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
35. 35

    Portmann, A. C.; LeFevre, G. H.; Hankawa, R.; Werner, D.; Higgins, C. P. The regenerative role of biofilm in the removal of pesticides from stormwater in biochar-amended biofilters. Environmental Science-Water Research & Technology 2022, 8, 1092– 1110,  DOI: 10.1039/D1EW00870F

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    35

    The regenerative role of biofilm in the removal of pesticides from stormwater in biochar-amended biofilters

    Portmann, Andrea C.; LeFevre, Gregory H.; Hankawa, Rennosuke; Werner, David; Higgins, Christopher P.

    Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology (2022), 8 (5), 1092-1110CODEN: ESWRAR; ISSN:2053-1419. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    Low-impact, green infrastructure systems such as biofilters, particularly when amended with biochar, can help address chem. pollution conveyed via stormwater that is increasingly posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems and groundwater quality. Although removal of org. contaminants including pesticides by biochar-amended systems has been studied, the role of a biofouling layer on contaminant removal, biotransformation, and filter lifetime remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the removal of the pesticides atrazine, imidacloprid, and clothianidin in biol. active biochar-amended columns through complete exhaustion of contaminant removal capacity. The resultant data indicate that biol. processes accounted for 20-36% of overall removal in the biochar-amended sand columns. In addn., a combined target and suspect screening approach using liq. chromatog. quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) was employed to evaluate the potential transformation of these three pesticides and release of the transformation products (TPs). All TPs detected in the effluent remained below 2.5% of their resp. parent influent concns. for the duration of the expt. Furthermore, at a biochar application rate of 0.5 wt%, the presence of an active biofilm prolonged the filter lifetime by 1.8-2.3 times compared to a fouled but inactive filter, where removal was presumably dominated by adsorption only. Scenario modeling ests. showed that biochar-amended biofilters could last at least 17 years before exceeding aquatic life threshold values at biochar-application rates as low as 1 wt% (5 vol%) in a representative case study. Results of this study provide novel insight on pesticide TP formation in biochar-amended biofilters and estn. of filter lifetimes.
36. 36

    Hao, S.; Choi, Y.-J.; Wu, B.; Higgins, C. P.; Deeb, R.; Strathmann, T. J. Hydrothermal Alkaline Treatment for Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 3283– 3295,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06906

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    Hydrothermal alkaline treatment for destruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous film-forming foam

    Hao, Shilai; Choi, Youn-Jeong; Wu, Boran; Higgins, Christopher P.; Deeb, Rula; Strathmann, Timothy J.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2021), 55 (5), 3283-3295CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    The widespread use of aq. film-forming foam (AFFF) for firefighting activities (e.g., fire training to extinguish fuel-based fires at aircraft facilities) has led to extensive groundwater and soil contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that are highly recalcitrant to destruction using conventional treatment technologies. This study reports on the hydrothermal alk. treatment of diverse PFASs present in AFFFs. Quant. and semiquant. high-resoln. mass spectrometry analyses of PFASs demonstrate a rapid degrdn. of all 109 PFASs identified in two AFFFs (sulfonate- and fluorotelomer-based formulations) in water amended with an alkali (e.g., 1-5 M NaOH) at near-crit. temp. and pressure (350°C, 16.5 MPa). This includes per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids and a range of acid precursors. Most PFASs were degraded to nondetectable levels within 15 min, and the most recalcitrant perfluoroalkyl sulfonates were degraded within 30 min when treated with 5 M NaOH. 19F NMR spectroscopic anal. and fluoride ion anal. confirm the near-complete defluorination of PFASs in both dil. and concd. AFFF mixts., and no stable volatile organofluorine species were detected in reactor headspace gases by the gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry anal. These findings indicate a significant potential for application of hydrothermal treatment technologies to manage PFAS waste streams, including on-site treatment of unused AFFF chem. stockpiles, investigation-derived wastes, and concd. source zone materials.
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    Gibert, O.; Hernández, M.; Vilanova, E.; Cornellà, O. Guidelining protocol for soil-column experiments assessing fate and transport of trace organics; European Union’s Seventh Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration, 2014.

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    Murray, C. C.; Vatankhah, H.; McDonough, C. A.; Nickerson, A.; Hedtke, T. T.; Cath, T. Y.; Higgins, C. P.; Bellona, C. L. Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances using super-fine powder activated carbon and ceramic membrane filtration. J. Hazard. Mater. 2019, 366, 160– 168,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.050

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    Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances using super-fine powder activated carbon and ceramic membrane filtration

    Murray, Conner C.; Vatankhah, Hooman; McDonough, Carrie A.; Nickerson, Anastasia; Hedtke, Tayler T.; Cath, Tzahi Y.; Higgins, Christopher P.; Bellona, Christopher L.

    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2019), 366 (), 160-168CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Contamination of drinking water sources with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is a major challenge for environmental engineers. While granular activated carbon (GAC) is an effective adsorbent-based treatment technol. for long-chained PFASs, GAC is less effective for removal of short-chained compds., necessitating a more complete treatment strategy. Super-fine powder activated carbon (SPAC; particle diam. <1 um) is potentially a superior adsorbent to GAC due to high sp. surface area and faster adsorption kinetics. This study served to evaluate SPAC coupled with ceramic microfiltration (CMF) for PFAS removal in a continuous flow system. Comparison of PFAS mass loading rates onto SPAC and GAC to 10% breakthrough of PFASs using contaminated groundwater indicates that SPAC has nearly double the adsorption potential of GAC. Limitations reaching breakthrough for the SPAC system led to addnl. higher mass loading expts. where PFAS adsorption onto SPAC reached 2990 μg/g (for quantifiable PFASs), 480x greater than GAC and is thought to be a function of adsorbent size, pore content and PFAS chain length. Addnl. anal. of system performance through the application of liq. chromatog. quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) revealed the presence of addnl. PFASs in influent samples that were removed by the SPAC/CMF system.
39. 39

    Fellman, J. B.; Hood, E.; D’Amore, D. V.; Edwards, R. T.; White, D. Seasonal changes in the chemical quality and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter exported from soils to streams in coastal temperate rainforest watersheds. Biogeochemistry 2009, 95, 277– 293,  DOI: 10.1007/s10533-009-9336-6

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    Seasonal changes in the chemical quality and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter exported from soils to streams in coastal temperate rainforest watersheds

    Fellman, Jason B.; Hood, Eran; D'Amore, David V.; Edwards, Richard T.; White, Dan

    Biogeochemistry (2009), 95 (2-3), 277-293CODEN: BIOGEP; ISSN:0168-2563. (Springer)

    The compn. and biodegradability of streamwater dissolved org. matter (DOM) varies with source material and degree of transformation. We combined PARAFAC modeling of fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy and biodegradable dissolved org. carbon (BDOC) incubations to investigate seasonal changes in the lability of DOM along a soil-stream continuum in three soil types: bog, forested wetland and upland forest. The percent BDOC ranged from 7 to 38% across all sites, and was significantly greater in soil compared to streamwater in the bog and forested wetland, but not in the upland forest. The percent BDOC also varied significantly over the entire sampling period in soil and streamwater for the bog and forested wetland, as BDOC peaked during the spring runoff and was lowest during the summer months. Moreover, the chem. quality of DOM in wetland soil and streamwater was similar during the spring runoff and fall wet season, as demonstrated by the similar contribution of protein-like fluorescence (sum of tyrosine and tryptophan fluorescence) in soil water and in streams. These findings suggest that the tight coupling between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is responsible for the delivery of labile DOM from wetland soils to streams. The contribution of protein-like fluorescence was significantly correlated with BDOC (p < 0.001) over the entire sampling period indicating DOM is an important source of C and N for heterotrophic microbes. Taken together, our findings suggest that the prodn. of protein-rich, labile DOM and subsequent loss in stream runoff might be an important loss of labile C and N from coastal temperate watersheds.
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    Mermillod-Blondin, F.; Simon, L.; Maazouzi, C.; Foulquier, A.; Delolme, C.; Marmonier, P. Dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through stormwater basins designed for groundwater recharge in urban area: Assessment of retention efficiency. Water Res. 2015, 81, 27– 37,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.031

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    Dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through stormwater basins designed for groundwater recharge in urban area: Assessment of retention efficiency

    Mermillod-Blondin, Florian; Simon, Laurent; Maazouzi, Chafik; Foulquier, Arnaud; Delolme, Cecile; Marmonier, Pierre

    Water Research (2015), 81 (), 27-37CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) has been developed in many countries to limit the risk of urban flooding and compensate for reduced groundwater recharge in urban areas. The environmental performances of MAR systems like infiltration basins depend on the efficiency of soil and vadose zone to retain stormwater-derived contaminants. However, these performances need to be finely evaluated for stormwater-derived dissolved org. matter (DOM) that can affect groundwater quality. Therefore, this study examd. the performance of MAR systems to process DOM during its transfer from infiltration basins to an urban aquifer. DOM characteristics (fluorescent spectroscopic properties, biodegradable and refractory fractions of dissolved org. carbon -DOC-, consumption by micro-organisms during incubation in slow filtration sediment columns) were measured in stormwater during its transfer through three infiltration basins during a stormwater event. DOC concns. sharply decreased from surface to the aquifer for the three MAR sites. This pattern was largely due to the retention of biodegradable DOC which was more than 75% for the three MAR sites, whereas the retention of refractory DOC was more variable and globally less important (from 18% to 61% depending on MAR site). Slow filtration column expts. also showed that DOC retention during stormwater infiltration through soil and vadose zone was mainly due to aerobic microbial consumption of the biodegradable fraction of DOC. In parallel, measurements of DOM characteristics from groundwaters influenced or not by MAR demonstrated that stormwater infiltration increased DOC quantity without affecting its quality (% of biodegradable DOC and relative arom. carbon content -estd. by SUVA254-). The present study demonstrated that processes occurring in soil and vadose zone of MAR sites were enough efficient to limit DOC fluxes to the aquifer. Nevertheless, the enrichments of DOC concns. measured in groundwater below infiltration basins need to be considered in future studies to esp. assess their impact on groundwater quality.
41. 41

    Charters, F. J.; Carai, N. G.; Cochrane, T. A. Performance of downpipe treatment system for removal of dissolved metals from roof runoff. Environ. Technol. Innovation 2021, 22, 101472,  DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101472

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    Performance of downpipe treatment system for removal of dissolved metals from roof runoff

    Charters, Frances J.; Carai, Nekelia Gregoire; Cochrane, Thomas A.

    Environmental Technology & Innovation (2021), 22 (), 101472CODEN: ETINBL; ISSN:2352-1864. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Untreated metal roof runoff can contribute elevated zinc and copper to receiving waterways, with assocd. ecotoxic impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. The majority of the metals in roof runoff are in dissolved form, which can be difficult to remove with conventional stormwater treatment systems. Treatment materials such as limestone and zeolite are capable of removing dissolved metals, but most research to date has only assessed the performance of such materials using synthetic runoff and long contact times. This study assessed the performance of limestone, zeolite and waste mussel shells in a vertical downpipe configuration with short contact time using actual metal roof runoff. Metal removal was compared under flowrates of 1 L/min and 3 L/min, material compaction level (less/more), and material depth (1 m and 0.5 m). A 93%-99% redn. was achieved in dissolved zinc by all treatment materials for all flowrates, compaction levels and depths. Higher variance in dissolved Cu removal rates were obsd., with material depth found to have the greatest influence on performance: 84%-99% removal rates were achieved by the three materials at 1 m depth, but for 0.5 m depths, 44%-99%, 34%-92%, and 47%-93% removal were achieved by zeolite, limestone, and waste mussel shells resp. The mussel shell removal performance was comparable to zeolite and limestone, yet it provides the added benefit of using a waste resource that would otherwise be disposed of to landfill. While this study demonstrates the potential of waste mussel shells for dissolved metal treatment, long term field trials and exptl. anal. of the removal mechanisms of waste mussel shells would enable optimization of this treatment technol.
42. 42

    Payne, K. B.; Abdel-Fattah, T. M. Adsorption of divalent lead ions by zeolites and activated carbon: Effects of pH, temperature, and ionic strength. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2004, 39, 2275– 2291,  DOI: 10.1081/lesa-200026265

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    42

    Adsorption of Divalent Lead Ions by Zeolites and Activated Carbon: Effects of pH, Temperature, and Ionic Strength

    Payne, Kelly B.; Abdel-Fattah, Tarek M.

    Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering (2004), A39 (9), 2275-2291CODEN: JATEF9; ISSN:1093-4529. (Marcel Dekker, Inc.)

    Pb alloy bullets used at the 2600 military small arm ranges and 9000 nonmilitary outdoor shooting ranges in the US are a source of mobilized Pl under conditions of low pH, significant changes in ionic strength, changes in the oxidn.-redn. potential, and through binding metal ions to soil org. matter. Once mobile, these lead ions can contaminate adjacent soil and water. Batch adsorption kinetic and isotherm studies were conducted to compare and evaluate different types of adsorbents for Pb removal from aq. media. The effects on Pb absorption due to pH changes, competing ions, and temp. increases were also studied. Adsorbent materials such as activated C and naturally occurring zeolites (clinoptilolite and chabazite) were selected because of their relative low cost and because the zeolites are potential point-of-use materials for mitigating wastewater runoff. Mol. sieves, Faujasite (13X) and Linde type A (5A) were selected because they provide a basis for comparison with previous studies and represent well-characterized materials. The relative rate for Pb adsorption was: 13X > chabazite > clinoptilolite > 5A > activated C. Modeling Pb adsorption by these adsorbents using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm expressions detd. the adsorbents' capacity for Pb removal from aq. media. 13X, 5A, and activated C best fit the Langmuir isotherm expression; chabazite and clinoptilolite best fit the Freundlich isotherm. Applications of chabazite would require pH values 4-11, clinoptilolite 3-11, while activated C would operate at a pH >7. Ionic competition reduced Pb removal by the zeolites, but enhanced activated C performance. Increasing temp. improved adsorption performance for the zeolites; activated C Pb adsorption was temp. independent.
43. 43

    Nguyen, T. C.; Loganathan, P.; Nguyen, T. V.; Vigneswaran, S.; Kandasamy, J.; Naidu, R. Simultaneous adsorption of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn by an iron-coated Australian zeolite in batch and fixed-bed column studies. Chem. Eng. J. 2015, 270, 393– 404,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.02.047

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    Simultaneous adsorption of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn by an iron-coated Australian zeolite in batch and fixed-bed column studies

    Nguyen, Thuy Chung; Loganathan, Paripurnanda; Nguyen, Tien Vinh; Vigneswaran, Saravanamuthu; Kandasamy, Jaya; Naidu, Ravi

    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2015), 270 (), 393-404CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Excessive levels of heavy metals in water are an environmental hazard. An Australian zeolite with (ICZ) and without (Z) Fe-coating, was used to remove 5 heavy metals from aq. solns. using adsorption in batch and column expts. The batch study showed that the Langmuir adsorption capacities of heavy metals on Z and ICZ at pH 6.5 and ionic strength 10-3M NaNO3 were in the order Pb > Cu > Cd > Cr, Zn for single metal (5.0-11.2 mg/g) and for mixed metals soln. (3.7-7.6 mg/g). The data for the kinetics of adsorption satisfactory fitted to both the pseudo-1st and 2nd order models with fits slightly better for the latter model. Data fitted to a diffusion model revealed that adsorption took place in ≥2 different stages: a fast external surface adsorption, and a gradual adsorption controlled by both film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. The column adsorption data were fairly well described by Thomas model, with the order of Thomas adsorption capacity following a similar trend as in the batch study. In both batch and column expts., the adsorption capacities were higher for ICZ than for Z and were generally lower in mixed metals system than in single metals system. Leaching of used ICZ columns with 0.1M HCl, resulted in 64-93% of adsorbed metals being desorbed, and 10% of Fe being dissolved from the ICZ.
44. 44

    Christensen, J. B.; Jensen, D. L.; Christensen, T. H. Effect of dissolved organic carbon on the mobility of cadmium, nickel and zinc in leachate polluted groundwater. Water Res. 1996, 30, 3037– 3049,  DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00091-7

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    Effect of dissolved organic carbon on the mobility of cadmium, nickel and zinc in leachate polluted groundwater

    Christensen, Jette B.; Jensen, Dorthe L.; Christensen, Thomas H.

    Water Research (1996), 30 (12), 3037-3049CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier)

    The ability of dissolved org. C (DOC) from landfill leachate-polluted groundwater to form complexes with the heavy metals Cd, Ni, and Zn was studied. DOC samples originated from the leachate pollution plume at Vejen Landfill, Denmark, and were studied in the original matrix with a min. of manipulation. Expts. were performed as batch sorption expts.; the metal distribution between the aquifer material and the soln. (Kd) was detd. in leachate-polluted groundwater samples and in ref. solns. of synthetic inorg. leachate. The difference in distribution coeffs. was a direct indication of complex formation between DOC and heavy metals. Results showed, that DOC from landfill leachate-polluted groundwater can form complexes with Cd, Ni, and Zn; distribution coeffs. were a factor of 2-6 lower in the presence of DOC. Based on distribution coeffs., the relative migration velocities of heavy metals was estd. Metal migration velocity was increased by the presence of DOC but did not exceed 1.2% of the water migration velocity, indicating the effect of DOC Cd, Ni, and Zn mobility may have only minor environmental importance. Conditional complex formation consts. (log Kc) were estd. from Kd-values. Consts. for 1:1 complexes increased slightly in the following order: Zn < Cd < Ni. But increasing metal concns. to mg/L levels decreased the consts. by ∼1 order of magnitude, showing the importance of detg. the consts. at environmentally relevant metal concns.
45. 45

    Islam, M. A.; Morton, D. W.; Johnson, B. B.; Angove, M. J. Adsorption of humic and fulvic acids onto a range of adsorbents in aqueous systems, and their effect on the adsorption of other species: A review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2020, 247, 116949,  DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116949

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    Adsorption of humic and fulvic acids onto a range of adsorbents in aqueous systems, and their effect on the adsorption of other species: A review

    Islam, Md. Aminul; Morton, David W.; Johnson, Bruce B.; Angove, Michael J.

    Separation and Purification Technology (2020), 247 (), 116949CODEN: SPUTFP; ISSN:1383-5866. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A review. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) are the prime components of natural org. matter (NOM) and can cause several problems in potable water such as odor, taste, and color. They can also produce hazardous disinfectant byproducts (DBPs), esp. on water chlorination, and can reduce the amt. of dissolved oxygen in the aquatic environment. Therefore, removal of NOM from water systems is highly desirable. This review discusses the results found for adsorption of HA and FA on a wide range of adsorbents such as carbonaceous materials, nanosized metal (oxy-hydro) oxides, low-cost agricultural materials, clays, zeolites, biopolymers, composites and misc. adsorbents. Studies investigating the effect of adsorbed humic material on the adsorption of other aq. species are also presented. The adsorbents used have been assessed in terms of their max. HA or FA adsorption capacity with special emphasis given to environmental conditions such as contact time, soln. pH, initial HA or FA concn., temp., and adsorbent dosage. Adsorption mechanisms of HA and FA are discussed taking into account the results of kinetic, isotherm, surface complexation modeling, and thermodn. studies, together with available spectroscopic evidence. Natural and agricultural waste materials and bio-sorbents were found to exhibit excellent HA and FA adsorption performance. This review aims to provide an overview of research on the removal HA and FA from aq. systems by various adsorbents. It also shows the strengths and weaknesses of current research and suggests ideas for future research that will improve our ability to remove HA and FA from natural and waste-water systems.
46. 46

    Pignatello, J. J.; Kwon, S.; Lu, Y. F. Effect of natural organic substances on the surface and adsorptive properties of environmental black carbon (char): Attenuation of surface activity by humic and fulvic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 7757– 7763,  DOI: 10.1021/es061307m

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    46

    Effect of Natural Organic Substances on the Surface and Adsorptive Properties of Environmental Black Carbon (Char): Attenuation of Surface Activity by Humic and Fulvic Acids

    Pignatello, Joseph J.; Kwon, Seokjoon; Lu, Yufeung

    Environmental Science & Technology (2006), 40 (24), 7757-7763CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Black C (BC) plays a potentially important role in the availability of pollutants in soils and sediments. Recent evidence points to the possible attenuation of the high surface activity of raw BC by natural substances. We studied the effects of soil humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids on the surface properties and affinity for org. compds. of synthesized wood charcoal. Char powder suspended in a soln. of HA or FA was loaded with org. matter via adsorption, evapn. of the water, or coflocculation with Al3+. These treatments were chosen to simulate initial and more advanced stages of environmental exposure. Coevaporation dramatically reduced the N Brunauer-Emmett-Teller total surface area of the char, but only moderately the CO2 cumulative surface area ≤1.4 nm. Org. adsorption was suppressed in proportion to mol. size, benzene < naphthalene < phenanthrene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene « phenanthrene, for humics in the adsorbed and coflocculated states, resp. Humic substances also increased the linearity of the isotherms. The model we propose assumes that humic substances are restricted to the external surface where they act as pore blocking agents or competitive adsorbates, depending on the temp. and adsorbate size. N is blocked from the internal pore space due to stiffness at 77 K of humic strands extending into pore throats, giving an artificially low surface area. Together with previous results, this finding indicates that N may not detect BC microporosity in geosorbents. At higher temps. (CO2, 273 K; orgs., 293 K), humic strands are more flexible, allowing access to interior pores. The counterintuitive mol. size dependence of adsorption suppression by humics is due to a mol. sieving effect in pores in which the adsorption space available to the org. is more and more restricted to external sites.
47. 47

    Koelmans, A. A.; Meulman, B.; Meijer, T.; Jonker, M. T. O. Attenuation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Sorption to Charcoal by Humic Acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 736– 742,  DOI: 10.1021/es802862b

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    Attenuation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Sorption to Charcoal by Humic Acids

    Koelmans, Albert A.; Meulman, Brendo; Meijer, Thijs; Jonker, Michiel T. O.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2009), 43 (3), 736-742CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Strong sorption to black carbon may limit the environmental risks of org. pollutants, but interactions with co-sorbing humic acid (HA) may interfere. We studied the attenuative effect of HA addns. on the sorption of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to a charcoal. "Intrinsic" sorption to HA-amended charcoal was calcd. by subtracting the sorption contribution of HA from the total sorption to charcoal and HA. Assocn. of PCBs with HA was proportional to hydrophobicity. However, the planar PCB-77 and -126 had an addnl. 2-4 times stronger assocn. than expected from hydrophobicity alone. Sorption isotherms for the raw charcoal fitted slightly better to a three-parameter Polanyi-Dubinin-Manes model than to a two-parameter Langmuir model. Preloading the charcoal with 1-75 mg of HA/g of charcoal increasingly attenuated sorption to charcoal with up to a factor of 10. The resultant isotherms could be described adequately with the Freundlich model. Isotherm nonlinearity increased with HA loading, suggesting increased sorption competition between HA and PCBs. Attenuation was negligible in the PCB picogram/L to nanogram/L range and increased at higher PCB concns., which points to satn. of binding sites on the charcoal. Attenuation was highest for planar congeners, which suggests an addnl. site blockage mechanism. These variations due to HA loading and PCB concn. can explain the variability in attenuation reported in earlier work and imply that the use of const. "attenuation factors" to adjust sorption coeffs. detd. for pure carbonaceous materials in order to apply them to field situations may not be warranted.
48. 48

    Quinlivan, P. A.; Li, L.; Knappe, D. R. U. Effects of activated carbon characteristics on the simultaneous adsorption of aqueous organic micropollutants and natural organic matter. Water Res. 2005, 39, 1663– 1673,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.01.029

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    Effects of activated carbon characteristics on the simultaneous adsorption of aqueous organic micropollutants and natural organic matter

    Quinlivan, Patricia A.; Li, Lei; Knappe, Detlef R. U.

    Water Research (2005), 39 (8), 1663-1673CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier B.V.)

    The objective was to det. the effects of phys. and chem. activated C characteristics on the simultaneous adsorption of trace org. contaminants and natural org. matter (NOM). A matrix of 12 activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with 3 activation levels and 4 surface chem. levels (acid-washed, oxidized, H-treated, and ammonia-treated) was studied to systematically evaluate pore structure and surface chem. phenomena. Three com. available granular activated carbons (GACs) were tested. The relatively hydrophilic fuel additive Me tertiary-Bu ether (MTBE) and the relatively hydrophobic solvent trichloroethene (TCE) served as micropollutant probes. A comparison of adsorption isotherm data collected in the presence and absence of NOM showed that percent redns. of single-solute TCE and MTBE adsorption capacities that resulted from the presence of co-adsorbing NOM were not strongly affected by the chem. characteristics of activated carbons. However, hydrophobic carbons were more effective adsorbents for both TCE and MTBE than hydrophilic carbons because enhanced water adsorption on the latter interfered with the adsorption of micropollutants from solns. contg. NOM. With respect to pore structure, activated carbons should exhibit a large vol. of micropores with widths that are ∼1.5 times the kinetic diam. of the target adsorbate. An effective adsorbent should possess a micropore size distribution that extends to widths that are approx. twice the kinetic diam. of the target adsorbate to prevent pore blockage/constriction as a result of NOM adsorption.
49. 49

    Dechene, A.; Rosendahl, I.; Laabs, V.; Amelung, W. Sorption of polar herbicides and herbicide metabolites by biochar-amended soil. Chemosphere 2014, 109, 180– 186,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.010

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    Sorption of polar herbicides and herbicide metabolites by biochar-amended soil

    Dechene, Annika; Rosendahl, Ingrid; Laabs, Volker; Amelung, Wulf

    Chemosphere (2014), 109 (), 180-186CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Biochar-amended soil has been proven to possess superior sorption capacities for several environmental pollutants compared with pure soil. However, the role of biochar in the immobilization of polar pesticides and their metabolites has hardly been tested. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of a soil amendment with biochar on the sorption of selected polar herbicides and herbicide metabolites (log Kow 0.3-<2). To simulate worst-case sorption, a sandy soil (1.7% org. matter) was amended with 1.5% biochar (fresh or composted) to det. sorption/desorption isotherms of the test compds. One herbicide (imazamox) and three herbicide metabolites (methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon, metazachlor oxalic acid, metazachlor sulfonic acid) were tested, i.e. three anionic and one neutral polar compd. The results showed that the presence of biochar increased the sorption capacity of the soil only in the case of the uncharged compd. methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon, for which the av. distribution coeffs. in biochar-amended soils were higher than in pure soil by a factor of 2.1-2.5. However, this effect rather seemed to reflect the increased soil org. carbon content after the addn. of biochar than a preferred sorption of methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon to biochar. In the case of the three anionic compds. imazamox, metazachlor oxalic acid and metazachlor sulfonic acid, biochar amendment did not increase the sorption capacity of the soil for these compds., presumably as a result of its neg. net charge. Similarly, desorption expts. did not show any significant effect of the biochar amendment on desorption. This suggests that the potential of using biochar to mitigate the leaching of the tested polar pesticides or metabolites is limited.
50. 50

    Du, Z.; Deng, S.; Bei, Y.; Huang, Q.; Wang, B.; Huang, J.; Yu, G. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of perfluorinated compounds on various adsorbents─A review. J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 274, 443– 454,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.038

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    Adsorption behavior and mechanism of perfluorinated compounds on various adsorbents-A review

    Du, Ziwen; Deng, Shubo; Bei, Yue; Huang, Qian; Wang, Bin; Huang, Jun; Yu, Gang

    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2014), 274 (), 443-454CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A review. Perfluorinated compds. (PFCs) have drawn great attention recently due to their wide distribution in aquatic environments and potential toxic to animals and human beings. Adsorption not only is an effective technol. to remove PFCs from H2O or wastewater, but also affects PFC distribution at solid-liq. interfaces and their fate in aquatic environments. This article reviews the adsorption behavior of different PFCs (mainly perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate) on various adsorptive materials. Some effective adsorbents are introduced in detail in terms of their prepn., characteristics, effects of soln. chem. and PFC properties on adsorption. Adsorption mechanisms of PFCs on different adsorbents are summarized, and various interactions including electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, ligand exchange, and H bond are fully reviewed. The adsorbents with amine groups generally have high adsorption capacity for PFCs, and formation of micelles/hemi-micelles plays an important role in achieving high adsorption capacity of perfluorinated surfactants on some porous adsorbents. Hydrophobic interaction is mainly responsible for PFC adsorption, but the difference between PFCs and traditional hydrocarbons has not clearly clarified. This review paper would be helpful for the prepn. of effective adsorbents for PFC removal and understanding interfacial process of PFCs during their transport and fate in aquatic environments.
51. 51

    Inyang, M.; Dickenson, E. R. V. The use of carbon adsorbents for the removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from potable reuse systems. Chemosphere 2017, 184, 168– 175,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.161

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    The use of carbon adsorbents for the removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from potable reuse systems

    Inyang, Mandu; Dickenson, Eric R. V.

    Chemosphere (2017), 184 (), 168-175CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Bench- and pilot-scale sorption tests were used to probe the performance of several biochars at removing perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) from field waters, compared to granular activated carbon (GAC). Screening tests using org. matter-free water resulted in hardwood (HWC) (Kd = 41 L g-1) and pinewood (PWC) (Kd = 49 L g-1) biochars having the highest perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) removal performance that was comparable to bituminous coal GAC (Kd = 41 L g-1). PWC and HWC had a stronger affinity for PFOA sorbed in Lake Mead surface water (KF = 11 mg(1-n) Ln g-1) contg. a lower (2 mg L-1) dissolved org. carbon (DOC) concn. than in a tertiary-filtered wastewater (KF = 8 mg(1-n) Ln g-1) with DOC of 4.9 mg L-1. A pilot-scale study was performed using three parallel adsorbers (GAC, anthracite, and HWC biochar) treating the same tertiary-filtered wastewater. Compared to HWC, and anthracite, GAC was the most effective in mitigating perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPnA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PHxA), PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and DOC (45-67% removed at 4354 bed vols.) followed by HWC, and then anthracite. Based on bench- and pilot-scale results, shorter-chain PFAA [perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFPnA, or PFHxA] were more difficult to remove with both biochar and GAC than the longer-chain, PFOS and PFOA.
52. 52

    Appleman, T. D.; Higgins, C. P.; Quiñones, O.; Vanderford, B. J.; Kolstad, C.; Zeigler-Holady, J. C.; Dickenson, E. R. V. Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems. Water Res. 2014, 51, 246– 255,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067

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    Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems

    Appleman, Timothy D.; Higgins, Christopher P.; Quinones, Oscar; Vanderford, Brett J.; Kolstad, Chad; Zeigler-Holady, Janie C.; Dickenson, Eric R. V.

    Water Research (2014), 51 (), 246-255CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The near ubiquitous presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in humans has raised concerns about potential human health effects from these chems., some of which are both extremely persistent and bioaccumulative. Because some of these chems. are highly water sol., one major pathway for human exposure is the consumption of contaminated drinking water. This study measured concns. of PFASs in 18 raw drinking water sources and 2 treated wastewater effluents and evaluated 15 full-scale treatment systems for the attenuation of PFASs in water treatment utilities throughout the U.S. A liq.-chromatog. tandem mass-spectrometry method was used to enable measurement of a suite of 23 PFASs, including perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs). Despite the differences in reporting levels, the PFASs that were detected in >70% of the source water samples (n = 39) included PFSAs, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (74%), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (79%), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (84%), and PFCAs, perfluoropentanoic acid (74%), perfluorohexanoic acid (79%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (74%), and perfluorooctanoic acid (74%). More importantly, water treatment techniques such as ferric or alum coagulation, granular/micro-/ultra- filtration, aeration, oxidn. (i.e., permanganate, UV/hydrogen peroxide), and disinfection (i.e., ozonation, chlorine dioxide, chlorination, and chloramination) were mostly ineffective in removing PFASs. However, anion exchange and granular activated carbon treatment preferably removed longer-chain PFASs and the PFSAs compared to the PFCAs, and reverse osmosis demonstrated significant removal for all the PFASs, including the smallest PFAS, perfluorobutanoic acid.
53. 53

    Higgins, C. P.; Luthy, R. G. Sorption of Perfluorinated Surfactants on Sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 7251– 7256,  DOI: 10.1021/es061000n

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    Sorption of Perfluorinated Surfactants on Sediments

    Higgins, Christopher P.; Luthy, Richard G.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2006), 40 (23), 7251-7256CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    The sorption of anionic perfluorochem. (PFC) surfactants of varying chain lengths to sediments was investigated using natural sediments of varying iron oxide and org. carbon content. Three classes of PFC surfactants were evaluated for sorptive potential: perfluorocarboxylates, perfluorosulfonates, and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide acetic acids. PFC surfactant sorption was influenced by both sediment-specific and soln.-specific parameters. Sediment org. carbon, rather than sediment iron oxide content, was the dominant sediment-parameter affecting sorption, indicating the importance of hydrophobic interactions. However, sorption also increased with increasing soln. [Ca2+] and decreasing pH, suggesting that electrostatic interactions play a role. Perfluorocarbon chain length was the dominant structural feature influencing sorption, with each CF2 moiety contributing 0.50-0.60 log units to the measured distribution coeffs. The sulfonate moiety contributed an addnl. 0.23 log units to the measured distribution coeff., when compared to carboxylate analogs. In addn., the perfluorooctyl sulfonamide acetic acids demonstrated substantially stronger sorption than perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). These data should prove useful for modeling the environmental fate of this class of contaminants.
54. 54

    Du, Z.; Deng, S.; Chen, Y.; Wang, B.; Huang, J.; Wang, Y.; Yu, G. Removal of perfluorinated carboxylates from washing wastewater of perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride using activated carbons and resins. J. Hazard. Mater. 2015, 286, 136– 143,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.037

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    54

    Removal of perfluorinated carboxylates from washing wastewater of perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride using activated carbons and resins

    Du, Ziwen; Deng, Shubo; Chen, Youguang; Wang, Bin; Huang, Jun; Wang, Yujue; Yu, Gang

    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2015), 286 (), 136-143CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) washing wastewater contains high concns. of perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) including perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA, 0.10 mmol/L), perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA, 0.11 mmol/L), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, 0.29 mmol/L). For the first time, we investigated the removal of these PFCAs from actual wastewater using the bamboo-derived activated carbon (BAC) and resin IRA67. Adsorption kinetics, effects of adsorbent dose, soln. pH, and inorg. ions, as well as regeneration and reuse expts. were studied. The removal percents of three PFCAs by BAC and IRA67 followed the increasing order of PFHxA < PFHpA < PFOA, but the adsorption equil. time conformed to the reverse trend. PFCAs removal on IRA67 decreased with increasing pH, but BAC almost kept stable PFCAs removal at pH above 5.0. Among competitive adsorption of three PFCAs, PFOA was preferentially adsorbed on both BAC and IRA67. PFCAs removal from actual wastewater by BAC was higher than that in simulated soln., due to the presence of high concn. of inorg. ions in the wastewater. However, the co-existing org. compds. in wastewater significantly suppressed the adsorption of PFCAs. Both spent BAC and IRA67 were successfully regenerated by ethanol soln. or NaCl/methanol mixt., and IRA67 showed the stable removal of PFCAs in five adsorption cycles.
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    Maizel, A. C.; Shea, S.; Nickerson, A.; Schaefer, C.; Higgins, C. P. Release of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Impacted Soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 14617– 14627,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02871

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    Release of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Impacted Soils

    Maizel, Andrew C.; Shea, Stefanie; Nickerson, Anastasia; Schaefer, Charles; Higgins, Christopher P.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2021), 55 (21), 14617-14627CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:1520-5851. (American Chemical Society)

    Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are highly mobile in the satd. subsurface, yet aq. film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted source zones appear to be long lasting PFAS reservoirs. This study examd. the release of over one hundred anionic and zwitterionic PFASs from two AFFF-impacted surface soils under satd. conditions with packed soil columns. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were released more rapidly than their polyfluorinated precursors, while anionic PFASs that were present in partially uncharged states were released more slowly than PFASs that were present entirely as anions, as were zwitterionic PFASs with terminal cationic functional groups when compared with analogous zwitterions with only anionic terminal groups. Nonideal transport was obsd. in both per- and polyfluorinated classes, as soil column effluent concns. of slowly released PFASs increased by up to 107-fold with sustained artificial groundwater flow. A flow-interruption expt. suggested the influence of rate-limited desorption on diverse PFAS classes, including PFAAs with as few as four perfluorinated carbons. These results suggest that during infiltration the slow, rate-limited desorption of anionic and zwitterionic PFAA precursors may result in these compds. comprising an increasingly large fraction of the remaining PFASs in AFFF-impacted surface soils.
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    Nickerson, A.; Maizel, A. C.; Kulkarni, P. R.; Adamson, D. T.; Kornuc, J. J.; Higgins, C. P. Enhanced Extraction of AFFF-Associated PFASs from Source Zone Soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 4952– 4962,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00792

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    Enhanced Extraction of AFFF-Associated PFASs from Source Zone Soils

    Nickerson, Anastasia; Maizel, Andrew C.; Kulkarni, Poonam R.; Adamson, David T.; Kornuc, John J.; Higgins, Christopher P.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (8), 4952-4962CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) derived from aq. film-forming foam (AFFF) are increasingly recognized as groundwater contaminants, though the compn. and distribution of AFFF-derived PFASs assocd. with soils and subsurface sediments remain largely unknown. This is particularly true for zwitterionic and cationic PFASs, which may be incompletely extd. from subsurface solids by anal. methods developed for anionic PFASs. Therefore, a method involving sequential basic and acidic methanol extns. was developed and evaluated for recovery of anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic PFASs from field-collected, AFFF-impacted soils. The method was validated by spike-recovery expts. with equilibrated soil-water-AFFF and anal. stds. To det. the relative importance of PFASs lacking com. available anal. stds., their concns. were estd. by a novel semiquantitation approach. Total PFAS concns. detd. by semiquantitation were compared with concns. detd. by the total oxidizable precursor assay. Finally, the described method was applied to two soil cores from former fire-training areas in which cations and zwitterions were found to contribute up to 97% of the total PFAS mass. This result demonstrates the need for extn. and anal. methods, such as the ones presented here, that are capable of quantifying cationic and zwitterionic PFASs in AFFF-impacted source zone soils.
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    Hatt, B. E.; Fletcher, T. D.; Deletic, A. Hydrologic and pollutant removal performance of stormwater biofiltration systems at the field scale. Journal of Hydrology 2009, 365, 310– 321,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.001

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    Hydrologic and pollutant removal performance of stormwater biofiltration systems at the field scale

    Hatt, Belinda E.; Fletcher, Tim D.; Deletic, Ana

    Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2009), 365 (3-4), 310-321CODEN: JHYDA7; ISSN:0022-1694. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Summary: Biofiltration systems are a recommended and increasingly popular technol. for stormwater management; however there is a general lack of performance data for these systems, particularly at the field scale. The objective of this study was to investigate the hydrol. and pollutant removal performance of three field-scale biofiltration systems in two different climates. Biofilters were shown to effectively attenuate peak runoff flow rates by at least 80%. Performance assessment of a lined biofilter demonstrated that retention of inflow vols. by the filter media, for subsequent loss via evapotranspiration, reduced runoff vols. by 33% on av. Retention of water was found to be most influenced by inflow vols., although only small to medium storms could be assessed. Vegetation was shown to be important for maintaining hydraulic capacity, because root growth and senescence countered compaction and clogging. Suspended solids and heavy metals were effectively removed, irresp. of the design configuration, with load redns. generally in excess of 90%. In contrast, nutrient retention was variable, and ranged from consistent leaching to effective and reliable removal, depending on the design. To ensure effective removal of phosphorus, a filter medium with a low phosphorus content should be selected. Nitrogen is more difficult to remove because it is highly sol. and strongly influenced by the variable wetting and drying regime that is inherent in biofilter operation. The results of this research suggest that reconfiguration of biofilter design to manage the deleterious effects of drying on biol. activity is necessary to ensure long term nitrogen removal.