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Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Acetazolamide-Based Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors with Activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae

  • Chad S. Hewitt
    Chad S. Hewitt
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
  • Nader S. Abutaleb
    Nader S. Abutaleb
    Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
  • Ahmed E. M. Elhassanny
    Ahmed E. M. Elhassanny
    Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
  • Alessio Nocentini
    Alessio Nocentini
    Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze 50122, Italy
  • Xufeng Cao
    Xufeng Cao
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
    More by Xufeng Cao
  • Devon P. Amos
    Devon P. Amos
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
  • Molly S. Youse
    Molly S. Youse
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
  • Katrina J. Holly
    Katrina J. Holly
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
  • Anil Kumar Marapaka
    Anil Kumar Marapaka
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
  • Weiwei An
    Weiwei An
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
    More by Weiwei An
  • Jatinder Kaur
    Jatinder Kaur
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
  • Aaron D. Krabill
    Aaron D. Krabill
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
  • Ahmed Elkashif
    Ahmed Elkashif
    Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
  • Yehia Elgammal
    Yehia Elgammal
    Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
  • Amanda L. Graboski
    Amanda L. Graboski
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
  • Claudiu T. Supuran
    Claudiu T. Supuran
    Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze 50122, Italy
  • Mohamed N. Seleem*
    Mohamed N. Seleem
    Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
    *Email: [email protected]
  • , and 
  • Daniel P. Flaherty*
    Daniel P. Flaherty
    Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
    Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
    Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, 207 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
    *Email: [email protected]
Cite this: ACS Infect. Dis. 2021, 7, 7, 1969–1984
Publication Date (Web):March 25, 2021
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00055
Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society

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    Abstract

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    Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an urgent threat to public health in the United States and around the world. Many of the current classes of antibiotics to treat N. gonorrhoeae infection are quickly becoming obsolete due to increased rates of resistance. Thus, there is a critical need for alternative antimicrobial targets and new chemical entities. Our team has repurposed the FDA-approved carbonic anhydrase inhibitor scaffold of acetazolamide to target N. gonorrhoeae and the bacteria’s essential carbonic anhydrase, NgCA. This study established both structure–activity and structure–property relationships that contribute to both antimicrobial activity and NgCA activity. This ultimately led to molecules 20 and 23, which displayed minimum inhibitory concentration values as low as 0.25 μg/mL equating to an 8- to 16-fold improvement in antigonococcal activity compared to acetazolamide. These analogues were determined to be bacteriostatic against the pathogen and likely on-target against NgCA. Additionally, they did not exhibit any detrimental effects in cellular toxicity assays against both a human endocervical (End1/E6E7) cell line or colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) at concentrations up to 128 μg/mL. Taken together, this study presents a class of antigonococcal agents with the potential to be advanced for further evaluation in N. gonorrhoeae infection models.

    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00055.

    • Scheme S1, synthetic route for analogues 130 ;Scheme S2, synthetic route for analogue 31; Scheme S3, synthetic route for FITC-AZM; Figure S1, FITC-AZM binding curve and AZM displacement for hCA I; Table S1, binding affinity and concentrations for carbonic anhydrase fluorescence polarization competition; Table S2, carbonic anhydrase fluorescence polarization competition assay data; Table S3, N. gonorrhoeae strains used in the study; Table S4, antigonococcal activity against additional drug-resistant and -sensitive N. gonorrhoeae strains in both ambient and increased CO2 conditions; Table S5, MICs (μg/mL) of sulfa drugs as compared to CAIs against N. gonorrhoeae strains; Figure S2, sequence alignment for α-carbonic anhydrase; procedure for sequence alignments; characterization and purity for final analogues; spectra for FITC-AZM (PDF)

    • Calculated metrics from entry-way.org and QikProp values for all analogs (XLSX)

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    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

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