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    All-Soft Supercapacitors Based on Liquid Metal Electrodes with Integrated Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
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    • Min-gu Kim
      Min-gu Kim
      School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Min-gu Kim
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-6038-1448
    • Byeongyong Lee
      Byeongyong Lee
      The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
      More by Byeongyong Lee
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-3548-3642
    • Mochen Li
      Mochen Li
      Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
      More by Mochen Li
    • Suguru Noda
      Suguru Noda
      Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
      More by Suguru Noda
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-5307
    • Choongsoon Kim
      Choongsoon Kim
      School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      More by Choongsoon Kim
    • Jayoung Kim
      Jayoung Kim
      Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Jayoung Kim
    • Woo-Jin Song
      Woo-Jin Song
      Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
      More by Woo-Jin Song
    • Seung Woo Lee*
      Seung Woo Lee
      Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      *Email: [email protected]
      More by Seung Woo Lee
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-7105
    • Oliver Brand*
      Oliver Brand
      School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
      *Email: [email protected]
      More by Oliver Brand
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-7438-1094
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2020, 14, 5, 5659–5667
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c00129
    Published May 7, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Soft energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors, are an essential component for powering integrated soft microsystems. However, conventional supercapacitors are mainly manufactured using hard/brittle materials that easily crack and eventually delaminate from the current collector by mechanical deformation. Therefore, to realize all-soft supercapacitors, the electrodes should be soft, stretchable, and highly conductive without compromising the electrochemical performance. This paper presents all-soft supercapacitors for integrated soft microsystems based on gallium–indium liquid metal (eutectic gallium–indium alloy, EGaIn) electrodes with integrated functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Oxygen functional groups on the surface of the CNTs ensure strong adhesion between the functionalized CNTs and the thin native oxide layer on the surface of EGaIn, which enables delamination-free soft and stretchable electrodes even under mechanical deformation. The electrochemical performances of fabricated all-soft supercapacitors in a parallel-plate arrangement were investigated without and with applied mechanical deformation. The fabricated supercapacitors exhibit areal capacitances as high as 12.4 mF cm–2 and show nearly unchanged performance under 30% applied strain. They maintain >95% of their original capacitance after >4200 charging and discharging cycles with a periodic applied strain of 30%. Finally, fabricated supercapacitors have been successfully integrated with a commercial light-emitting diode to demonstrate an integrated soft microsystem.

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    • Characterization of patterned EGaIn electrodes fabricated using additive stamping and O–CNT integration using LbL; material characterization of O–CNT and EGaIn; electrochemical stability characterization; CV and galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles with the number of LbL adsorption steps; long-term mechanical stability (PDF)

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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2020, 14, 5, 5659–5667
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c00129
    Published May 7, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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