Hormesis-Inducing Essential Oil Nanodelivery System Protects Plants against Broad Host-Range NecrotrophsClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Pablo Vega-VásquezPablo Vega-VásquezLaboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United StatesDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United StatesMore by Pablo Vega-Vásquez
- Nathan S. MosierNathan S. MosierLaboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United StatesDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United StatesMore by Nathan S. Mosier
- Joseph Irudayaraj*Joseph Irudayaraj*Email: [email protected]Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United StatesDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United StatesMore by Joseph Irudayaraj
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a broad host-range necrotrophic (BHN) phytopathogen, establishes compatible interactions with hosts by deploying multigene infection strategies, rendering simply inherited resistance ineffective to fight off this pathogen. Since essential oils (EOs) serve as intermediators during phytobiome communication, we hypothesize that they have the potential to enhance the quantitative disease resistance against BHN by eliciting the adaptive stress response (hormesis) in plants. However, using EOs is challenging due to their poor solubility in water. Nanoemulsification of EOs enhances not only the solubility of EOs but also their potency and stability. Here, we demonstrate the potential use of essential oil nanoemulsions (EONEs) to control infections caused by BHN. Using basic engineering principles of nanocarrier design, we demonstrate the efficacy of a robust EONEs design for controlling B. cinerea infection in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Our nanoemulsion delivery system significantly enhanced the disease resistance of the host by reducing the necrotic area by up to 50% compared to untreated plants. RNA-seq analysis indicated that successful treatments upregulated autophagy, ROS scavenging, and activation of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway.
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Results and Discussion
Assessment of Dose-Dependent Response of EONEs via Image-Based Phenotyping
Scheme 1
aThe workflow presented is a representation of a multispectral image analysis system to assess the hormetic effect of EONEs on the QDR in the plant-pathogen model system A. thaliana-B. cinerea. Roots of 4-week-old A. thaliana (Col-0) are treated by dissolving the tested EONE in the basal nutrient solution, and the leaves are infected with the inoculum 24 h after treatment. Plants left untreated and uninfected are used as the control group. Images are collected daily for 3 days. During image acquisition, the automated system with the focused light beam on the plant rosettes collects information at different wavelengths. Chlorophyll absorbs short wavelength light (blue), and the longer (NIR) wavelength reflected light is filtered through a LP696 filter that blocks the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (vis) light. Collected images are automatically segmented based on their chlorophyll fluorescence. Lack of fluorescence from necrotic tissue is not displayed in the processed image.
Figure 1
Figure 1. Assessment of the hormetic dose-dependent response of A. thaliana to various EO nanoemulsions. The least-squares mean plots from the two-way ANOVA conducted for each of the concentrations under study represent the mean relative growth of the rosettes from a set of nine independently grown seedlings under identical hydroponic conditions. A set of nine untreated independently grown seedlings under identical hydroponic conditions were used as control group, per test concentration. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval of the LS means. To test the differences between LS means, the pairwise comparison Tukey HSD test was employed at alpha (α) = 0.01 to determine the statistical significance. Levels not connected by the same letter symbol (A, B, C, D) are significantly different.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Formation and characterization of stable EONEs under low-energy conditions by modulation of the viscosity differential with propylene glycol and soybean oil. (a) Schematic representation of the nanoemulsion formation process via spontaneous emulsification driven by modulation of the viscosity in continuous phase under mild conditions. (b) Effect of EONEs on the QDR in the plant-pathogen model system A. thaliana-B. cinerea assessed by automated phenotyping with chlorophyll fluorescence-based segmentation. Bars represent the mean and standard error of a nested model measuring necrotic areas from four leaves per plant and five plants per treatment. A set of five untreated and uninfected independently grown seedlings under identical hydroponic conditions were used as the control group. Statistical differences were evaluated per the nested ANOVA followed by a pairwise comparison with a Dunnett’s adjustment relative to the control group. Asterisks on top of the bars indicate a significant difference between the treatment and the control group (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001). Images in the bottom depict treatments. Images with mask and without mask (RGB) show image segmentation based on fluorescence emitted by chlorophyll upon excitation with blue light. Gaps in the leaves indicate areas of no fluorescence (i.e., necrotic areas). (c, d) Transmission electron micrographs from 9 month-old cinnamon nanoemulsion.
Systemic Effect of EONEs on Quantitative Disease Resistance
Figure 3
Figure 3. Mode of action of EONEs as hormetins. (a) Schematic representation of the mode of action of cinnamon EONEs in the activation of hormesis leads to enhanced QDR against BHNs in the plant-pathogen system A. thaliana-B. cinerea. (b) List of biological targets upregulated and downregulated upon exposure to cinnamon oil nanoemulsion relative to the control group. The control group consisted of a set of three untreated and independently grown plants under identical hydroponic conditions.
cinnamon NE treated group | control group |
---|---|
adenine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity | AT DNA binding |
adenine nucleotide transport | carbonate dehydratase activity |
alkali metal ion binding | cell cycle phase transition |
ATP transmembrane transporter activity | cellular response to brassinosteroid stimulus |
ATP transport | cellular response to cytokinin stimulus |
Energy reserve metabolic process | condensed chromosome centromeric region |
glycogen metabolic process | Condensed chromosome kinetochore |
jasmonic acid biosynthetic process | cytokinin activated signaling pathway |
jasmonic acid metabolic process | fluid transport |
nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity | meiosis II |
nucleotide transport | meiosis II cell cycle process |
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to heat stress | prenyltransferase activity |
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress | purine nucleoside biosynthetic process |
potassium ion binding | purine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process |
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity | response to cytokinin |
purine nucleotide transport | response to gibberellin |
pyruvate kinase activity | voltage gated cation channel activity |
toxin biosynthetic process | water transmembrane transporter activity |
cinnamon NE treated group | control group |
---|---|
α-linoleic acid metabolism | aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis |
arachidonic acid metabolism | butanoate metabolism |
ascorbate and aldarate metabolism | carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms |
biosynthesis of amino acids | carbon metabolism |
circadian rhythm – plant | DNA replication |
cysteine and methionine metabolism | fructose and mannose metabolism |
fatty acid degradation | glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism |
folate biosynthesis | nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism |
glutathione metabolism | nitrogen metabolism |
glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism | one carbon pool by folate |
histidine metabolism | other glycan degradation |
lysine degradation | pentose and glucuronate interconversions |
peroxisome | pentose phosphate pathway |
phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis | phagosome |
protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum | photosynthesis |
purine metabolism | photosynthesis antenna proteins |
RNA degradation | plant hormone signal transduction |
spliceosome | steroid biosynthesis |
sulfur metabolism | terpenoid backbone biosynthesis |
valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation | various types of N-glycan biosynthesis |
Conclusions
Methods
Nanoemulsion Formulation and Fabrication
Materials
Viscosity Measurements
Surface Tension Measurements
Characterization of Essential Oils Used in Bioactive Nanoemulsions via GC-MS
Nanoemulsion Formation
Nanoemulsion Particle Size Characterization
Dynamic Light Scattering
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Dynamic Morpho-Physiological Assessment of the Systemic Effect of Nanoemulsions on the Plants’ Defense Immune System in Wild-Type A. thaliana (Col-0)
Plant Material and Growing Conditions
Multispectral Image-Based Phenotype Assessment of Treated Plants
Assessment of Systemic Effect of Treatments on the QDR against B. cinereavia Image-Based Phenotyping
Physiological Assessment of Treated Plants via RNA-seq
Statistical Analysis
Multispectral Image-Based Phenotype Assessment of Treated Plants
Phenotypical and Physiological Assessment of the Systemic Effect of EONEs on QDR of A. thaliana (Col-0) against B. cinereavia Image-Based Phenotyping
Differential Gene Expression Analysis

Functional Analysis

Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c09759.
EONEs formulation, production, and characterization; assessment of the dose-dependent response of EONEs in the plant-pathogen model system A. thaliana (Col-0)-B.cinerea via image-based phenotyping; systemic effect of EONEs on the QDR in the pathosystem used in this study (PDF)
Terms & Conditions
Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Prof. Tesfaye Mengiste and Dr. Chao-Jan Liao from the department of Botany and plant pathology at Purdue University (West Lafayette, IN, USA) for providing the B. cinerea strain B05.10 and A. thaliana (Col-0) seed and technical support for the plant-pathogen interaction experiments. Partial funding from the Colombian Ministry of Science and Technology is appreciated. The authors thank Yi Wen from the Department of Bioengineering at UIUC, for the GC/MS analysis.
References
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- 9Gilbertson, L. M.; Pourzahedi, L.; Laughton, S.; Gao, X.; Zimmerman, J. B.; Theis, T. L.; Westerhoff, P.; Lowry, G. V. Guiding the Design Space for Nanotechnology to Advance Sustainable Crop Production. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 15 (9), 801– 810, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0706-5Google Scholar9https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXht1WrtLbP&md5=0c51792c7dc123a824abf47da8ce7f43Guiding the design space for nanotechnology to advance sustainable crop productionGilbertson, Leanne M.; Pourzahedi, Leila; Laughton, Stephanie; Gao, Xiaoyu; Zimmerman, Julie B.; Theis, Thomas L.; Westerhoff, Paul; Lowry, Gregory V.Nature Nanotechnology (2020), 15 (9), 801-810CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Research)Abstr.: The globally recognized need to advance more sustainable agriculture and food systems has motivated the emergence of transdisciplinary solns., which include methodologies that utilize the properties of materials at the nanoscale to address extensive and inefficient resource use. Despite the promising prospects of these nanoscale materials, the potential for large-scale applications directly to the environment and to crops necessitates precautionary measures to avoid unintended consequences. Further, the effects of using engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in agricultural practices cascade throughout their life cycle and include effects from upstream-embodied resources and emissions from ENM prodn. as well as their potential downstream environmental implications. Building on decades-long research in ENM synthesis, biol. and environmental interactions, fate, transport and transformation, there is the opportunity to inform the sustainable design of nano-enabled agrochems. Here we perform a screening-level anal. that considers the system-wide benefits and costs for opportunities in which ENMs can advance the sustainability of crop-based agriculture. These include their on-farm use as (1) soil amendments to offset nitrogen fertilizer inputs, (2) seed coatings to increase germination rates and (3) foliar sprays to enhance yields. In each anal., the nano-enabled alternatives are compared against the current practice on the basis of performance and embodied energy. In addn. to identifying the ENM compns. and application approaches with the greatest potential to sustainably advance crop prodn., we present a holistic, prospective, systems-based approach that promotes emerging alternatives that have net performance and environmental benefits.
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- 11Jansen, K. M. B.; Agterof, W. G. M.; Mellema, J. Droplet Breakup in Concentrated Emulsions. J. Rheol. (Melville, NY, U. S.) 2001, 45 (1), 227– 236, DOI: 10.1122/1.1333001Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 12Wooster, T. J.; Moore, S. C.; Chen, W.; Andrews, H.; Addepalli, R.; Seymour, R. B.; Osborne, S. A. Biological Fate of Food Nanoemulsions and the Nutrients They Carry - Internalisation, Transport and Cytotoxicity of Edible Nanoemulsions in Caco-2 Intestinal Cells. RSC Adv. 2017, 7 (64), 40053– 40066, DOI: 10.1039/C7RA07804HGoogle Scholar12https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVantb%252FF&md5=3dad57fa9fcfb3ae44a31feab09bdc33Biological fate of food nanoemulsions and the nutrients they carry - internalisation, transport and cytotoxicity of edible nanoemulsions in Caco-2 intestinal cellsWooster, Tim J.; Moore, Sean C.; Chen, Wei; Andrews, Helen; Addepalli, Rama; Seymour, Robert B.; Osborne, Simone A.RSC Advances (2017), 7 (64), 40053-40066CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Edible nanoemulsions are promising delivery systems with the potential to enhance nutrient/drug solubilisation, digestibility, bioavailability and potentially facilitate direct cellular uptake. However, the high potential of edible nanoparticles has also led to concerns about their biol. fate and whether these nanoparticles or the active ingredients they carry pose (new) toxicol. risks. Here we outline the development of new sub 50 nm edible nanoemulsions that allow us to probe the duality of enhanced nutrient solubilisation and bioavailability with potential toxicol. side effects. The toxicity and biol. fate of the edible nanoemulsions was investigated using Caco-2 cells to facilitate cell viability assays, transport of nanoemulsions across an in vitro intestinal model and internalisation visualised by confocal microscopy. These expts. demonstrate that edible nanoemulsion toxicity is not just a function of surfactant compn., but more critically a synergistic effect between surfactants and their phys. location. Critically the presence of reactive ingredients (β-carotene) leads to a dramatic increase in nanoemulsion toxicity that may counteract the benefits assocd. with enhanced solubilisation/cellular uptake. Such research into the biol. fate of edible food nanoemulsions and the nutrients they carry is important not only because nanotechnol. in food is an emotive topic, but also because these insights may inform public policy decisions.
- 13Sakai, A.; Yoshimura, H. Monoterpenes of Salvia leucophylla. Curr. Bioact. Compd. 2012, 8 (1), 90– 100, DOI: 10.2174/157340712799828205Google Scholar13https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XkslChsbo%253D&md5=47e6b5239bc74c1af5eac8c5222feff7Monoterpenes of Salvia leucophyllaSakai, Atsushi; Yoshimura, HirokoCurrent Bioactive Compounds (2012), 8 (1), 90-100CODEN: CBCUBY; ISSN:1573-4072. (Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.)A review. The "Salvia phenomenon" is one of the most famous examples of allelopathic interaction between higher plants. The Salvia thickets are surrounded by zones of bare soil ("bare zone", 1-3 m in width), which merge into areas of inhibited grassland ("zone of inhibition") and finally undisturbed grassland at a distance of 3-9 m. This characteristic vegetation pattern was attributed to monoterpenes, esp. 1,8-cineole and camphor, which volatilized from S. leucophylla leaves, got adsorbed in the soil around the Salvia thickets, and inhibited germination and seedling growth of annual herbs. Initially, continuity of hydrophobic environment (clay soil particles - cuticular waxes on the seed/seedling surfaces - plasmodesmata - plasma membrane) was regarded to be important for the lipophilic compds. to enter the target cells. However, monoterpenes can reach the target cells via aq. route as well. Because monoterpenes produced by S. leucophylla all induce similar symptoms in the seedlings of target plants, their mode of action appears to be essentially common. They exert various deteriorating effects on the cells of target plants, which might be totally explained if the primary point of action resides in mitochondrial function (respiratory ATP synthesis) and/or generation of reactive oxygen species. In contrast to the previous belief that cuticular waxes act as the pathway of lipophilic monoterpene to enter the site of action or reservoir of the inhibitors, they may act as "adsorptive barrier" to prevent the entering of monoterpenes inside the cell wall.
- 14Cheng, F.; Cheng, Z. Research Progress on the Use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 1– 16, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01020Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 15Leach, J. E.; Triplett, L. R.; Argueso, C. T.; Trivedi, P. Communication in the Phytobiome. Cell 2017, 169 (4), 587– 596, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.025Google Scholar15https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXnt1Cmsb8%253D&md5=fcf52261c6886427b5ec3e607d7b4d9dCommunication in the phytobiomeLeach, Jan E.; Triplett, Lindsay R.; Argueso, Cristiana T.; Trivedi, PankajCell (Cambridge, MA, United States) (2017), 169 (4), 587-596CODEN: CELLB5; ISSN:0092-8674. (Cell Press)A review. The phytobiome is composed of plants, their environment, and diverse interacting microscopic and macroscopic organisms, which together influence plant health and productivity. These organisms form complex networks that are established and regulated through nutrient cycling, competition, antagonism, and chem. communication mediated by a diverse array of signaling mols. Integration of knowledge of signaling mechanisms with that of phytobiome members and their networks will lead to a new understanding of the fate and significance of these signals at the ecosystem level. Such an understanding could lead to new biol., chem., and breeding strategies to improve crop health and productivity.
- 16Song, G. C.; Ryu, C. Two Volatile Organic Compounds Trigger Plant Self-Defense against a Bacterial Pathogen and a Sucking Insect in Cucumber under Open Field Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 9803– 9819, DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059803Google Scholar16https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtVSkt7rN&md5=2957e3bffc7c0938a203aaea651e93e6Two volatile organic compounds trigger plant self-defense against a bacterial pathogen and a sucking insect in cucumber under open field conditionsSong, Geun Cheol; Ryu, Choong-MinInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences (2013), 14 (5), 9803-9819, 17 pp.CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (MDPI AG)Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant self-defense mechanism against a broad-range of pathogens and insect pests. Among chem. SAR triggers, plant and bacterial volatiles are promising candidates for use in pest management, as these volatiles are highly effective, inexpensive, and can be employed at relatively low concns. compared with agrochems. However, such volatiles have some drawbacks, including the high evapn. rate of these compds. after application in the open field, their neg. effects on plant growth, and their inconsistent levels of effectiveness. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of volatile org. compd. (VOC)-mediated induced resistance against both the bacterial angular leaf spot pathogen, Pseudononas syringae pv. lachrymans, and the sucking insect aphid, Myzus persicae, in the open field. Using the VOCs 3-pentanol and 2-butanone where fruit yields increased gave unexpectedly, a significant increase in the no. of ladybird beetles, Coccinella septempunctata, a natural enemy of aphids. The defense-related gene CsLOX was induced by VOC treatment, indicating that triggering the oxylipin pathway in response to the emission of green leaf volatiles can recruit the natural enemy of aphids. These results demonstrate that VOCs may help prevent plant disease and insect damage by eliciting induced resistance, even in open fields.
- 17Dave, A.; Graham, I. A. Oxylipin Signaling: A Distinct Role for the Jasmonic Acid Precursor Cis-(+)-12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid (Cis-OPDA). Front. Plant Sci. 2012, 3 (MAR), 1– 6, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00042Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Holopainen, J. K.; Blande, J. D. Where Do Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles Go?. Front. Plant Sci. 2013, 4, 1– 13, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00185Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Jones, J. D. G.; Vance, R. E.; Dangl, J. L. Intracellular Innate Immune Surveillance Devices in Plants and Animals. Science 2016, 354, 1117– 1125, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf6395Google Scholar19https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFGrtL7L&md5=0226bb7045073e9a913ce31e84c38ca5Intracellular innate immune surveillance devices in plants and animalsJones, Jonathan D. G.; Vance, Russell E.; Dangl, Jeffery L.Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2016), 354 (6316), 1117CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)A review. Multicellular eukaryotes coevolve with microbial pathogens, which exert strong selective pressure on the immune systems of their hosts. Plants and animals use intracellular proteins of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) superfamily to detect many types of microbial pathogens. The NLR domain architecture likely evolved independently and convergently in each kingdom, and the mol. mechanisms of pathogen detection by plant and animal NLRs have long been considered to be distinct. However, microbial recognition mechanisms overlap, and it is now possible to discern important key trans-kingdom principles of NLR-dependent immune function. Here, we attempt to articulate these principles. We propose that the NLR architecture has evolved for pathogen-sensing in diverse organisms because of its utility as a tightly folded "hair trigger" device into which a virtually limitless no. of microbial detection platforms can be integrated. Recent findings suggest means to rationally design novel recognition capabilities to counter disease.
- 20Kushalappa, A. C.; Yogendra, K. N.; Karre, S. Plant Innate Immune Response: Qualitative and Quantitative Resistance. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 2016, 35 (1), 38– 55, DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2016.1148980Google Scholar20https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xltlajurk%253D&md5=a2c053103a779ebf9686af171bc70b1bPlant Innate Immune Response: Qualitative and Quantitative ResistanceKushalappa, Ajjamada C.; Yogendra, Kalenahalli N.; Karre, ShaileshCritical Reviews in Plant Sciences (2016), 35 (1), 38-55CODEN: CRPSD3; ISSN:0735-2689. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)A review. Plant diseases, caused by microbes, threaten world food, feed, and bioproduct security. Plant resistance has not been effectively deployed to improve resistance in plants for lack of understanding of biochem. mechanisms and genetic bedrock of resistance. With the advent of genome sequencing, the forward and reverse genetic approaches have enabled deciphering the riddle of resistance. Invading pathogens produce elicitors and effectors that are recognized by the host membrane-localized receptors, which in turn induce a cascade of downstream regulatory and resistance metabolite and protein biosynthetic genes (R) to produce resistance metabolites and proteins, which reduce pathogen advancement through their antimicrobial and cell wall enforcement properties. The resistance in plants to pathogen attack is expressed as reduced susceptibility, ranging from high susceptibility to hypersensitive response, the shades of gray. The hypersensitive response or cell death is considered as qual. resistance, while the remainder of the reduced susceptibility is considered as quant. resistance. The resistance is due to additive effects of several resistance metabolites and proteins, which are produced through a network of several hierarchies of plant R genes. Plants recognize the pathogen elicitors or receptors and then induce downstream genes to eventually produce resistance metabolites and proteins that suppress the pathogen advancement in plant. These resistance genes (R), against qual. and quant. resistance, can be identified in germplasm collections and replaced in com. cultivars, if nonfunctional, based on genome editing to improve plant resistance.
- 21Mattson, M. P. Hormesis Defined. Ageing Res. Rev. 2008, 7 (1), 1– 7, DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.08.007Google Scholar21https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXivVKqsrY%253D&md5=0404e758d7ba0fc47a909fefc84ec4b7Hormesis definedMattson, Mark P.Ageing Research Reviews (2008), 7 (1), 1-7CODEN: ARRGAK; ISSN:1568-1637. (Elsevier B.V.)A review. Hormesis is a term used by toxicologists to refer to a biphasic dose-response to an environmental agent characterized by a low dose stimulation or beneficial effect and a high dose inhibitory or toxic effect. In the fields of biol. and medicine hormesis is defined as an adaptive response of cells and organisms to a moderate (usually intermittent) stress. Examples include ischemic preconditioning, exercise, dietary energy restriction and exposures to low doses of certain phytochems. Recent findings have elucidated the cellular signaling pathways and mol. mechanisms that mediate hormetic responses which typically involve enzymes such as kinases and deacetylases, and transcription factors such as Nrf-2 and NF-κB. As a result, cells increase their prodn. of cytoprotective and restorative proteins including growth factors, phase 2 and antioxidant enzymes, and protein chaperones. A better understanding of hormesis mechanisms at the cellular and mol. levels is leading to and to novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of many different diseases.
- 22Calabrese, E. J.; Mattson, M. P. How Does Hormesis Impact Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine?. npj Aging Mech. Dis. 2017, 3 (1), 1– 8, DOI: 10.1038/s41514-017-0013-zGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 23Vargas-Hernandez, M.; Macias-Bobadilla, I.; Guevara-Gonzalez, R. G.; Romero-Gomez, S. de J.; Rico-Garcia, E.; Ocampo-Velazquez, R. V.; Alvarez-Arquieta, L. de L.; Torres-Pacheco, I. Plant Hormesis Management with Biostimulants of Biotic Origin in Agriculture. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 1– 11, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01762Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 24Wooster, T. J.; Golding, M.; Sanguansri, P. Impact of Oil Type on Nanoemulsion Formation and Ostwald Ripening Stability. Langmuir 2008, 24 (22), 12758– 12765, DOI: 10.1021/la801685vGoogle Scholar24https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXht1ertb7J&md5=5709a0b6cce58d688d53598c81f0f396Impact of Oil Type on Nanoemulsion Formation and Ostwald Ripening StabilityWooster, Tim J.; Golding, Matt; Sanguansri, PeerasakLangmuir (2008), 24 (22), 12758-12765CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)The formation of stable transparent nanoemulsions poses 2 challenges: the ability to initially create an emulsion where the entire droplet size distribution is <80 nm, and the subsequent stabilization of this emulsion against Ostwald ripening. The phys. properties of the oil phase and the nature of the surfactant layer have a considerable impact on nanoemulsion formation and stabilization. Nanoemulsions made with high viscosity oils, such as long chain triglycerides (LCT), were considerably larger (D = 120 nm) than nanoemulsions prepd. with low viscosity oils such as hexadecane (D = 80 nm). The optimization of surfactant architecture, and differential viscosity ηD/ηC, gave remarkably small nanoemulsions. With av. sizes <40 nm they are some of the smallest homogenized emulsions ever reported. What is more remarkable is that LCT nanoemulsions do not undergo Ostwald ripening and are phys. stable for over 3 mo. Ostwald ripening is prevented by the large molar volume of long chain triglyceride oils, which makes them insol. in H2O thus providing a kinetic barrier to Ostwald ripening. Examn. of the Ostwald ripening of mixed oil nanoemulsions found that the entropy gain assocd. with oil demixing provided a thermodn. barrier to Ostwald ripening. Not only are the nanoemulsions created in this work some of the smallest reported, but they are also thermodynamically stable to Ostwald ripening when at least 50% of the oil phase is an insol. triglyceride.
- 25Rao, J.; McClements, D. J. Impact of Lemon Oil Composition on Formation and Stability of Model Food and Beverage Emulsions. Food Chem. 2012, 134 (2), 749– 757, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.174Google Scholar25https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xks1Wju74%253D&md5=c2422984a9f2da924b8a45ec83cc467aImpact of lemon oil composition on formation and stability of model food and beverage emulsionsRao, Jiajia; McClements, David JulianFood Chemistry (2012), 134 (2), 749-757CODEN: FOCHDJ; ISSN:0308-8146. (Elsevier Ltd.)Lemon oil is a complex org. compd. isolated from citrus peel, which is commonly used as a flavoring agent in beverages, foods, cosmetics, and household products. The authors have studied the influence of lemon oil fold (1×, 3×, 5× and 10×) on the formation and properties of oil-in-water emulsions. Initially, the compn., mol. characteristics, and physicochem. properties of the four lemon oils were established. The main constituents in single-fold lemon oil were monoterpenes (>90%), whereas the major constituents in 10-fold lemon oil were monoterpenes (≈35%), sesquiterpenes (≈14%) and oxygenates (≈33%). The d., interfacial tension, viscosity, and refractive index of the lemon oils increased as the oil fold increased (i.e., 1× < 3× < 5× < 10×). The stability of oil-in-water emulsions produced by high pressure homogenization was strongly influenced by lemon oil fold. The lower fold oils were highly unstable to droplet growth during storage (1×, 3×, and 5×) with the growth rate increasing with increasing storage temp. and decreasing oil fold. Droplet growth was attributed to Ostwald ripening, i.e., diffusion of lemon oil mols. from small to large droplets. The highest fold oil (10×) was stable to droplet growth, which was attributed to the presence of an appreciable fraction of constituents with very low water-soly. that inhibited droplet growth through a compositional ripening effect. This study provides important information about the relationship between lemon oil compn. and its performance in emulsions suitable for use in food and beverage products.
- 26Komaiko, J. S.; McClements, D. J. Formation of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions Using Low-Energy Preparation Methods: A Review of Available Methods. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2016, 15, 331– 352, DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12189Google Scholar26https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xislaiu7k%253D&md5=74846019e395131a9ac6d1532eef5e2fFormation of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions Using Low-Energy Preparation Methods: A Review of Available MethodsKomaiko, Jennifer S.; McClements, David JulianComprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety (2016), 15 (2), 331-352CODEN: CRFSBJ; ISSN:1541-4337. (Institute of Food Technologists)There is considerable interest in the prodn. of emulsions and nanoemulsions using low-energy methods due to the fact they are simple to implement and no expensive equipment is required. In this review, the principles of isothermal (spontaneous emulsification and emulsion phase inversion) and thermal (phase inversion temp.) low-energy methods for nanoemulsion prodn. are presented. The major factors influencing nanoemulsion formation using low-energy methods and food-grade components are reviewed: prepn. conditions, oil type, surfactant type, surfactant-to-oil ratio, and cosolvent or cosurfactant addn. The advantages and disadvantages of different low-energy and high-energy methods for fabricating nanoemulsions are highlighted, and potential applications for these techniques are discussed.
- 27Park, J.; Lee, J.; McClements, D. J.; Choi, S. J. Inhibition of Droplet Growth in Model Beverage Emulsions Stabilized Using Poly (ethylene glycol) Alkyl Ether Surfactants Having Various Hydrophilic Head Sizes: Impact of Ester Gum. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5588, DOI: 10.3390/app10165588Google Scholar27https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslKntbfJ&md5=cc67a9bc2d7deb1f67d946b7f1d69880Inhibition of droplet growth in model beverage emulsions stabilized using poly (ethylene glycol) alkyl ether surfactants having various hydrophilic head sizes: impact of ester gumPark, Jimoon; Lee, Jiyun; McClements, David Julian; Choi, Seung JunApplied Sciences (2020), 10 (16), 5588CODEN: ASPCC7; ISSN:2076-3417. (MDPI AG)The effect of ester gum, a widely used weighting agent, on Ostwald ripening in model beverage emulsions formulated using different food-grade surfactants was examd. A microfluidizer was used to prep. 5% orange oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a series of ethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants. Emulsions prepd. using only orange oil exhibited an appreciable increase in droplet size during a 14-day storage, independent of surfactant type or concn. Incorporation of ester gum into the oil phase of the emulsions effectively inhibited droplet growth at concns. ≥20%. The inhibition of droplet growth by ester gum depended on the surfactant type (hydrophilic group size) and concn. Overall, ester gum stabilized the emulsions by acting as an Ostwald ripening inhibitor, as well as a weighting agent.
- 28De Coninck, B.; Timmermans, P.; Vos, C.; Cammue, B. P.A.; Kazan, K. What Lies Beneath: Belowground Defense Strategies in Plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2015, 20 (2), 91– 101, DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.007Google Scholar28https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhs1Kgu77O&md5=4c11db8491e52221bb2f4ffaeda2464fWhat lies beneath: belowground defense strategies in plantsDe Coninck, Barbara; Timmermans, Pieter; Vos, Christine; Cammue, Bruno P. A.; Kazan, KemalTrends in Plant Science (2015), 20 (2), 91-101CODEN: TPSCF9; ISSN:1360-1385. (Elsevier Ltd.)Diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens result worldwide in significant yield losses in economically important crops. In contrast to foliar diseases, relatively little is known about the nature of root defenses against these pathogens. This review summarizes the current knowledge on root infection strategies, root-specific preformed barriers, pathogen recognition, and defense signaling. Studies reviewed here suggest that many commonalities as well as differences exist in defense strategies employed by roots and foliar tissues during pathogen attack. Importantly, in addn. to pathogens, plant roots interact with a plethora of non-pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms. Therefore, a good understanding of how plant roots interact with the microbiome would be particularly important to engineer resistance to root pathogens without neg. altering root-beneficial microbe interactions.
- 29Luo, H.; Laluk, K.; Lai, Z.; Veronese, P.; Song, F.; Mengiste, T. The Arabidopsis Botrytis Susceptible1 Interactor Defines a Subclass of RING E3 Ligases That Regulate Pathogen and Stress Responses. Plant Physiol. 2010, 154 (4), 1766– 1782, DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.163915Google Scholar29https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhsF2jsbbL&md5=be4980008fe2478d2252a108cd73fec7The Arabidopsis Botrytic Susceptible1 Interactor defines a subclass of RING E3 ligases that regulate pathogen and stress responsesLuo, Hongli; Laluk, Kristin; Lai, Zhibing; Veronese, Paola; Song, Fengming; Mengiste, TesfayePlant Physiology (2010), 154 (4), 1766-1782CODEN: PLPHAY; ISSN:0032-0889. (American Society of Plant Biologists)We studied the function of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Botrytis Susceptible1 Interactor (BOI) in plant responses to pathogen infection and abiotic stress. BOI phys. interacts with and ubiquitinates Arabidopsis BOS1, an R2R3MYB transcription factor previously implicated in stress and pathogen responses. In transgenic plants expressing the BOS1-β-glucuronidase transgene, β-glucuronidase activity could be detected only after inhibition of the proteosome, suggesting that BOS1 is a target of ubiquitin-mediated degrdn. by the proteosome. Plants with reduced BOI transcript levels generated through RNA interference (BOI RNAi) were more susceptible to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea and less tolerant to salt stress. In addn., BOI RNAi plants exhibited increased cell death induced by the phytotoxin α-picolinic acid and by a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, coincident with peak disease symptoms. However, the hypersensitive cell death assocd. with different race-specific resistance genes was unaffected by changes in the level of BOI transcript. BOI expression was enhanced by B. cinerea and salt stress but repressed by the plant hormone gibberellin, indicating a complex regulation of BOI gene expression. Interestingly, BOI RNAi plants exhibit reduced growth responsiveness to gibberellin. We also present data revealing the function of three Arabidopsis BOI-RELATED GENES (BRGs), which contribute to B. cinerea resistance and the suppression of disease-assocd. cell death. In sum, BOI and BRGs represent a subclass of RING E3 ligases that contribute to plant disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance through the suppression of pathogen-induced as well as stress-induced cell death.
- 30Abuqamar, S.; Moustafa, K.; Tran, L. S. Mechanisms and Strategies of Plant Defense against Botrytis cinerea. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2017, 37 (2), 262– 274, DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1271767Google Scholar30https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXlsFSjsA%253D%253D&md5=903ff8f7332f3caf190b9d973bcbcf29Mechanisms and strategies of plant defense against Botrytis cinereaAbuQamar, Synan; Moustafa, Khaled; Tran, Lam-Son PhanCritical Reviews in Biotechnology (2017), 37 (2), 262-274CODEN: CRBTE5; ISSN:0738-8551. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)A review. Biotic factors affect plant immune responses and plant resistance to pathogen infections. Despite the considerable progress made over the past two decades in manipulating genes, proteins and their levels from diverse sources, no complete genetic tolerance to environmental stresses has been developed so far in any crops. Plant defense response to pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea, is a complex biol. process involving various changes at the biochem., mol. (i.e. transcriptional) and physiol. levels. Once a pathogen is detected, effective plant resistance activates signaling networks through the generation of small signaling mols. and the balance of hormonal signaling pathways to initiate defense mechanisms to the particular pathogen. Recently, studies using Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants have shown that many genes are involved in plant responses to B. cinerea infection. In this article, we will review our current understanding of mechanisms regulating plant responses to B. cinerea with a particular interest on hormonal regulatory networks involving phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA). We will also highlight some potential gene targets that are promising for improving crop resistance to B. cinerea through genetic engineering and breeding programs. Finally, the role of biol. control as a complementary and alternative disease management will be overviewed.
- 31Sharifi-Rad, J.; Sureda, A.; Tenore, G. C.; Daglia, M.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Valussi, M.; Tundis, R.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Loizzo, M. R.; Oluwaseun Ademiluyi, A.; Sharifi-Rad, R.; Ayatollahi, S. A.; Iriti, M. Biological Activities of Essential Oils: From Plant Chemoecology to Traditional Healing Systems. Molecules 2017, 22 (1), 1– 55, DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010070Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Huang, H.; Liu, B.; Liu, L.; Song, S. Jasmonate Action in Plant Growth and Development. J. Exp. Bot. 2017, 68 (6), 1349– 1359, DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw495Google Scholar32https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsV2qtrjF&md5=30ec2cb21824e7448c9124cf2be619a9Jasmonate action in plant growth and developmentHuang, Huang; Liu, Bei; Liu, Liangyu; Song, SushengJournal of Experimental Botany (2017), 68 (6), 1349-1359CODEN: JEBOA6; ISSN:1460-2431. (Oxford University Press)Phytohormones, including jasmonates (JAs), gibberellin, ethylene, abscisic acid, and auxin, integrate endogenous developmental cues with environmental signals to regulate plant growth, development, and defense. JAs are well-recognized lipid-derived stress hormones that regulate plant adaptations to biotic stresses, including herbivore attack and pathogen infection, as well as abiotic stresses, including wounding, ozone, and UV radiation. An increasing no. of studies have shown that JAs also have functions in a remarkable no. of plant developmental events, including primary root growth, reproductive development, and leaf senescence. Since the 1980s, details of the JA biosynthesis pathway, signaling pathway, and crosstalk during plant growth and development have been elucidated. Here, we summarize recent advances and give an updated overview of JA action and crosstalk in plant growth and development.
- 33West, R.; Banton, M.; Hu, J.; Klapacz, J.; Whitacre, D. The Distribution, Fate, and Effects of Propylene Glycol Substances in the Environment. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2014, 232, 107– 138, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_5Google Scholar33https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXotlOms74%253D&md5=cbce233d8fbc46eb79debac516201b59The Distribution, Fate, and Effects of Propylene Glycol Substances in the EnvironmentWest, Robert; Banton, Marcy; Hu, Jing; Klapacz, JoannaReviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2014), 232 (), 107-138CODEN: RCTOE4; ISSN:2197-6554. (Springer)This article discusses about distribution, fate, and effects of propylene glycol substances in environment. The purpose of this article is to summarize and communicate the best-available information to enable assessments of hazard, exposure and risk that are assocd. with the PG substances over their life cycle stages, which involve direct or diffusive environmental emission.
- 34Jones, J. D. G.; Dangl, J. L. The Plant Immune System. Nature 2006, 444 (7117), 323– 329, DOI: 10.1038/nature05286Google Scholar34https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28Xht1SgtbzO&md5=34770324e4b7553bf3434200591ba92aThe plant immune systemJones, Jonathan D. G.; Dangl, Jeffery L.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2006), 444 (7117), 323-329CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)A review. Many plant-assocd. microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reprodn. Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch recognizes and responds to mols. common to many classes of microbes, including non-pathogens. The second responds to pathogen virulence factors, either directly or through their effects on host targets. These plant immune systems, and the pathogen mols. to which they respond, provide extraordinary insights into mol. recognition, cell biol. and evolution across biol. kingdoms. A detailed understanding of plant immune function will underpin crop improvement for food, fiber and biofuels prodn.
- 35Wasternack, C.; Hause, B. The Missing Link in Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis. Nat. Plants 2019, 5 (8), 776– 777, DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0492-yGoogle Scholar35https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3Mvis1eruw%253D%253D&md5=6efca1e795aecd1d05776ed18e51fe6eThe missing link in jasmonic acid biosynthesisWasternack Claus; Hause Bettina; Wasternack Claus; Hause BettinaNature plants (2019), 5 (8), 776-777 ISSN:.There is no expanded citation for this reference.
- 36Wasternack, C.; Strnad, M. Jasmonates: News on Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Action of an Ancient Group of Signaling Compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2539, DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092539Google Scholar36https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXnvVWhsLk%253D&md5=2478249e00d5051598f3ac7d10d795d6Jasmonates: news on occurrence, biosynthesis, metabolism and action of an ancient group of signaling compoundsWasternack, Claus; Strnad, MiroslavInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences (2018), 19 (9), 2539/1-2539/26CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (MDPI AG)A review. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its related derivs. are ubiquitously occurring compds. of land plants acting in numerous stress responses and development. Recent studies on evolution of JA and other oxylipins indicated conserved biosynthesis. JA formation is initiated by oxygenation of α-linolenic acid ( α-LeA, 18:3) or 16:3 fatty acid of chloroplast membranes leading to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) as intermediate compd., but in Marchantia polymorpha and Physcomitrella patens, OPDA and some of its derivs. are final products active in a conserved signaling pathway. JA formation and its metabolic conversion take place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and cytosol, resp. Metabolites of JA are formed in 12 different pathways leading to active, inactive and partially active compds. The isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA-Ile) is the ligand of the receptor component COI1 in vascular plants, whereas in the bryophyte M. polymorpha COI1 perceives an OPDA deriv. indicating its functionally conserved activity. JA-induced gene expressions in the numerous biotic and abiotic stress responses and development are initiated in a well-studied complex regulation by homeostasis of transcription factors functioning as repressors and activators.
- 37Ruan, J.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, M.; Yan, J.; Khurshid, M.; Weng, W.; Cheng, J.; Zhang, K. Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway in Plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2479, DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102479Google Scholar37https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXosVKmtg%253D%253D&md5=780ca6f0f4565c475e173ed470512042Jasmonic acid signaling pathway in plantsRuan, Jingjun; Zhou, Yuexia; Zhou, Meiliang; Yan, Jun; Khurshid, Muhammad; Weng, Wenfeng; Cheng, Jianping; Zhang, KaixuanInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences (2019), 20 (10), 2479CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (MDPI AG)Jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and dervatives, referred as jasmonates (JAs) are important mols. in the regulation of many physiol. processes in plant growth and development, and esp. the mediation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. JAs biosynthesis, perception, transport, signal transduction and action have been extensively investigated. In this review, we will discuss the initiation of JA signaling with a focus on environmental signal perception and transduction, JA biosynthesis and metab., transport of signaling mols. (local transmission, vascular bundle transmission, and airborne transportation), and biol. function (JA signal receptors, regulated transcription factors, and biol. processes involved).
- 38Ahmad, P.; Rasool, S.; Gul, A.; Sheikh, S. A.; Akram, N. A.; Ashraf, M.; Kazi, A. M.; Gucel, S. Jasmonates: Multifunctional Roles in Stress Tolerance. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1– 15, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00813Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 39Huot, B.; Yao, J.; Montgomery, B. L.; He, S. Y. Growth-Defense Tradeoffs in Plants: A Balancing Act to Optimize Fitness. Mol. Plant 2014, 7 (8), 1267– 1287, DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu049Google Scholar39https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXktlKlsbc%253D&md5=879332cf72997f0726f4ddba4884d0afGrowth-defense tradeoffs in plants: A balancing act to optimize fitnessHuot, Bethany; Yao, Jian; Montgomery, Beronda L.; He, Sheng YangMolecular Plant (2014), 7 (8), 1267-1287CODEN: MPOLA2; ISSN:1674-2052. (Oxford University Press)SUMMARY Growth-defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource limitations to optimize plant fitness. Hormone crosstalk appears to be the primary means for plant modulation of growth and defense. Understanding the mol. processes governing plant prioritization and diversion of resources towards growth or defense may enable genetic tailoring of plants to harness this natural plasticity for optimization of both growth and defense under variable environmental conditions. Growth-defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal factors. These tradeoffs have profound implications in agriculture and natural ecosystems, as both processes are vital for plant survival, reprodn., and, ultimately, plant fitness. While many of the mol. mechanisms underlying growth and defense tradeoffs remain to be elucidated, hormone crosstalk has emerged as a major player in regulating tradeoffs needed to achieve a balance. In this review, we cover recent advances in understanding growth-defense tradeoffs in plants as well as what is known regarding the underlying mol. mechanisms. Specifically, we address evidence supporting the growth-defense tradeoff concept, as well as known interactions between defense signaling and growth signaling. Understanding the mol. basis of these tradeoffs in plants should provide a foundation for the development of breeding strategies that optimize the growth-defense balance to maximize crop yield to meet rising global food and biofuel demands.
- 40Ho, T. T.; Murthy, H. N.; Park, S. Y. Methyl Jasmonate Induced Oxidative Stress and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Plant Cell and Organ Cultures. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 716, DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030716Google Scholar40https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslKntb3F&md5=48adc43be970e4df1d96d1299c5ccf75Methyl jasmonate induced oxidative stress and accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant cell and organ culturesHo, Thanh-Tam; Murthy, Hosakatte Niranjana; Park, So-YoungInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences (2020), 21 (3), 716CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (MDPI AG)A review. Recently, plant secondary metabolites are considered as important sources of pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavours, cosmetics, and other industrial products. The accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant cell and organ cultures often occurs when cultures are subjected to varied kinds of stresses including elicitors or signal mols. Application of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and Me jasmonate (MJ) is responsible for the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent defense mechanisms in cultured cells and organs. It is also responsible for the induction of signal transduction, the expression of many defense genes followed by the accumulation of secondary metabolites. In this review, the application of exogenous MJ elicitation strategies on the induction of defense mechanism and secondary metabolite accumulation in cell and organ cultures is introduced and discussed. The information presented here is useful for efficient large-scale prodn. of plant secondary metabolites by the plant cell and organ cultures.
- 41Glazebrook, J. Contrasting Mechanisms of Defense against Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2005, 43, 205– 227, DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923Google Scholar41https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXhtVOksrrN&md5=f048f37d94a4939cda8c0bfa44d974a3Contrasting mechanisms of defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogensGlazebrook, JaneAnnual Review of Phytopathology (2005), 43 (), 205-227CODEN: APPYAG; ISSN:0066-4286. (Annual Reviews Inc.)It has been suggested that effective defense against biotrophic pathogens is largely due to programmed cell death in the host, and to assocd. activation of defense responses regulated by the salicylic acid-dependent pathway. In contrast, necrotrophic pathogens benefit from host cell death, so they are not limited by cell death and salicylic acid-dependent defenses, but rather by a different set of defense responses activated by jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling. This review summarizes results from Arabidopsis-pathogen systems regarding the contributions of various defense responses to resistance to several biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. While the model above seems generally correct, there are exceptions and addnl. complexities.
- 42Rao, P. V.; Gan, S. H. Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014, 2014, 1– 12, DOI: 10.1155/2014/642942Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Nurdjannah, N.; Bermawie, N. Cloves. In Handbook of Herbs and Spices, 2nd ed.; Peter, K. V., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing Ltd: London, 2012; Vol. 1, pp 197– 215.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 44Mandal, S.; Mandal, M. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil: Chemistry and Biological Activity. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2015, 5 (6), 421– 428, DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.04.001Google Scholar44https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitVGrtrnN&md5=15c06a1b5d1d85e6c66ea1927a2d05abCoriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil: chemistry and biological activityMandal, Shyamapada; Mandal, ManishaAsian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2015), 5 (6), 421-428CODEN: APJTC7; ISSN:2221-1691. (Asian Pacific Tropical Medicine Press)A review. Coriandrum sativum L. (C. sativum) is one of the most useful essential oil bearing spices as well as medicinal plants, belonging to the family Umbelliferae/Apiaceae. The leaves and seeds of the plant are widely used in folk medicine in addn. to its use as a seasoning in food prepn. The C. sativum essential oil and exts. possess promising antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidative activities as various chem. components in different parts of the plant, which thus play a great role in maintaining the shelf-life of foods by preventing their spoilage. This edible plant is non-toxic to humans, and the C. sativum essential oil is thus used in different ways, viz., in foods (like flavoring and preservatives) and in pharmaceutical products (therapeutic action) as well as in perfumes (fragancias and lotions). The current updates on the usefulness of the plant C. sativum are due to scientific research published in different web-based journals.
- 45Borugă, O.; Jianu, C.; Mişcă, C.; Goleţ, I.; Gruia, A. T.; Horhat, F. G. Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity. J. Med. Life 2014, 7, 56– 60Google Scholar45https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MjjvFyntA%253D%253D&md5=2e618496cfd869c65dedc678318821b2Thymus vulgaris essential oil: chemical composition and antimicrobial activityBoruga O; Jianu C; Misca C; Golet I; Gruia A T; Horhat F GJournal of medicine and life (2014), 7 Spec No. 3 (), 56-60 ISSN:.The study was designed to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris cultivated in Romania. The essential oil was isolated in a yield of 1.25% by steam distillation from the aerial part of the plant and subsequently analyzed by GC-MS. The major components were p-cymene (8.41%), γ-terpinene (30.90%) and thymol (47.59%). Its antimicrobial activity was evaluated on 7 common food-related bacteria and fungus by using the disk diffusion method. The results demonstrate that the Thymus vulgaris essential oil tested possesses strong antimicrobial properties, and may in the future represent a new source of natural antiseptics with applications in the pharmaceutical and food industry.
- 46Yoon, M. Y.; Cha, B.; Kim, J. C. Recent Trends in Studies on Botanical Fungicides in Agriculture. Plant Pathol. J. 2013, 29 (1), 1– 9, DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.RW.05.2012.0072Google Scholar46https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhslGhsL3O&md5=bde974446fd2027a7968c79ac1b333c1Recent trends in studies on botanical fungicides in agricultureYoon, Mi-Young; Cha, Byeongjin; Kim, Jin-CheolPlant Pathology Journal (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (2013), 29 (1), 1-9CODEN: PPJSAV; ISSN:1598-2254. (Hanrimwon Publishing Co.)A review. Plants are attacked by various phytopathogenic fungi. For many years, synthetic fungicides have been used to control plant diseases. Although synthetic fungicides are highly effective, their repeated use has led to problems such as environmental pollution, development of resistance, and residual toxicity. This has prompted intensive research on the development of biopesticides, including botanical fungicides. To date, relatively few botanical fungicides have been registered and commercialized. However, many scientists have reported isolation and characterization of a variety of antifungal plant derivs. Here, we present a survey of a wide range of reported plant-derived antifungal metabolites.
- 47Wang, C.; Fan, Y. Eugenol Enhances the Resistance of Tomato against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2014, 94 (4), 677– 682, DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6304Google Scholar47https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXht1Cgs7%252FO&md5=e2a21338f78f2a9d1a2b2a6ce01c6e29Eugenol enhances the resistance of tomato against tomato yellow leaf curl virusWang, Chunmei; Fan, YongjianJournal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (2014), 94 (4), 677-682CODEN: JSFAAE; ISSN:0022-5142. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)Tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease (TYLCVD) causes severe to economic losses in tomato crops in China. The control of TYLCVD is based primarily on the use of synthetic insecticide to control its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). To look for an alternative method for disease control, we investigated the effect of eugenol on controlling TYLCVD. The potential of eugenol to trigger systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tomato (Jiangsu 14) plants against TYLCV was also investigated. In greenhouse expts., eugenol significantly reduced disease severity when applied as a foliar spray, thus demonstrating a systemic effect. The disease spread rapidly in control plants and by the end of the expt. almost all control plants showed severe symptoms. Eugenol also induced hydrogen peroxide accumulation in tomato plants. Activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were significantly induced compared with those of control plants. As further consequences, increase of salicylic acid (SA) levels and expression of PR-1 proteins, a mol. marker of SAR in tomato, could also be obsd. This is the first report of eugenol as an elicitor and its ability to suppress plant virus diseases under greenhouse conditions. It is suggested that eugenol has the potential to be an effective biocontrol agent against TYLCV in tomato plants. © 2013 Society of Chem. Industry.
- 48Banani, H.; Olivieri, L.; Santoro, K.; Garibaldi, A.; Gullino, M. L.; Spadaro, D. Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple. Foods 2018, 7 (2), 11, DOI: 10.3390/foods7020011Google Scholar48https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXntlygu7c%253D&md5=b6294b061f96b43009140da81906fb70Thyme and savory essential oil efficacy and induction of resistance against Botrytis cinerea through priming of defense responses in appleBanani, Houda; Olivieri, Leone; Santoro, Karin; Garibaldi, Angelo; Gullino, Maria Lodovica; Spadaro, DavideFoods (2018), 7 (2), 11/1-11/8CODEN: FOODBV; ISSN:2304-8158. (MDPI AG)The efficacy of thyme and savory essential oils were investigated against Botrytis cinerea on apple fruit. Apples treated with thyme and savory essential oils showed significantly lower gray mold severity and incidence. Thyme essential oil at 1% concn. showed the highest efficacy, with lower disease incidence and smaller lesion diam. The expression of specific pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-8 and PR-5 was characterized in apple tissues in response to thyme oil application and B. cinerea inoculation. After 6 h of pathogen inoculation, thyme essential oil induced a 2.5-fold increase of PR-8 gene expression compared to inoculated fruits. After 24 h of inoculation, PR-8 was highly induced (7-fold) in both thyme oil-treated and untreated apples inoculated with B. cinerea. After 48 h of inoculation, PR-8 expression in thyme-treated and inoculated apples was 4- and 6-fold higher than in inoculated and water-treated apples. Neither thyme oil application nor B. cinerea inoculation markedly affected PR-5 expression. These results suggest that thyme oil induces resistance against B. cinerea through the priming of defense responses in apple fruit, and the PR-8 gene of apple may play a key role in the mechanism by which thyme essential oil effectively inhibits gray mold in apple fruit.
- 49Tanaka, K.; Taniguchi, S.; Tamaoki, D.; Yoshitomi, K.; Akimitsu, K.; Gomi, K. Multiple Roles of Plant Volatiles in Jasmonate-Induced Defense Response in Rice. Plant Signaling Behav. 2014, 9, e29247, DOI: 10.4161/psb.29247Google Scholar49https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhslais7rM&md5=9274a990427deaffb3bc27bbd22b6d5aMultiple roles of plant volatiles in jasmonate-induced defense response in riceTanaka, Keiichiro; Taniguchi, Shiduku; Tamaoki, Daisuke; Yoshitomi, Kayo; Akimitsu, Kazuya; Gomi, KenjiPlant Signaling & Behavior (2014), 9 (May), e29247/1-e29247/3CODEN: PSBLCR; ISSN:1559-2324. (Landes Bioscience)The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) has a crucial role in defense responses against pathogens in rice. We recently reported that some volatile compds. accumulate in response to JA treatment, and that the monoterpene linalool plays an important role in JA-induced resistance to rice bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in rice. One of the JA-responsive volatiles, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, has both antibacterial and antifungal activity against Xoo, and the rice fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. In addn., (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal was toxic to rice plants. These phenomena were not obsd. when linalool was treated. These results indicate that accumulation of the (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal in response to JA is a double-edged sword, but it is essential for survival against pathogen attacks in rice.
- 50Rienth, M.; Crovadore, J.; Ghaffari, S.; Lefort, F. Oregano Essential Oil Vapour Prevents Plasmopara viticola Infection in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and Primes Plant Immunity Mechanisms. PLoS One 2019, 14 (9), e0222854, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222854Google Scholar50https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXit1SisrrM&md5=07aa6b208555f58eda3c9e4e734fec4cOregano essential oil vapour prevents Plasmopara viticola infection in grapevine (Vitis Vinifera) and primes plant immunity mechanismsRienth, Markus; Crovadore, Julien; Ghaffari, Sana; Lefort, FrancoisPLoS One (2019), 14 (9), e0222854CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)The redn. of synthetic fungicides in agriculture is necessary to guarantee a sustainable prodn. that protects the environment and consumers' health. Downy mildew caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola is the major pathogen in viticulture worldwide and responsible for up to 60% of pesticide treatments. Alternatives to reduce fungicides are thus utterly needed to ensure sustainable vineyard-ecosystems, consumer health and public acceptance. Essential oils (EOs) are amongst the most promising natural plant protection alternatives and have shown their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties on several agricultural crops. However, the efficiency of EOs highly depends on timing, application method and the mol. interactions between the host, the pathogen and EO. Despite proven EO efficiency, the underlying processes are still not understood and remain a black box. The objectives of the present study were: (a) to evaluate whether a continuous fumigation of a particular EO can control downy mildew in order to circumvent the drawbacks of direct application, (b) to decipher mol. mechanisms that could be triggered in the host and the pathogen by EO application and (c) to try to differentiate whether essential oils directly repress the oomycete or act as plant resistance primers. To achieve this a custom-made climatic chamber was constructed that enabled a continuous fumigation of potted vines with different EOs during long-term expts. The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv Chasselas was chosen in reason of its high susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola. Grapevine cuttings were infected with P. viticola and subsequently exposed to continuous fumigation of different EOs at different concns., during 2 application time spans (24 h and 10 days). Expts. were stopped when infection symptoms were clearly obsd. on the leaves of the control plants. Plant physiol. (photosynthesis and growth rate parameters) were recorded and leaves were sampled at different time points for subsequent RNA extn. and transcriptomics anal. Strikingly, the Oregano vulgare EO vapor treatment during 24h post-infection proved to be sufficient to reduce downy mildew development by 95%. Total RNA was extd. from leaves of 24h and 10d treatments and used for whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq). Sequenced reads were then mapped onto the V. vinifera and P. viticola genomes. Less than 1% of reads could be mapped onto the P. viticola genome from treated samples, whereas up to 30% reads from the controls mapped onto the P. viticola genome, thereby confirming the visual observation of P. viticola absence in the treated plants. On av., 80% of reads could be mapped onto the V. vinifera genome for differential expression anal., which yielded 4800 modulated genes. Transcriptomic data clearly showed that the treatment triggered the plant's innate immune system with genes involved in salicylic, jasmonic acid and ethylene synthesis and signaling, activating Pathogenesis-Related-proteins as well as phytoalexin synthesis. These results elucidate EO-host-pathogen interactions for the first time and indicate that the antifungal efficiency of EO is mainly due to the triggering of resistance pathways inside the host plants. This is of major importance for the prodn. and research on biopesticides, plant stimulation products and for resistance-breeding strategies.
- 51Alvarez, A.; Montesano, M.; Schmelz, E.; Ponce de León, I. Activation of Shikimate, Phenylpropanoid, Oxylipins, and Auxin Pathways in Pectobacterium carotovorum Elicitors-Treated Moss. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7 (328), 1– 14, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00328Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Moore, J. W.; Loake, G. J.; Spoel, S. H. Transcription Dynamics in Plant Immunity. Plant Cell 2011, 23 (8), 2809– 2820, DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.087346Google Scholar52https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtlSqsL%252FO&md5=e767b864e0adb45fd06ba0e483b7c2a1Transcription dynamics in plant immunityMoore, John W.; Loake, Gary J.; Spoel, Steven H.Plant Cell (2011), 23 (8), 2809-2820CODEN: PLCEEW; ISSN:1040-4651. (American Society of Plant Biologists)A review. Plant cells maintain sophisticated gene transcription programs to regulate their development, communication, and response to the environment. Environmental stress cues, such as pathogen encounter, lead to dramatic reprogramming of transcription to favor stress responses over normal cellular functions. Transcription reprogramming is conferred by the concerted action of myriad transcription (co)factors that function directly or indirectly to recruit or release RNA Polymerase II. To establish an effective defense response, cells require transcription (co)factors to deploy their activity rapidly, transiently, spatially, and hierarchically. Recent findings suggest that in plant immunity these requirements are met by posttranslational modifications that accurately regulate transcription (co)factor activity as well as by sequential pulse activation of specific gene transcription programs that provide feedback and feedforward properties to the defense gene network. Here, the authors integrate these recent findings from plant defense studies into the emerging field of transcription dynamics in eukaryotes.
- 53Shitan, N. Secondary Metabolites in Plants: Transport and Self-Tolerance Mechanisms. Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem. 2016, 80, 1283– 1293, DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1151344Google Scholar53https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XjvVylu7o%253D&md5=a08bd76589491fcb430f27c26f074744Secondary metabolites in plants: transport and self-tolerance mechanismsShitan, NobukazuBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry (2016), 80 (7), 1283-1293CODEN: BBBIEJ; ISSN:1347-6947. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)Plants produce a host of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biol. activities, including potential toxicity to eukaryotic cells. Plants generally manage these compds. by transport to the apoplast or specific organelles such as the vacuole, or other self-tolerance mechanisms. For efficient prodn. of such bioactive compds. in plants or microbes, transport and self-tolerance mechanisms should function cooperatively with the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes. Intensive studies have identified and characterized the proteins responsible for transport and self-tolerance. In particular, many transporters have been isolated and their physiol. functions have been proposed. This review describes recent progress in studies of transport and self-tolerance and provides an updated inventory of transporters according to their substrates. Application of such knowledge to synthetic biol. might enable efficient prodn. of valuable secondary metabolites in the future.
- 54Shitan, N.; Sugiyama, A.; Yazaki, K. Functional Analysis of Jasmonic Acid-Responsive Secondary Metabolite Transporters. Methods Mol. Biol. 2013, 1011, 241– 250, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_19Google Scholar54https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhs1Cms7fK&md5=713d969255d2776aafa58d4e744fbe41Functional analysis of jasmonic acid-responsive secondary metabolite transportersShitan, Nobukazu; Sugiyama, Akifumi; Yazaki, KazufumiMethods in Molecular Biology (New York, NY, United States) (2013), 1011 (Jasmonate Signaling), 241-250CODEN: MMBIED; ISSN:1064-3745. (Springer)Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that mediates a wide variety of plant developmental processes and defense responses. One of the major roles of JA is the versatile enhancement of the prodn. of secondary metabolites that function as second messengers in plant defense responses. Recently, several genes have been identified as coding for JA-responsive transporters involved in the membrane transport of various secondary metabolites. Although in the literature such transport activities have been explored by a no. of methods, only a few studies systematically provide a detailed tech. basis of the transport assay. Here, we describe the established method to functionally analyze secondary metabolite transporters by means of a yeast cellular transport system. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of the method are summarized and the relevant tech. points are noted.
- 55Subramanian, A.; Tamayo, P.; Mootha, V. K.; Mukherjee, S.; Ebert, B. L.; Gillette, M. A.; Paulovich, A.; Pomeroy, S. L.; Golub, T. R.; Lander, E. S.; Mesirov, J. P. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis: A Knowledge-Based Approach for Interpreting Genome-Wide Expression Profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102 (43), 15545– 15550, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506580102Google Scholar55https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXht1ShtrnO&md5=ca2eb221010f20379199e6442c65fc2eGene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profilesSubramanian, Aravind; Tamayo, Pablo; Mootha, Vamsi K.; Mukherjee, Sayan; Ebert, Benjamin L.; Gillette, Michael A.; Paulovich, Amanda; Pomeroy, Scott L.; Golub, Todd R.; Lander, Eric S.; Mesirov, Jill P.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2005), 102 (43), 15545-15550CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)Although genomewide RNA expression anal. has become a routine tool in biomedical research, extg. biol. insight from such information remains a major challenge. Here, we describe a powerful anal. method called Gene Set Enrichment Anal. (GSEA) for interpreting gene expression data. The method derives its power by focusing on gene sets, i.e., groups of genes that share common biol. function, chromosomal location, or regulation. We demonstrate how GSEA yields insights into several cancer-related data sets, including leukemia and lung cancer. Notably, where single-gene anal. finds little similarity between two independent studies of patients survival in lung cancer, GSEA reveals many biol. pathways in common. The GSEA method is embodied in a freely available software package, together with an initial database of 1,325 biol. defined gene sets.
- 56Ikram, R.; Low, K. H.; Hashim, N. B.; Ahmad, W.; Nasharuddin, M. N. A. Characterization of Sulfur-Compounds as Chemotaxonomic Markers in the Essential Oils of Allium Species by Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Lett. 2019, 52 (4), 563– 574, DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1479411Google Scholar56https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFalurzK&md5=d5bafae3e69253752f0a66eb34f5c0bcCharacterization of Sulfur-Compounds as Chemotaxonomic Markers in the Essential Oils of Allium Species by Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryIkram, Rabia; Low, Kah Hin; Hashim, Najihah Binti; Ahmad, Waqas; Nasharuddin, Muhammad Nazil AfiqAnalytical Letters (2019), 52 (4), 563-574CODEN: ANALBP; ISSN:0003-2719. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)Allium species were examd. to authenticate the chemotaxonomic controversy about these plants by analyzing their extd. compd. profiles. Essential oils of various species were isolated using conventional hydro-distn. and solvent-free microwave extn. (SFME). A comparison of the isolation procedures was performed. The presence of sulfur compds. in the Allium genus is a prominent characteristic for their medicinal uses. These components were characterized using two-way hierarchical cluster anal. (HCA) and principal component anal. (PCA). The variation of sulfur-compds. was performed by qual. anal. of Allium species by gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 2,4-Dimethyl-5,6-dithia-2,7-nonadienal, 4,6-diethyl-1,2,3,5-tetrathiolane, and 5,7-diethyl-1,2,3,4,6-pentathiepane were revealed as potential chemotaxonomic markers for all of the Alliums examd. in this study. These markers may be used to provide improved systematics for other Allium species.
- 57Kasaian, J.; Asili, J.; Iranshahi, M. Sulphur-Containing Compounds in the Essential Oil of Ferula alliacea Roots and Their Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns. Pharm. Biol. 2016, 54 (10), 2264– 2268, DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1152279Google Scholar57https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XksVWjtLk%253D&md5=2b6a0c220ff5c43f60d35830e3f25ee3Sulphur-containing compounds in the essential oil of Ferula alliacea roots and their mass spectral fragmentation patternsKasaian, Jamal; Asili, Javad; Iranshahi, MehrdadPharmaceutical Biology (Abingdon, United Kingdom) (2016), 54 (10), 2264-2268CODEN: PHBIFC; ISSN:1388-0209. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)GC-MS anal. is the best way to characterize volatile sulfur-contg. compds. Ferula (Apiaceae) is a genus of perennial herbs. Due to the occurrence of essential oils or oleoresins in the Ferula species, these plants usually possess strong arom. scent. Terpenoid compds. were the most abundant constituents of Ferula oils, however, in some of Ferula species, the essential oils were dominated by volatile sulfur-contg. compds. Ferula alliacea Boiss. is considered one of the sources of the oleo-gum-resin asafoetida. In this study, we analyzed the hydrodistd. essential oil from its dried roots and provide new data about retention indexes and mass fragmentation patterns of some volatile sulfur-contg. compds. that are useful for future studies on this class of compds. The roots of F. alliacea were collected during the flowering stage of plant, from Bezgh, Kashmar to Neishabour road, Khorasan-Razavi province, Iran, in June 2012. The oil was obtained by hydrodistn. using a Clevenger app. and analyzed by GC-MS. This is the first report on phytochem. anal. of F. alliacea roots. Seventy-six components, representing 99.5% of the oil, were characterized. The major components were 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (22.3%), valerianol (12.5%), hinesol (8.3%), guaiol (7.3%) and Z-propenyl-sec-Bu trisulfide (6.5%). Predominant mass fragment ions of the identified sulfur-contg. compds. are explained in this paper. The volatile oil of F. alliacea mostly contains oxygenated sesquiterpenes, however, its odor was dominated by sulfur-contg. compds. The most abundant sulfur-contg. compd. includes Z-propenyl-sec-Bu trisulfide (6.5%).
- 58Zhang, N.; Zhou, S.; Yang, D.; Fan, Z. Revealing Shared and Distinct Genes Responding to JA and SA Signaling in Arabidopsis by Meta-Analysis. Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 11 (908), 1– 17, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00908Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 59Qi, J.; Li, J.; Han, X.; Li, R.; Wu, J.; Yu, H.; Hu, L.; Xiao, Y.; Lu, J.; Lou, Y. Jasmonic Acid Carboxyl Methyltransferase Regulates Development and Herbivory-Induced Defense Response in Rice. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2016, 58 (6), 564– 576, DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12436Google Scholar59https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XptVersLw%253D&md5=2e495407121998ff83cb20891606a2deJasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase regulates development and herbivory-induced defense response in riceQi, Jinfeng; Li, Jiancai; Han, Xiu; Li, Ran; Wu, Jianqiang; Yu, Haixin; Hu, Lingfei; Xiao, Yutao; Lu, Jing; Lou, YonggenJournal of Integrative Plant Biology (2016), 58 (6), 564-576CODEN: JIPBAV; ISSN:1672-9072. (Wiley-Blackwell)Jasmonic acid (JA) and related metabolites play a key role in plant defense and growth. JA carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) may be involved in plant defense and development by methylating JA to Me jasmonate (MeJA) and thus influencing the concns. of JA and related metabolites. However, no JMT gene has been well characterized in monocotyledon defense and development at the mol. level. After we cloned a rice JMT gene, OsJMT1, whose encoding protein was localized in the cytosol, we found that the recombinant OsJMT1 protein catalyzed JA to MeJA. OsJMT1 is up-regulated in response to infestation with the brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens). Plants in which OsJMT1 had been overexpressed (oe-JMT plants) showed reduced height and yield. These oe-JMT plants also exhibited increased MeJA levels but reduced levels of herbivore-induced JA and jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile). The oe-JMT plants were more attractive to BPH female adults but showed increased resistance to BPH nymphs, probably owing to the different responses of BPH female adults and nymphs to the changes in levels of H2O2 and MeJA in oe-JMT plants. These results indicate that OsJMT1, by altering levels of JA and related metabolites, plays a role in regulating plant development and herbivore-induced defense responses in rice.
- 60Lai, Z.; Wang, F.; Zheng, Z.; Fan, B.; Chen, Z. A Critical Role of Autophagy in Plant Resistance to Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens. Plant J. 2011, 66 (6), 953– 968, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04553.xGoogle Scholar60https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXosFerur0%253D&md5=3576c0d36dcc3b2e4e8737dcd2ada38eA critical role of autophagy in plant resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogensLai, Zhibing; Wang, Fei; Zheng, Zuyu; Fan, Baofang; Chen, ZhixiangPlant Journal (2011), 66 (6), 953-968CODEN: PLJUED; ISSN:0960-7412. (Wiley-Blackwell)Autophagy is a pathway for degrdn. of cytoplasmic components. In plants, autophagy plays an important role in nutrient recycling during nitrogen or carbon starvation, and in responses to abiotic stress. Autophagy also regulates age- and immunity-related programmed cell death, which is important in plant defense against biotrophic pathogens. Here we show that autophagy plays a crit. role in plant resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. ATG18a, a crit. autophagy protein in Arabidopsis, interacts with WRKY33, a transcription factor that is required for resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. Expression of autophagy genes and formation of autophagosomes are induced in Arabidopsis by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Induction of ATG18a and autophagy by B. cinerea was compromised in the wrky33 mutant, which is highly susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens. Arabidopsis mutants defective in autophagy exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens B. cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola based on increased pathogen growth in the mutants. The hypersusceptibility of the autophagy mutants was assocd. with reduced expression of the jasmonate-regulated PFD1.2 gene, accelerated development of senescence-like chlorotic symptoms, and increased protein degrdn. in infected plant tissues. These results strongly suggest that autophagy cooperates with jasmonate- and WRKY33-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of plant defense responses to necrotrophic pathogens.
- 61Beese, C. J.; Brynjólfsdóttir, S. H.; Frankel, L. B. Selective Autophagy of the Protein Homeostasis Machinery: Ribophagy, Proteaphagy and ER-Phagy. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020, 7 (373), 1– 12, DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00373Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 62Kabbage, M.; Kessens, R.; Bartholomay, L. C.; Williams, B. The Life and Death of a Plant Cell. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2017, 68 (1), 375– 404, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111655Google Scholar62https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1Kitb0%253D&md5=18fe7e819db49a8fd81bc392d81bcc9cThe Life and Death of a Plant CellKabbage, Mehdi; Kessens, Ryan; Bartholomay, Lyric C.; Williams, BrettAnnual Review of Plant Biology (2017), 68 (), 375-404CODEN: ARPBDW; ISSN:1543-5008. (Annual Reviews)Like all eukaryotic organisms, plants possess an innate program for controlled cellular demise termed programmed cell death (PCD). Despite the functional conservation of PCD across broad evolutionary distances, an understanding of the mol. machinery underpinning this fundamental program in plants remains largely elusive. As in mammalian PCD, the regulation of plant PCD is crit. to development, homeostasis, and proper responses to stress. Evidence is emerging that autophagy is key to the regulation of PCD in plants and that it can dictate the outcomes of PCD execution under various scenarios. Here, we provide a broad and comparative overview of PCD processes in plants, with an emphasis on stress-induced PCD. We also discuss the implications of the paradox that is functional conservation of apoptotic hallmarks in plants in the absence of core mammalian apoptosis regulators, what that means, and whether an equiv. form of death occurs in plants.
- 63Su, T.; Li, X.; Yang, M.; Shao, Q.; Zhao, Y.; Ma, C.; Wang, P. Autophagy: An Intracellular Degradation Pathway Regulating Plant Survival and Stress Response. Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 11 (164), 1– 16, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00164Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 64Liu, Y.; Bassham, D. C. Autophagy: Pathways for Self-Eating in Plant Cells. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2012, 63 (1), 215– 237, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105441Google Scholar64https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xos1ams7g%253D&md5=d03cd1b08a8acdbf9d36ad61d8728b8fAutophagy: pathways for self-eating in plant cellsLiu, Yimo; Bassham, Diane C.Annual Review of Plant Biology (2012), 63 (), 215-237CODEN: ARPBDW; ISSN:1543-5008. (Annual Reviews Inc.)A review. Plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to survive when in unfavorable environments. Autophagy is a macromol. degrdn. pathway that recycles damaged or unwanted cell materials upon encountering stress conditions or during specific developmental processes. Over the past decade, our mol. and physiol. understanding of plant autophagy has greatly increased. Most of the essential machinery required for autophagy seems to be conserved from yeast to plants. Plant autophagy has been shown to function in various stress responses, pathogen defense, and senescence. Some of its potential upstream regulators have also been identified. Here, recent advances in understanding of autophagy in plants are described, areas of controversy are discussed , and potential future directions in autophagy research are highlighted.
- 65Hasanuzzaman, M.; Nahar, K.; Anee, T. I.; Fujita, M. Glutathione in Plants: Biosynthesis and Physiological Role in Environmental Stress Tolerance. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 2017, 23 (2), 249– 268, DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0422-2Google Scholar65https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXktFSrtLk%253D&md5=75d92c5e49f0dd0a564e740db3d4541aGlutathione in plants: biosynthesis and physiological role in environmental stress toleranceHasanuzzaman, Mirza; Nahar, Kamrun; Anee, Taufika Islam; Fujita, MasayukiPhysiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (2017), 23 (2), 249-268CODEN: PMBPFY; ISSN:0974-0430. (Springer (India) Private Ltd.)Glutathione (GSH; γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) is a small intracellular thiol mol. which is considered as a strong non-enzymic antioxidant. Glutathione regulates multiple metabolic functions; for example, it protects membranes by maintaining the reduced state of both α-tocopherol and zeaxanthin, it prevents the oxidative denaturation of proteins under stress conditions by protecting their thiol groups, and it serves as a substrate for both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase. By acting as a precursor of phytochelatins, GSH helps in the chelating of toxic metals/metalloids which are then transported and sequestered in the vacuole. The glyoxalase pathway (consisting of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II enzymes) for detoxification of methylglyoxal, a cytotoxic mol., also requires GSH in the first reaction step. For these reasons, much attention has recently been directed to elucidation of the role of this mol. in conferring tolerance to abiotic stress. Recently, this mol. has drawn much attention because of its interaction with other signaling mols. and phytohormones. In this review, we have discussed the recent progress in GSH biosynthesis, metab. and its role in abiotic stress tolerance.
- 66Hameed, A.; Sharma, I.; Kumar, A.; Azooz, M. M.; Ahmad, H. Glutathione Metabolism in Plants under Environmental Stress. In Oxidative Damage to Plants; Ahmad, P., Ed.; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, 2014; pp 183– 200.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 67Romero, L. C.; Aroca, M. Á.; Laureano-Marín, A. M.; Moreno, I.; García, I.; Gotor, C. Cysteine and Cysteine-Related Signaling Pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Plant 2014, 7 (2), 264– 276, DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst168Google Scholar67https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtlamtr4%253D&md5=9284bf170c7efb1afe577b7f36af68d7Cysteine and Cysteine-Related Signaling Pathways in Arabidopsis thalianaRomero, Luis C.; Aroca, M. Angeles; Laureano-Marin, Ana M.; Moreno, Inmaculada; Garcia, Irene; Gotor, CeciliaMolecular Plant (2014), 7 (2), 264-276CODEN: MPOLA2; ISSN:1674-2052. (Oxford University Press)A review. Cysteine occupies a central position in plant metab. because it is a reduced sulfur donor mol. involved in the synthesis of essential biomols. and defense compds. Moreover, cysteine per se and its deriv. mols. play roles in the redox signaling of processes occurring in various cellular compartments. Cysteine is synthesized during the sulfate assimilation pathway via the incorporation of sulfide to O-acetylserine, catalyzed by O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL). Plant cells contain OASTLs in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, resulting in a complex array of isoforms and subcellular cysteine pools. In recent years, significant progress has been made in Arabidopsis, in detg. the specific roles of the OASTLs and the metabolites produced by them. Thus, the discovery of novel enzymic activities of the less-abundant, like DES1 with L-cysteine desulfhydrase activity and SCS with S-sulfocysteine synthase activity, has provided new perspectives on their roles, besides their metabolic functions. Thereby, the research has been demonstrated that cytosolic sulfide and chloroplastic S-sulfocysteine act as signaling mols. regulating autophagy and protecting the photosystems, resp. In the cytosol, cysteine plays an essential role in plant immunity; in the mitochondria, this mol. plays a central role in the detoxification of cyanide, which is essential for root hair development and plant responses to pathogens.
- 68Gupta, A.; Badruddoza, A. Z. M.; Doyle, P. S. A General Route for Nanoemulsion Synthesis Using Low-Energy Methods at Constant Temperature. Langmuir 2017, 33 (28), 7118– 7123, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01104Google Scholar68https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtVOnsLzE&md5=edb9399ccccd630c777fa7ac368eae8aA General Route for Nanoemulsion Synthesis Using Low-Energy Methods at Constant TemperatureGupta, Ankur; Badruddoza, Abu Zayed Md; Doyle, Patrick S.Langmuir (2017), 33 (28), 7118-7123CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)The central dogma of nanoemulsion formation using low-energy methods at const. temp.-popularly known as the emulsion inversion point (EIP) method-is that to create O/W nanoemulsions, water should be added to a mixt. of an oil and surfactant. The authors demonstrate that the above order of mixing is not universal and a reverse order of mixing could be superior, depending on the choice of surfactant and liq. phases. The authors propose a more general methodol. to make O/W as well as W/O nanoemulsions by studying the variation of droplet size with the surfactant hydrophilic-lipophilic balance for several model systems. The surfactant migration from the initial phase to the interface is the crit. step for successful nanoemulsion synthesis of both O/W and W/O nanoemulsions. On the basis of our understanding and exptl. results, we utilize the reverse order of mixing for two applications: (1) crystn. and formulation of pharmaceutical drugs with faster dissoln. rates and (2) synthesis of alginate-based nanogels. The general route provides insights into nanoemulsion formation through low-energy methods and also opens up possibilities that were previously overlooked in the field.
- 69Conn, S. J.; Hocking, B.; Dayod, M.; Xu, B.; Athman, A.; Henderson, S.; Aukett, L.; Conn, V.; Shearer, M. K.; Fuentes, S.; Tyerman, S. D.; Gilliham, M. Protocol: Optimising Hydroponic Growth Systems for Nutritional and Physiological Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana and Other Plants. Plant Methods 2013, 9 (4), 1– 11, DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-4Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 70Liao, C. J.; Lai, Z.; Lee, S.; Yun, D. J.; Mengiste, T. Arabidopsis HOOKLESS1 Regulates Responses to Pathogens and Abscisic Acid through Interaction with MED18 and Acetylation of WRKY33 and ABI5 Chromatin. Plant Cell 2016, 28 (7), 1662– 1681, DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00105Google Scholar70https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhslOksb3L&md5=0a7af6e42e5921ad787d91be4490b5adArabidopsis HOOKLESS1 regulates responses to pathogens and abscisic acid through interaction with MED18 and acetylation of WRKY33 and ABI5 chromatinLiao, Chao-Jan; Lai, Zhibing; Lee, Sanghun; Yun, Dae-Jin; Mengiste, TesfayePlant Cell (2016), 28 (7), 1662-1681CODEN: PLCEEW; ISSN:1532-298X. (American Society of Plant Biologists)Arabidopsis thaliana HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) encodes a putative histone acetyltransferase with known functions in seedling growth. Here, we show that HLS1 regulates plant responses to pathogens and abscisic acid (ABA) through histone acetylation at chromatin of target loci. The hls1 mutants show impaired responses to bacterial and fungal infection, accelerated senescence, and impaired responses to ABA. HLS1 modulates the expression of WRKY33 and ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), known regulators of pathogen and ABA responses, resp., through direct assocn. with these loci. Histone 3 acetylation (H3Ac), a pos. mark of transcription, at WRKY33 and ABI5 requires HLS1 function. ABA treatment and pathogen infection enhance HLS1 recruitment and H3Ac at WRKY33. HLS1 assocs. with Mediator, a eukaryotic transcription coregulatory complex, through direct interaction with mediator subunit 18 (MED18), with which it shares multiple functions. HLS1 recruits MED18 to the WRKY33 promoter, boosting WKRY33 expression, suggesting the synergetic action of HLS1 and MED18. By contrast, MED18 recruitment to ABI5 and transcriptional activation are independent of HLS1. ABA-mediated priming of resistance to fungal infection was abrogated in hls1 and wrky33 mutants but correlated with ABA-induced HLS1 accumulation. In sum, HLS1 provides a regulatory node in pathogen and hormone response pathways through interaction with the Mediator complex and important transcription factors.
- 71Roberts, A.; Trapnell, C.; Donaghey, J.; Rinn, J. L.; Pachter, L. Improving RNA-Seq Expression Estimates by Correcting for Fragment Bias. Genome Biol. 2011, 12, R22, DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-3-r22Google Scholar71https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXktVWhurg%253D&md5=0678341e5d41016929c3314ea97f7645Improving RNA-Seq expression estimates by correcting for fragment biasRoberts, Adam; Trapnell, Cole; Donaghey, Julie; Rinn, John L.; Pachter, LiorGenome Biology (2011), 12 (), R22CODEN: GNBLFW; ISSN:1474-760X. (BioMed Central Ltd.)The biochem. of RNA-Seq library prepn. results in cDNA fragments that are not uniformly distributed within the transcripts they represent. This non-uniformity must be accounted for when estg. expression levels, and we show how to perform the needed corrections using a likelihood based approach. We find improvements in expression ests. as measured by correlation with independently performed qRT-PCR and show that correction of bias leads to improved replicability of results across libraries and sequencing technologies.
- 72Kanehisa, M.; Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 2000, 28 (1), 27– 30, DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.1.27Google Scholar72https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3cXhvVGqu74%253D&md5=16eab4d6d4c3b6b987645f8ba2e84fe9KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and GenomesKanehisa, Minoru; Goto, SusumuNucleic Acids Research (2000), 28 (1), 27-30CODEN: NARHAD; ISSN:0305-1048. (Oxford University Press)KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a knowledge base for systematic anal. of gene functions, linking genomic information with higher order functional information. The genomic information is stored in the GENES database, which is a collection of gene catalogs for all the completely sequenced genomes and some partial genomes with up-to-date annotation of gene functions. The higher order functional information is stored in the PATHWAY database, which contains graphical representations of cellular processes, such as metab., membrane transport, signal transduction and cell cycle. The PATHWAY database is supplemented by a set of ortholog group tables for the information about conserved subpath-ways (pathway motifs), which are often encoded by positionally coupled genes on the chromosome and which are esp. useful in predicting gene functions. A third database in KEGG is LIGAND for the information about chem. compds., enzyme mols. and enzymic reactions. KEGG provides Java graphics tools for browsing genome maps, comparing two genome maps and manipulating expression maps, as well as computational tools for sequence comparison, graph comparison and path computation.
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Abstract
Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Evaluation of EONEs via Quantitative Image-Based PhenotypingaaThe workflow presented is a representation of a multispectral image analysis system to assess the hormetic effect of EONEs on the QDR in the plant-pathogen model system A. thaliana-B. cinerea. Roots of 4-week-old A. thaliana (Col-0) are treated by dissolving the tested EONE in the basal nutrient solution, and the leaves are infected with the inoculum 24 h after treatment. Plants left untreated and uninfected are used as the control group. Images are collected daily for 3 days. During image acquisition, the automated system with the focused light beam on the plant rosettes collects information at different wavelengths. Chlorophyll absorbs short wavelength light (blue), and the longer (NIR) wavelength reflected light is filtered through a LP696 filter that blocks the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (vis) light. Collected images are automatically segmented based on their chlorophyll fluorescence. Lack of fluorescence from necrotic tissue is not displayed in the processed image.
Figure 1
Figure 1. Assessment of the hormetic dose-dependent response of A. thaliana to various EO nanoemulsions. The least-squares mean plots from the two-way ANOVA conducted for each of the concentrations under study represent the mean relative growth of the rosettes from a set of nine independently grown seedlings under identical hydroponic conditions. A set of nine untreated independently grown seedlings under identical hydroponic conditions were used as control group, per test concentration. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval of the LS means. To test the differences between LS means, the pairwise comparison Tukey HSD test was employed at alpha (α) = 0.01 to determine the statistical significance. Levels not connected by the same letter symbol (A, B, C, D) are significantly different.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Formation and characterization of stable EONEs under low-energy conditions by modulation of the viscosity differential with propylene glycol and soybean oil. (a) Schematic representation of the nanoemulsion formation process via spontaneous emulsification driven by modulation of the viscosity in continuous phase under mild conditions. (b) Effect of EONEs on the QDR in the plant-pathogen model system A. thaliana-B. cinerea assessed by automated phenotyping with chlorophyll fluorescence-based segmentation. Bars represent the mean and standard error of a nested model measuring necrotic areas from four leaves per plant and five plants per treatment. A set of five untreated and uninfected independently grown seedlings under identical hydroponic conditions were used as the control group. Statistical differences were evaluated per the nested ANOVA followed by a pairwise comparison with a Dunnett’s adjustment relative to the control group. Asterisks on top of the bars indicate a significant difference between the treatment and the control group (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001). Images in the bottom depict treatments. Images with mask and without mask (RGB) show image segmentation based on fluorescence emitted by chlorophyll upon excitation with blue light. Gaps in the leaves indicate areas of no fluorescence (i.e., necrotic areas). (c, d) Transmission electron micrographs from 9 month-old cinnamon nanoemulsion.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Mode of action of EONEs as hormetins. (a) Schematic representation of the mode of action of cinnamon EONEs in the activation of hormesis leads to enhanced QDR against BHNs in the plant-pathogen system A. thaliana-B. cinerea. (b) List of biological targets upregulated and downregulated upon exposure to cinnamon oil nanoemulsion relative to the control group. The control group consisted of a set of three untreated and independently grown plants under identical hydroponic conditions.
References
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- 2Dean, R.; Van Kan, J. A. L.; Pretorius, Z. A.; Hammond-kosack, K. E.; Di Pietro, A.; Spanu, P. D.; Rudd, J. J.; Dickman, M.; Kahmann, R.; Ellis, J.; Foster, G. D. The Top 10 Fungal Pathogens in Molecular Plant Pathology. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2012, 13 (4), 414– 430, DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x2https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38nhslSnsw%253D%253D&md5=e6c4fdbaa8b46a16d7a07655556126deThe Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathologyDean Ralph; Van Kan Jan A L; Pretorius Zacharias A; Hammond-Kosack Kim E; Di Pietro Antonio; Spanu Pietro D; Rudd Jason J; Dickman Marty; Kahmann Regine; Ellis Jeff; Foster Gary DMolecular plant pathology (2012), 13 (4), 414-30 ISSN:.The aim of this review was to survey all fungal pathologists with an association with the journal Molecular Plant Pathology and ask them to nominate which fungal pathogens they would place in a 'Top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. The survey generated 495 votes from the international community, and resulted in the generation of a Top 10 fungal plant pathogen list for Molecular Plant Pathology. The Top 10 list includes, in rank order, (1) Magnaporthe oryzae; (2) Botrytis cinerea; (3) Puccinia spp.; (4) Fusarium graminearum; (5) Fusarium oxysporum; (6) Blumeria graminis; (7) Mycosphaerella graminicola; (8) Colletotrichum spp.; (9) Ustilago maydis; (10) Melampsora lini, with honourable mentions for fungi just missing out on the Top 10, including Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Rhizoctonia solani. This article presents a short resume of each fungus in the Top 10 list and its importance, with the intent of initiating discussion and debate amongst the plant mycology community, as well as laying down a bench-mark. It will be interesting to see in future years how perceptions change and what fungi will comprise any future Top 10.
- 3Mengiste, T. Plant Immunity to Necrotrophs. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2012, 50 (1), 267– 294, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-1729553https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhsVWht73O&md5=41227bc7ba55b4913b74a072c6c9063dPlant immunity to necrotrophsMengiste, TesfayeAnnual Review of Phytopathology (2012), 50 (), 267-294CODEN: APPYAG; ISSN:0066-4286. (Annual Reviews Inc.)A review. Plants inhabit environments crowded with infectious microbes that pose const. threats to their survival. Necrotrophic pathogens are notorious for their aggressive and wide-ranging virulence strategies that promote host cell death and acquire nutrients for growth and reprodn. from dead cells. This lifestyle constitutes the axis of their pathogenesis and virulence strategies and marks contrasting immune responses to biotrophic pathogens. The diversity of virulence strategies in necrotrophic species corresponds to multifaceted host immune response mechanisms. When effective, the plant immune system disarms the infectious necrotroph of its pathogenic arsenal or attenuates its effect, restricting further ingress and disease symptom development. Simply inherited resistance traits confer protection against host-specific necrotrophs (HSNs), whereas resistance to broad host-range necrotrophs (BHNs) is complex. Components of host genetic networks, as well as the mol. and cellular processes that mediate host immune responses to necrotrophs, are being identified. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of plant immune responses to necrotrophs and comparison with responses to biotrophic pathogens are summarized, highlighting common and contrasting mechanisms.
- 4Laluk, K.; Mengiste, T. Necrotroph Attacks on Plants: Wanton Destruction or Covert Extortion?. Arabidopsis Book 2010, 8, 1– 34, DOI: 10.1199/tab.0136There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 5Hua, L.; Yong, C.; Zhanquan, Z.; Boqiang, L.; Guozheng, Q.; Shiping, T. Pathogenic Mechanisms and Control Strategies of Botrytis cinerea Causing Post-Harvest Decay in Fruits and Vegetables. Food Qual. Saf. 2018, 2, 111– 119, DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyy0165https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXlslOqur0%253D&md5=1045cf41f22f8d30c80712ce678b7dbbPathogenic mechanisms and control strategies of Botrytis cinerea causing post-harvest decay in fruits and vegetablesHua, Li; Yong, Chen; Zhang, Zhanquan; Li, Boqiang; Qin, Guozheng; Tian, ShipingFood Quality and Safety (2018), 2 (3), 111-119CODEN: FQSOBU; ISSN:2399-1402. (Oxford University Press)A review. Botrytis cinerea is a significant necrotrophic plant pathogen causing devastating diseases on more than 500 plant species, esp. on fresh fruits and vegetables, resulting in the economic losses ranging from $10 billion to $100 billion worldwide. This fungal pathogen invades nearly all parts of plants including stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds at both pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Due to its wide host range and the huge economic losses that it causes, extensive investigations have been carried out to effectively control this plant pathogen. It is beneficial for exploring the pathogenic mechanisms of B. cinerea to provide fundamental basis for control strategies. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding these pathogenic genes and regulatory pathways, as well as the control strategies of B. cinerea. Here, the current knowledge will be summarized in this review.
- 6Fernandez-Ortuno, D.; Grabke, A.; Li, X.; Schnabel, G. Independent Emergence of Resistance to Seven Chemical Classes of Fungicides in Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology 2015, 105 (13), 424– 432, DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-06-14-0161-R6https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXot12qu70%253D&md5=31eb13ae13b13fe8799657977e5afaf7Independent emergence of resistance to seven chemical classes of fungicides in Botrytis cinereaFernandez-Ortuno, Dolores; Grabke, Anja; Li, Xingpeng; Schnabel, GuidoPhytopathology (2015), 105 (4), 424-432CODEN: PHYTAJ; ISSN:0031-949X. (American Phytopathological Society)Gray mold, caused by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, is one or the most destructive diseases of small fruit crops and control is largely dependent on the application of fungicides. As part of a region-wide resistance-monitoring program that investigated 1,890 B. cinerea isolates from 189 Fields in 10 states of the United States. we identified seven isolates (0.4%) from five locations in four different states with unprecedented resistance to all seven Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) codes with single-site modes of action including FRAC l, 2, 7, 9, 1, 12. and 17 registered in the United States for gray mold control. Resistance to thiophanatc-Me, iprodione, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, and fenhexamid was based on target gene mutations that conferred E198A and F200Y in β-tubulin, U365N/S in Bosl, H272R/Y in SdhB, G143A in Cytb, and 763I and F412S in Erg27. Isolates were grouped into MDR1 and MDRIh phenotypes based on sensitivity to fludioxonil and variations in transcription factor mrrl. MDR1h isolates had a previously described 3-bp deletion at position 497 in mrrl. Expression of ABC transporter atrB was increased in MDR1 isolates but highest in MDR1h isolates. None of the isolates with seven single resistances (SR) had identical nucleotide variations in target genes. indicating that they emerged independently. Multifungicide resistance phenotypes did not exhibit significant fitness penalties for the parameters used in this study, but MDR1h isolates produced more sclerotia at low temps. and exhibited increased sensitivity to salt stress. In this study we show that current resistance management strategies have not been able to prevent the geog. independent development of resistance to all seven site-specific fungicides currently registered for gray mold control in the United States and document the presence of MDR1h in North America.
- 7Leroux, P. Chemical Control of Botrytis and Its Resistance to Chemical Fungicides. In Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control; Fillinger, S., Elad, Y., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, 2007; pp 195– 222.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 8Hu, M.; Cox, K. D.; Schnabel, G. Resistance to Increasing Chemical Classes of Fungicides by Virtue of “ Selection by Association ” in Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology 2016, 106 (12), 1513– 1520, DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-04-16-0161-R8https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXivFWntb4%253D&md5=89034d5667b40ea4ef71bcca4dca8b35Resistance to increasing chemical classes of fungicides by virtue of "Selection by Association" in Botrytis cinereaHu, Meng-Jun; Cox, Kerik D.; Schnabel, GuidoPhytopathology (2016), 106 (12), 1513-1520CODEN: PHYTAJ; ISSN:0031-949X. (American Phytopathological Society)Previous research has shown that Botrytis cinerea isolates with resistance to multiple chem. classes of fungicides exist in eastern strawberry fields. In this study, the fungicide resistance profiles of 2,130 isolates from flowers of com. strawberry fields located in multiple states was detd. over four consecutive strawberry prodn. seasons. Producers were asked to alternate single-site fungicides that were considered low risk in their specific location based on resistance monitoring results in their fields. This recommendation led to an increase of chem. class diversity used in the spray programs. Results indicated that simultaneous resistance in individual isolates to two, three, four, five, six, and seven classes of fungicides increased over time. The increase in chem. class resistances within isolates was likely due to a process we termed "selection by assocn.", where fungicide resistance traits were often linked to the trait being selected rather than the selectable trait itself. Data anal. also indicated that the odds were highest for isolates resistant to one chem. class (1CCR) to be resistant to thiophanate-methyl; for 2CCR isolates to be resistant to thiophanate-Me and pyraclostrobin; and for 3CCR isolates to be resistant to thiophanate-Me, pyraclostrobin, and either cyprodinil or fenhexamid. We hypothesize that the more chem. classes are used in a spray program, the faster isolates will be selected with increasing nos. of chem. class resistances by virtue of selection by assocn. if such isolates preexist in the population.
- 9Gilbertson, L. M.; Pourzahedi, L.; Laughton, S.; Gao, X.; Zimmerman, J. B.; Theis, T. L.; Westerhoff, P.; Lowry, G. V. Guiding the Design Space for Nanotechnology to Advance Sustainable Crop Production. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 15 (9), 801– 810, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0706-59https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXht1WrtLbP&md5=0c51792c7dc123a824abf47da8ce7f43Guiding the design space for nanotechnology to advance sustainable crop productionGilbertson, Leanne M.; Pourzahedi, Leila; Laughton, Stephanie; Gao, Xiaoyu; Zimmerman, Julie B.; Theis, Thomas L.; Westerhoff, Paul; Lowry, Gregory V.Nature Nanotechnology (2020), 15 (9), 801-810CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Research)Abstr.: The globally recognized need to advance more sustainable agriculture and food systems has motivated the emergence of transdisciplinary solns., which include methodologies that utilize the properties of materials at the nanoscale to address extensive and inefficient resource use. Despite the promising prospects of these nanoscale materials, the potential for large-scale applications directly to the environment and to crops necessitates precautionary measures to avoid unintended consequences. Further, the effects of using engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in agricultural practices cascade throughout their life cycle and include effects from upstream-embodied resources and emissions from ENM prodn. as well as their potential downstream environmental implications. Building on decades-long research in ENM synthesis, biol. and environmental interactions, fate, transport and transformation, there is the opportunity to inform the sustainable design of nano-enabled agrochems. Here we perform a screening-level anal. that considers the system-wide benefits and costs for opportunities in which ENMs can advance the sustainability of crop-based agriculture. These include their on-farm use as (1) soil amendments to offset nitrogen fertilizer inputs, (2) seed coatings to increase germination rates and (3) foliar sprays to enhance yields. In each anal., the nano-enabled alternatives are compared against the current practice on the basis of performance and embodied energy. In addn. to identifying the ENM compns. and application approaches with the greatest potential to sustainably advance crop prodn., we present a holistic, prospective, systems-based approach that promotes emerging alternatives that have net performance and environmental benefits.
- 10Vega-Vásquez, P.; Mosier, N. S.; Irudayaraj, J. Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems: From Medicine to Agriculture. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020, 8, 1– 16, DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00079There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 11Jansen, K. M. B.; Agterof, W. G. M.; Mellema, J. Droplet Breakup in Concentrated Emulsions. J. Rheol. (Melville, NY, U. S.) 2001, 45 (1), 227– 236, DOI: 10.1122/1.1333001There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 12Wooster, T. J.; Moore, S. C.; Chen, W.; Andrews, H.; Addepalli, R.; Seymour, R. B.; Osborne, S. A. Biological Fate of Food Nanoemulsions and the Nutrients They Carry - Internalisation, Transport and Cytotoxicity of Edible Nanoemulsions in Caco-2 Intestinal Cells. RSC Adv. 2017, 7 (64), 40053– 40066, DOI: 10.1039/C7RA07804H12https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVantb%252FF&md5=3dad57fa9fcfb3ae44a31feab09bdc33Biological fate of food nanoemulsions and the nutrients they carry - internalisation, transport and cytotoxicity of edible nanoemulsions in Caco-2 intestinal cellsWooster, Tim J.; Moore, Sean C.; Chen, Wei; Andrews, Helen; Addepalli, Rama; Seymour, Robert B.; Osborne, Simone A.RSC Advances (2017), 7 (64), 40053-40066CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Edible nanoemulsions are promising delivery systems with the potential to enhance nutrient/drug solubilisation, digestibility, bioavailability and potentially facilitate direct cellular uptake. However, the high potential of edible nanoparticles has also led to concerns about their biol. fate and whether these nanoparticles or the active ingredients they carry pose (new) toxicol. risks. Here we outline the development of new sub 50 nm edible nanoemulsions that allow us to probe the duality of enhanced nutrient solubilisation and bioavailability with potential toxicol. side effects. The toxicity and biol. fate of the edible nanoemulsions was investigated using Caco-2 cells to facilitate cell viability assays, transport of nanoemulsions across an in vitro intestinal model and internalisation visualised by confocal microscopy. These expts. demonstrate that edible nanoemulsion toxicity is not just a function of surfactant compn., but more critically a synergistic effect between surfactants and their phys. location. Critically the presence of reactive ingredients (β-carotene) leads to a dramatic increase in nanoemulsion toxicity that may counteract the benefits assocd. with enhanced solubilisation/cellular uptake. Such research into the biol. fate of edible food nanoemulsions and the nutrients they carry is important not only because nanotechnol. in food is an emotive topic, but also because these insights may inform public policy decisions.
- 13Sakai, A.; Yoshimura, H. Monoterpenes of Salvia leucophylla. Curr. Bioact. Compd. 2012, 8 (1), 90– 100, DOI: 10.2174/15734071279982820513https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XkslChsbo%253D&md5=47e6b5239bc74c1af5eac8c5222feff7Monoterpenes of Salvia leucophyllaSakai, Atsushi; Yoshimura, HirokoCurrent Bioactive Compounds (2012), 8 (1), 90-100CODEN: CBCUBY; ISSN:1573-4072. (Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.)A review. The "Salvia phenomenon" is one of the most famous examples of allelopathic interaction between higher plants. The Salvia thickets are surrounded by zones of bare soil ("bare zone", 1-3 m in width), which merge into areas of inhibited grassland ("zone of inhibition") and finally undisturbed grassland at a distance of 3-9 m. This characteristic vegetation pattern was attributed to monoterpenes, esp. 1,8-cineole and camphor, which volatilized from S. leucophylla leaves, got adsorbed in the soil around the Salvia thickets, and inhibited germination and seedling growth of annual herbs. Initially, continuity of hydrophobic environment (clay soil particles - cuticular waxes on the seed/seedling surfaces - plasmodesmata - plasma membrane) was regarded to be important for the lipophilic compds. to enter the target cells. However, monoterpenes can reach the target cells via aq. route as well. Because monoterpenes produced by S. leucophylla all induce similar symptoms in the seedlings of target plants, their mode of action appears to be essentially common. They exert various deteriorating effects on the cells of target plants, which might be totally explained if the primary point of action resides in mitochondrial function (respiratory ATP synthesis) and/or generation of reactive oxygen species. In contrast to the previous belief that cuticular waxes act as the pathway of lipophilic monoterpene to enter the site of action or reservoir of the inhibitors, they may act as "adsorptive barrier" to prevent the entering of monoterpenes inside the cell wall.
- 14Cheng, F.; Cheng, Z. Research Progress on the Use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 1– 16, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01020There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 15Leach, J. E.; Triplett, L. R.; Argueso, C. T.; Trivedi, P. Communication in the Phytobiome. Cell 2017, 169 (4), 587– 596, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.02515https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXnt1Cmsb8%253D&md5=fcf52261c6886427b5ec3e607d7b4d9dCommunication in the phytobiomeLeach, Jan E.; Triplett, Lindsay R.; Argueso, Cristiana T.; Trivedi, PankajCell (Cambridge, MA, United States) (2017), 169 (4), 587-596CODEN: CELLB5; ISSN:0092-8674. (Cell Press)A review. The phytobiome is composed of plants, their environment, and diverse interacting microscopic and macroscopic organisms, which together influence plant health and productivity. These organisms form complex networks that are established and regulated through nutrient cycling, competition, antagonism, and chem. communication mediated by a diverse array of signaling mols. Integration of knowledge of signaling mechanisms with that of phytobiome members and their networks will lead to a new understanding of the fate and significance of these signals at the ecosystem level. Such an understanding could lead to new biol., chem., and breeding strategies to improve crop health and productivity.
- 16Song, G. C.; Ryu, C. Two Volatile Organic Compounds Trigger Plant Self-Defense against a Bacterial Pathogen and a Sucking Insect in Cucumber under Open Field Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 9803– 9819, DOI: 10.3390/ijms1405980316https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtVSkt7rN&md5=2957e3bffc7c0938a203aaea651e93e6Two volatile organic compounds trigger plant self-defense against a bacterial pathogen and a sucking insect in cucumber under open field conditionsSong, Geun Cheol; Ryu, Choong-MinInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences (2013), 14 (5), 9803-9819, 17 pp.CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (MDPI AG)Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant self-defense mechanism against a broad-range of pathogens and insect pests. Among chem. SAR triggers, plant and bacterial volatiles are promising candidates for use in pest management, as these volatiles are highly effective, inexpensive, and can be employed at relatively low concns. compared with agrochems. However, such volatiles have some drawbacks, including the high evapn. rate of these compds. after application in the open field, their neg. effects on plant growth, and their inconsistent levels of effectiveness. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of volatile org. compd. (VOC)-mediated induced resistance against both the bacterial angular leaf spot pathogen, Pseudononas syringae pv. lachrymans, and the sucking insect aphid, Myzus persicae, in the open field. Using the VOCs 3-pentanol and 2-butanone where fruit yields increased gave unexpectedly, a significant increase in the no. of ladybird beetles, Coccinella septempunctata, a natural enemy of aphids. The defense-related gene CsLOX was induced by VOC treatment, indicating that triggering the oxylipin pathway in response to the emission of green leaf volatiles can recruit the natural enemy of aphids. These results demonstrate that VOCs may help prevent plant disease and insect damage by eliciting induced resistance, even in open fields.
- 17Dave, A.; Graham, I. A. Oxylipin Signaling: A Distinct Role for the Jasmonic Acid Precursor Cis-(+)-12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid (Cis-OPDA). Front. Plant Sci. 2012, 3 (MAR), 1– 6, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00042There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Holopainen, J. K.; Blande, J. D. Where Do Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles Go?. Front. Plant Sci. 2013, 4, 1– 13, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00185There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Jones, J. D. G.; Vance, R. E.; Dangl, J. L. Intracellular Innate Immune Surveillance Devices in Plants and Animals. Science 2016, 354, 1117– 1125, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf639519https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFGrtL7L&md5=0226bb7045073e9a913ce31e84c38ca5Intracellular innate immune surveillance devices in plants and animalsJones, Jonathan D. G.; Vance, Russell E.; Dangl, Jeffery L.Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2016), 354 (6316), 1117CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)A review. Multicellular eukaryotes coevolve with microbial pathogens, which exert strong selective pressure on the immune systems of their hosts. Plants and animals use intracellular proteins of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) superfamily to detect many types of microbial pathogens. The NLR domain architecture likely evolved independently and convergently in each kingdom, and the mol. mechanisms of pathogen detection by plant and animal NLRs have long been considered to be distinct. However, microbial recognition mechanisms overlap, and it is now possible to discern important key trans-kingdom principles of NLR-dependent immune function. Here, we attempt to articulate these principles. We propose that the NLR architecture has evolved for pathogen-sensing in diverse organisms because of its utility as a tightly folded "hair trigger" device into which a virtually limitless no. of microbial detection platforms can be integrated. Recent findings suggest means to rationally design novel recognition capabilities to counter disease.
- 20Kushalappa, A. C.; Yogendra, K. N.; Karre, S. Plant Innate Immune Response: Qualitative and Quantitative Resistance. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 2016, 35 (1), 38– 55, DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2016.114898020https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xltlajurk%253D&md5=a2c053103a779ebf9686af171bc70b1bPlant Innate Immune Response: Qualitative and Quantitative ResistanceKushalappa, Ajjamada C.; Yogendra, Kalenahalli N.; Karre, ShaileshCritical Reviews in Plant Sciences (2016), 35 (1), 38-55CODEN: CRPSD3; ISSN:0735-2689. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)A review. Plant diseases, caused by microbes, threaten world food, feed, and bioproduct security. Plant resistance has not been effectively deployed to improve resistance in plants for lack of understanding of biochem. mechanisms and genetic bedrock of resistance. With the advent of genome sequencing, the forward and reverse genetic approaches have enabled deciphering the riddle of resistance. Invading pathogens produce elicitors and effectors that are recognized by the host membrane-localized receptors, which in turn induce a cascade of downstream regulatory and resistance metabolite and protein biosynthetic genes (R) to produce resistance metabolites and proteins, which reduce pathogen advancement through their antimicrobial and cell wall enforcement properties. The resistance in plants to pathogen attack is expressed as reduced susceptibility, ranging from high susceptibility to hypersensitive response, the shades of gray. The hypersensitive response or cell death is considered as qual. resistance, while the remainder of the reduced susceptibility is considered as quant. resistance. The resistance is due to additive effects of several resistance metabolites and proteins, which are produced through a network of several hierarchies of plant R genes. Plants recognize the pathogen elicitors or receptors and then induce downstream genes to eventually produce resistance metabolites and proteins that suppress the pathogen advancement in plant. These resistance genes (R), against qual. and quant. resistance, can be identified in germplasm collections and replaced in com. cultivars, if nonfunctional, based on genome editing to improve plant resistance.
- 21Mattson, M. P. Hormesis Defined. Ageing Res. Rev. 2008, 7 (1), 1– 7, DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.08.00721https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXivVKqsrY%253D&md5=0404e758d7ba0fc47a909fefc84ec4b7Hormesis definedMattson, Mark P.Ageing Research Reviews (2008), 7 (1), 1-7CODEN: ARRGAK; ISSN:1568-1637. (Elsevier B.V.)A review. Hormesis is a term used by toxicologists to refer to a biphasic dose-response to an environmental agent characterized by a low dose stimulation or beneficial effect and a high dose inhibitory or toxic effect. In the fields of biol. and medicine hormesis is defined as an adaptive response of cells and organisms to a moderate (usually intermittent) stress. Examples include ischemic preconditioning, exercise, dietary energy restriction and exposures to low doses of certain phytochems. Recent findings have elucidated the cellular signaling pathways and mol. mechanisms that mediate hormetic responses which typically involve enzymes such as kinases and deacetylases, and transcription factors such as Nrf-2 and NF-κB. As a result, cells increase their prodn. of cytoprotective and restorative proteins including growth factors, phase 2 and antioxidant enzymes, and protein chaperones. A better understanding of hormesis mechanisms at the cellular and mol. levels is leading to and to novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of many different diseases.
- 22Calabrese, E. J.; Mattson, M. P. How Does Hormesis Impact Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine?. npj Aging Mech. Dis. 2017, 3 (1), 1– 8, DOI: 10.1038/s41514-017-0013-zThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 23Vargas-Hernandez, M.; Macias-Bobadilla, I.; Guevara-Gonzalez, R. G.; Romero-Gomez, S. de J.; Rico-Garcia, E.; Ocampo-Velazquez, R. V.; Alvarez-Arquieta, L. de L.; Torres-Pacheco, I. Plant Hormesis Management with Biostimulants of Biotic Origin in Agriculture. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 1– 11, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01762There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 24Wooster, T. J.; Golding, M.; Sanguansri, P. Impact of Oil Type on Nanoemulsion Formation and Ostwald Ripening Stability. Langmuir 2008, 24 (22), 12758– 12765, DOI: 10.1021/la801685v24https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXht1ertb7J&md5=5709a0b6cce58d688d53598c81f0f396Impact of Oil Type on Nanoemulsion Formation and Ostwald Ripening StabilityWooster, Tim J.; Golding, Matt; Sanguansri, PeerasakLangmuir (2008), 24 (22), 12758-12765CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)The formation of stable transparent nanoemulsions poses 2 challenges: the ability to initially create an emulsion where the entire droplet size distribution is <80 nm, and the subsequent stabilization of this emulsion against Ostwald ripening. The phys. properties of the oil phase and the nature of the surfactant layer have a considerable impact on nanoemulsion formation and stabilization. Nanoemulsions made with high viscosity oils, such as long chain triglycerides (LCT), were considerably larger (D = 120 nm) than nanoemulsions prepd. with low viscosity oils such as hexadecane (D = 80 nm). The optimization of surfactant architecture, and differential viscosity ηD/ηC, gave remarkably small nanoemulsions. With av. sizes <40 nm they are some of the smallest homogenized emulsions ever reported. What is more remarkable is that LCT nanoemulsions do not undergo Ostwald ripening and are phys. stable for over 3 mo. Ostwald ripening is prevented by the large molar volume of long chain triglyceride oils, which makes them insol. in H2O thus providing a kinetic barrier to Ostwald ripening. Examn. of the Ostwald ripening of mixed oil nanoemulsions found that the entropy gain assocd. with oil demixing provided a thermodn. barrier to Ostwald ripening. Not only are the nanoemulsions created in this work some of the smallest reported, but they are also thermodynamically stable to Ostwald ripening when at least 50% of the oil phase is an insol. triglyceride.
- 25Rao, J.; McClements, D. J. Impact of Lemon Oil Composition on Formation and Stability of Model Food and Beverage Emulsions. Food Chem. 2012, 134 (2), 749– 757, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.17425https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xks1Wju74%253D&md5=c2422984a9f2da924b8a45ec83cc467aImpact of lemon oil composition on formation and stability of model food and beverage emulsionsRao, Jiajia; McClements, David JulianFood Chemistry (2012), 134 (2), 749-757CODEN: FOCHDJ; ISSN:0308-8146. (Elsevier Ltd.)Lemon oil is a complex org. compd. isolated from citrus peel, which is commonly used as a flavoring agent in beverages, foods, cosmetics, and household products. The authors have studied the influence of lemon oil fold (1×, 3×, 5× and 10×) on the formation and properties of oil-in-water emulsions. Initially, the compn., mol. characteristics, and physicochem. properties of the four lemon oils were established. The main constituents in single-fold lemon oil were monoterpenes (>90%), whereas the major constituents in 10-fold lemon oil were monoterpenes (≈35%), sesquiterpenes (≈14%) and oxygenates (≈33%). The d., interfacial tension, viscosity, and refractive index of the lemon oils increased as the oil fold increased (i.e., 1× < 3× < 5× < 10×). The stability of oil-in-water emulsions produced by high pressure homogenization was strongly influenced by lemon oil fold. The lower fold oils were highly unstable to droplet growth during storage (1×, 3×, and 5×) with the growth rate increasing with increasing storage temp. and decreasing oil fold. Droplet growth was attributed to Ostwald ripening, i.e., diffusion of lemon oil mols. from small to large droplets. The highest fold oil (10×) was stable to droplet growth, which was attributed to the presence of an appreciable fraction of constituents with very low water-soly. that inhibited droplet growth through a compositional ripening effect. This study provides important information about the relationship between lemon oil compn. and its performance in emulsions suitable for use in food and beverage products.
- 26Komaiko, J. S.; McClements, D. J. Formation of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions Using Low-Energy Preparation Methods: A Review of Available Methods. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2016, 15, 331– 352, DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.1218926https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xislaiu7k%253D&md5=74846019e395131a9ac6d1532eef5e2fFormation of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions Using Low-Energy Preparation Methods: A Review of Available MethodsKomaiko, Jennifer S.; McClements, David JulianComprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety (2016), 15 (2), 331-352CODEN: CRFSBJ; ISSN:1541-4337. (Institute of Food Technologists)There is considerable interest in the prodn. of emulsions and nanoemulsions using low-energy methods due to the fact they are simple to implement and no expensive equipment is required. In this review, the principles of isothermal (spontaneous emulsification and emulsion phase inversion) and thermal (phase inversion temp.) low-energy methods for nanoemulsion prodn. are presented. The major factors influencing nanoemulsion formation using low-energy methods and food-grade components are reviewed: prepn. conditions, oil type, surfactant type, surfactant-to-oil ratio, and cosolvent or cosurfactant addn. The advantages and disadvantages of different low-energy and high-energy methods for fabricating nanoemulsions are highlighted, and potential applications for these techniques are discussed.
- 27Park, J.; Lee, J.; McClements, D. J.; Choi, S. J. Inhibition of Droplet Growth in Model Beverage Emulsions Stabilized Using Poly (ethylene glycol) Alkyl Ether Surfactants Having Various Hydrophilic Head Sizes: Impact of Ester Gum. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5588, DOI: 10.3390/app1016558827https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslKntbfJ&md5=cc67a9bc2d7deb1f67d946b7f1d69880Inhibition of droplet growth in model beverage emulsions stabilized using poly (ethylene glycol) alkyl ether surfactants having various hydrophilic head sizes: impact of ester gumPark, Jimoon; Lee, Jiyun; McClements, David Julian; Choi, Seung JunApplied Sciences (2020), 10 (16), 5588CODEN: ASPCC7; ISSN:2076-3417. (MDPI AG)The effect of ester gum, a widely used weighting agent, on Ostwald ripening in model beverage emulsions formulated using different food-grade surfactants was examd. A microfluidizer was used to prep. 5% orange oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a series of ethylene glycol alkyl ether surfactants. Emulsions prepd. using only orange oil exhibited an appreciable increase in droplet size during a 14-day storage, independent of surfactant type or concn. Incorporation of ester gum into the oil phase of the emulsions effectively inhibited droplet growth at concns. ≥20%. The inhibition of droplet growth by ester gum depended on the surfactant type (hydrophilic group size) and concn. Overall, ester gum stabilized the emulsions by acting as an Ostwald ripening inhibitor, as well as a weighting agent.
- 28De Coninck, B.; Timmermans, P.; Vos, C.; Cammue, B. P.A.; Kazan, K. What Lies Beneath: Belowground Defense Strategies in Plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2015, 20 (2), 91– 101, DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.00728https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhs1Kgu77O&md5=4c11db8491e52221bb2f4ffaeda2464fWhat lies beneath: belowground defense strategies in plantsDe Coninck, Barbara; Timmermans, Pieter; Vos, Christine; Cammue, Bruno P. A.; Kazan, KemalTrends in Plant Science (2015), 20 (2), 91-101CODEN: TPSCF9; ISSN:1360-1385. (Elsevier Ltd.)Diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens result worldwide in significant yield losses in economically important crops. In contrast to foliar diseases, relatively little is known about the nature of root defenses against these pathogens. This review summarizes the current knowledge on root infection strategies, root-specific preformed barriers, pathogen recognition, and defense signaling. Studies reviewed here suggest that many commonalities as well as differences exist in defense strategies employed by roots and foliar tissues during pathogen attack. Importantly, in addn. to pathogens, plant roots interact with a plethora of non-pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms. Therefore, a good understanding of how plant roots interact with the microbiome would be particularly important to engineer resistance to root pathogens without neg. altering root-beneficial microbe interactions.
- 29Luo, H.; Laluk, K.; Lai, Z.; Veronese, P.; Song, F.; Mengiste, T. The Arabidopsis Botrytis Susceptible1 Interactor Defines a Subclass of RING E3 Ligases That Regulate Pathogen and Stress Responses. Plant Physiol. 2010, 154 (4), 1766– 1782, DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.16391529https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhsF2jsbbL&md5=be4980008fe2478d2252a108cd73fec7The Arabidopsis Botrytic Susceptible1 Interactor defines a subclass of RING E3 ligases that regulate pathogen and stress responsesLuo, Hongli; Laluk, Kristin; Lai, Zhibing; Veronese, Paola; Song, Fengming; Mengiste, TesfayePlant Physiology (2010), 154 (4), 1766-1782CODEN: PLPHAY; ISSN:0032-0889. (American Society of Plant Biologists)We studied the function of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Botrytis Susceptible1 Interactor (BOI) in plant responses to pathogen infection and abiotic stress. BOI phys. interacts with and ubiquitinates Arabidopsis BOS1, an R2R3MYB transcription factor previously implicated in stress and pathogen responses. In transgenic plants expressing the BOS1-β-glucuronidase transgene, β-glucuronidase activity could be detected only after inhibition of the proteosome, suggesting that BOS1 is a target of ubiquitin-mediated degrdn. by the proteosome. Plants with reduced BOI transcript levels generated through RNA interference (BOI RNAi) were more susceptible to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea and less tolerant to salt stress. In addn., BOI RNAi plants exhibited increased cell death induced by the phytotoxin α-picolinic acid and by a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, coincident with peak disease symptoms. However, the hypersensitive cell death assocd. with different race-specific resistance genes was unaffected by changes in the level of BOI transcript. BOI expression was enhanced by B. cinerea and salt stress but repressed by the plant hormone gibberellin, indicating a complex regulation of BOI gene expression. Interestingly, BOI RNAi plants exhibit reduced growth responsiveness to gibberellin. We also present data revealing the function of three Arabidopsis BOI-RELATED GENES (BRGs), which contribute to B. cinerea resistance and the suppression of disease-assocd. cell death. In sum, BOI and BRGs represent a subclass of RING E3 ligases that contribute to plant disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance through the suppression of pathogen-induced as well as stress-induced cell death.
- 30Abuqamar, S.; Moustafa, K.; Tran, L. S. Mechanisms and Strategies of Plant Defense against Botrytis cinerea. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2017, 37 (2), 262– 274, DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.127176730https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXlsFSjsA%253D%253D&md5=903ff8f7332f3caf190b9d973bcbcf29Mechanisms and strategies of plant defense against Botrytis cinereaAbuQamar, Synan; Moustafa, Khaled; Tran, Lam-Son PhanCritical Reviews in Biotechnology (2017), 37 (2), 262-274CODEN: CRBTE5; ISSN:0738-8551. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)A review. Biotic factors affect plant immune responses and plant resistance to pathogen infections. Despite the considerable progress made over the past two decades in manipulating genes, proteins and their levels from diverse sources, no complete genetic tolerance to environmental stresses has been developed so far in any crops. Plant defense response to pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea, is a complex biol. process involving various changes at the biochem., mol. (i.e. transcriptional) and physiol. levels. Once a pathogen is detected, effective plant resistance activates signaling networks through the generation of small signaling mols. and the balance of hormonal signaling pathways to initiate defense mechanisms to the particular pathogen. Recently, studies using Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants have shown that many genes are involved in plant responses to B. cinerea infection. In this article, we will review our current understanding of mechanisms regulating plant responses to B. cinerea with a particular interest on hormonal regulatory networks involving phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA). We will also highlight some potential gene targets that are promising for improving crop resistance to B. cinerea through genetic engineering and breeding programs. Finally, the role of biol. control as a complementary and alternative disease management will be overviewed.
- 31Sharifi-Rad, J.; Sureda, A.; Tenore, G. C.; Daglia, M.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Valussi, M.; Tundis, R.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Loizzo, M. R.; Oluwaseun Ademiluyi, A.; Sharifi-Rad, R.; Ayatollahi, S. A.; Iriti, M. Biological Activities of Essential Oils: From Plant Chemoecology to Traditional Healing Systems. Molecules 2017, 22 (1), 1– 55, DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010070There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Huang, H.; Liu, B.; Liu, L.; Song, S. Jasmonate Action in Plant Growth and Development. J. Exp. Bot. 2017, 68 (6), 1349– 1359, DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw49532https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsV2qtrjF&md5=30ec2cb21824e7448c9124cf2be619a9Jasmonate action in plant growth and developmentHuang, Huang; Liu, Bei; Liu, Liangyu; Song, SushengJournal of Experimental Botany (2017), 68 (6), 1349-1359CODEN: JEBOA6; ISSN:1460-2431. (Oxford University Press)Phytohormones, including jasmonates (JAs), gibberellin, ethylene, abscisic acid, and auxin, integrate endogenous developmental cues with environmental signals to regulate plant growth, development, and defense. JAs are well-recognized lipid-derived stress hormones that regulate plant adaptations to biotic stresses, including herbivore attack and pathogen infection, as well as abiotic stresses, including wounding, ozone, and UV radiation. An increasing no. of studies have shown that JAs also have functions in a remarkable no. of plant developmental events, including primary root growth, reproductive development, and leaf senescence. Since the 1980s, details of the JA biosynthesis pathway, signaling pathway, and crosstalk during plant growth and development have been elucidated. Here, we summarize recent advances and give an updated overview of JA action and crosstalk in plant growth and development.
- 33West, R.; Banton, M.; Hu, J.; Klapacz, J.; Whitacre, D. The Distribution, Fate, and Effects of Propylene Glycol Substances in the Environment. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2014, 232, 107– 138, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_533https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXotlOms74%253D&md5=cbce233d8fbc46eb79debac516201b59The Distribution, Fate, and Effects of Propylene Glycol Substances in the EnvironmentWest, Robert; Banton, Marcy; Hu, Jing; Klapacz, JoannaReviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2014), 232 (), 107-138CODEN: RCTOE4; ISSN:2197-6554. (Springer)This article discusses about distribution, fate, and effects of propylene glycol substances in environment. The purpose of this article is to summarize and communicate the best-available information to enable assessments of hazard, exposure and risk that are assocd. with the PG substances over their life cycle stages, which involve direct or diffusive environmental emission.
- 34Jones, J. D. G.; Dangl, J. L. The Plant Immune System. Nature 2006, 444 (7117), 323– 329, DOI: 10.1038/nature0528634https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28Xht1SgtbzO&md5=34770324e4b7553bf3434200591ba92aThe plant immune systemJones, Jonathan D. G.; Dangl, Jeffery L.Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2006), 444 (7117), 323-329CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)A review. Many plant-assocd. microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reprodn. Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch recognizes and responds to mols. common to many classes of microbes, including non-pathogens. The second responds to pathogen virulence factors, either directly or through their effects on host targets. These plant immune systems, and the pathogen mols. to which they respond, provide extraordinary insights into mol. recognition, cell biol. and evolution across biol. kingdoms. A detailed understanding of plant immune function will underpin crop improvement for food, fiber and biofuels prodn.
- 35Wasternack, C.; Hause, B. The Missing Link in Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis. Nat. Plants 2019, 5 (8), 776– 777, DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0492-y35https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3Mvis1eruw%253D%253D&md5=6efca1e795aecd1d05776ed18e51fe6eThe missing link in jasmonic acid biosynthesisWasternack Claus; Hause Bettina; Wasternack Claus; Hause BettinaNature plants (2019), 5 (8), 776-777 ISSN:.There is no expanded citation for this reference.
- 36Wasternack, C.; Strnad, M. Jasmonates: News on Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Action of an Ancient Group of Signaling Compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2539, DOI: 10.3390/ijms1909253936https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXnvVWhsLk%253D&md5=2478249e00d5051598f3ac7d10d795d6Jasmonates: news on occurrence, biosynthesis, metabolism and action of an ancient group of signaling compoundsWasternack, Claus; Strnad, MiroslavInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences (2018), 19 (9), 2539/1-2539/26CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (MDPI AG)A review. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its related derivs. are ubiquitously occurring compds. of land plants acting in numerous stress responses and development. Recent studies on evolution of JA and other oxylipins indicated conserved biosynthesis. JA formation is initiated by oxygenation of α-linolenic acid ( α-LeA, 18:3) or 16:3 fatty acid of chloroplast membranes leading to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) as intermediate compd., but in Marchantia polymorpha and Physcomitrella patens, OPDA and some of its derivs. are final products active in a conserved signaling pathway. JA formation and its metabolic conversion take place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and cytosol, resp. Metabolites of JA are formed in 12 different pathways leading to active, inactive and partially active compds. The isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA-Ile) is the ligand of the receptor component COI1 in vascular plants, whereas in the bryophyte M. polymorpha COI1 perceives an OPDA deriv. indicating its functionally conserved activity. JA-induced gene expressions in the numerous biotic and abiotic stress responses and development are initiated in a well-studied complex regulation by homeostasis of transcription factors functioning as repressors and activators.
- 37Ruan, J.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, M.; Yan, J.; Khurshid, M.; Weng, W.; Cheng, J.; Zhang, K. Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway in Plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2479, DOI: 10.3390/ijms2010247937https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXosVKmtg%253D%253D&md5=780ca6f0f4565c475e173ed470512042Jasmonic acid signaling pathway in plantsRuan, Jingjun; Zhou, Yuexia; Zhou, Meiliang; Yan, Jun; Khurshid, Muhammad; Weng, Wenfeng; Cheng, Jianping; Zhang, KaixuanInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences (2019), 20 (10), 2479CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (MDPI AG)Jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and dervatives, referred as jasmonates (JAs) are important mols. in the regulation of many physiol. processes in plant growth and development, and esp. the mediation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. JAs biosynthesis, perception, transport, signal transduction and action have been extensively investigated. In this review, we will discuss the initiation of JA signaling with a focus on environmental signal perception and transduction, JA biosynthesis and metab., transport of signaling mols. (local transmission, vascular bundle transmission, and airborne transportation), and biol. function (JA signal receptors, regulated transcription factors, and biol. processes involved).
- 38Ahmad, P.; Rasool, S.; Gul, A.; Sheikh, S. A.; Akram, N. A.; Ashraf, M.; Kazi, A. M.; Gucel, S. Jasmonates: Multifunctional Roles in Stress Tolerance. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1– 15, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00813There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 39Huot, B.; Yao, J.; Montgomery, B. L.; He, S. Y. Growth-Defense Tradeoffs in Plants: A Balancing Act to Optimize Fitness. Mol. Plant 2014, 7 (8), 1267– 1287, DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu04939https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXktlKlsbc%253D&md5=879332cf72997f0726f4ddba4884d0afGrowth-defense tradeoffs in plants: A balancing act to optimize fitnessHuot, Bethany; Yao, Jian; Montgomery, Beronda L.; He, Sheng YangMolecular Plant (2014), 7 (8), 1267-1287CODEN: MPOLA2; ISSN:1674-2052. (Oxford University Press)SUMMARY Growth-defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource limitations to optimize plant fitness. Hormone crosstalk appears to be the primary means for plant modulation of growth and defense. Understanding the mol. processes governing plant prioritization and diversion of resources towards growth or defense may enable genetic tailoring of plants to harness this natural plasticity for optimization of both growth and defense under variable environmental conditions. Growth-defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal factors. These tradeoffs have profound implications in agriculture and natural ecosystems, as both processes are vital for plant survival, reprodn., and, ultimately, plant fitness. While many of the mol. mechanisms underlying growth and defense tradeoffs remain to be elucidated, hormone crosstalk has emerged as a major player in regulating tradeoffs needed to achieve a balance. In this review, we cover recent advances in understanding growth-defense tradeoffs in plants as well as what is known regarding the underlying mol. mechanisms. Specifically, we address evidence supporting the growth-defense tradeoff concept, as well as known interactions between defense signaling and growth signaling. Understanding the mol. basis of these tradeoffs in plants should provide a foundation for the development of breeding strategies that optimize the growth-defense balance to maximize crop yield to meet rising global food and biofuel demands.
- 40Ho, T. T.; Murthy, H. N.; Park, S. Y. Methyl Jasmonate Induced Oxidative Stress and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Plant Cell and Organ Cultures. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 716, DOI: 10.3390/ijms2103071640https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslKntb3F&md5=48adc43be970e4df1d96d1299c5ccf75Methyl jasmonate induced oxidative stress and accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant cell and organ culturesHo, Thanh-Tam; Murthy, Hosakatte Niranjana; Park, So-YoungInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences (2020), 21 (3), 716CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (MDPI AG)A review. Recently, plant secondary metabolites are considered as important sources of pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavours, cosmetics, and other industrial products. The accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant cell and organ cultures often occurs when cultures are subjected to varied kinds of stresses including elicitors or signal mols. Application of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and Me jasmonate (MJ) is responsible for the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent defense mechanisms in cultured cells and organs. It is also responsible for the induction of signal transduction, the expression of many defense genes followed by the accumulation of secondary metabolites. In this review, the application of exogenous MJ elicitation strategies on the induction of defense mechanism and secondary metabolite accumulation in cell and organ cultures is introduced and discussed. The information presented here is useful for efficient large-scale prodn. of plant secondary metabolites by the plant cell and organ cultures.
- 41Glazebrook, J. Contrasting Mechanisms of Defense against Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2005, 43, 205– 227, DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.13592341https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXhtVOksrrN&md5=f048f37d94a4939cda8c0bfa44d974a3Contrasting mechanisms of defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogensGlazebrook, JaneAnnual Review of Phytopathology (2005), 43 (), 205-227CODEN: APPYAG; ISSN:0066-4286. (Annual Reviews Inc.)It has been suggested that effective defense against biotrophic pathogens is largely due to programmed cell death in the host, and to assocd. activation of defense responses regulated by the salicylic acid-dependent pathway. In contrast, necrotrophic pathogens benefit from host cell death, so they are not limited by cell death and salicylic acid-dependent defenses, but rather by a different set of defense responses activated by jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling. This review summarizes results from Arabidopsis-pathogen systems regarding the contributions of various defense responses to resistance to several biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. While the model above seems generally correct, there are exceptions and addnl. complexities.
- 42Rao, P. V.; Gan, S. H. Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014, 2014, 1– 12, DOI: 10.1155/2014/642942There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Nurdjannah, N.; Bermawie, N. Cloves. In Handbook of Herbs and Spices, 2nd ed.; Peter, K. V., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing Ltd: London, 2012; Vol. 1, pp 197– 215.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 44Mandal, S.; Mandal, M. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil: Chemistry and Biological Activity. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2015, 5 (6), 421– 428, DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.04.00144https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitVGrtrnN&md5=15c06a1b5d1d85e6c66ea1927a2d05abCoriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil: chemistry and biological activityMandal, Shyamapada; Mandal, ManishaAsian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2015), 5 (6), 421-428CODEN: APJTC7; ISSN:2221-1691. (Asian Pacific Tropical Medicine Press)A review. Coriandrum sativum L. (C. sativum) is one of the most useful essential oil bearing spices as well as medicinal plants, belonging to the family Umbelliferae/Apiaceae. The leaves and seeds of the plant are widely used in folk medicine in addn. to its use as a seasoning in food prepn. The C. sativum essential oil and exts. possess promising antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidative activities as various chem. components in different parts of the plant, which thus play a great role in maintaining the shelf-life of foods by preventing their spoilage. This edible plant is non-toxic to humans, and the C. sativum essential oil is thus used in different ways, viz., in foods (like flavoring and preservatives) and in pharmaceutical products (therapeutic action) as well as in perfumes (fragancias and lotions). The current updates on the usefulness of the plant C. sativum are due to scientific research published in different web-based journals.
- 45Borugă, O.; Jianu, C.; Mişcă, C.; Goleţ, I.; Gruia, A. T.; Horhat, F. G. Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity. J. Med. Life 2014, 7, 56– 6045https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MjjvFyntA%253D%253D&md5=2e618496cfd869c65dedc678318821b2Thymus vulgaris essential oil: chemical composition and antimicrobial activityBoruga O; Jianu C; Misca C; Golet I; Gruia A T; Horhat F GJournal of medicine and life (2014), 7 Spec No. 3 (), 56-60 ISSN:.The study was designed to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris cultivated in Romania. The essential oil was isolated in a yield of 1.25% by steam distillation from the aerial part of the plant and subsequently analyzed by GC-MS. The major components were p-cymene (8.41%), γ-terpinene (30.90%) and thymol (47.59%). Its antimicrobial activity was evaluated on 7 common food-related bacteria and fungus by using the disk diffusion method. The results demonstrate that the Thymus vulgaris essential oil tested possesses strong antimicrobial properties, and may in the future represent a new source of natural antiseptics with applications in the pharmaceutical and food industry.
- 46Yoon, M. Y.; Cha, B.; Kim, J. C. Recent Trends in Studies on Botanical Fungicides in Agriculture. Plant Pathol. J. 2013, 29 (1), 1– 9, DOI: 10.5423/PPJ.RW.05.2012.007246https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhslGhsL3O&md5=bde974446fd2027a7968c79ac1b333c1Recent trends in studies on botanical fungicides in agricultureYoon, Mi-Young; Cha, Byeongjin; Kim, Jin-CheolPlant Pathology Journal (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (2013), 29 (1), 1-9CODEN: PPJSAV; ISSN:1598-2254. (Hanrimwon Publishing Co.)A review. Plants are attacked by various phytopathogenic fungi. For many years, synthetic fungicides have been used to control plant diseases. Although synthetic fungicides are highly effective, their repeated use has led to problems such as environmental pollution, development of resistance, and residual toxicity. This has prompted intensive research on the development of biopesticides, including botanical fungicides. To date, relatively few botanical fungicides have been registered and commercialized. However, many scientists have reported isolation and characterization of a variety of antifungal plant derivs. Here, we present a survey of a wide range of reported plant-derived antifungal metabolites.
- 47Wang, C.; Fan, Y. Eugenol Enhances the Resistance of Tomato against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2014, 94 (4), 677– 682, DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.630447https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXht1Cgs7%252FO&md5=e2a21338f78f2a9d1a2b2a6ce01c6e29Eugenol enhances the resistance of tomato against tomato yellow leaf curl virusWang, Chunmei; Fan, YongjianJournal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (2014), 94 (4), 677-682CODEN: JSFAAE; ISSN:0022-5142. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)Tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease (TYLCVD) causes severe to economic losses in tomato crops in China. The control of TYLCVD is based primarily on the use of synthetic insecticide to control its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). To look for an alternative method for disease control, we investigated the effect of eugenol on controlling TYLCVD. The potential of eugenol to trigger systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tomato (Jiangsu 14) plants against TYLCV was also investigated. In greenhouse expts., eugenol significantly reduced disease severity when applied as a foliar spray, thus demonstrating a systemic effect. The disease spread rapidly in control plants and by the end of the expt. almost all control plants showed severe symptoms. Eugenol also induced hydrogen peroxide accumulation in tomato plants. Activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were significantly induced compared with those of control plants. As further consequences, increase of salicylic acid (SA) levels and expression of PR-1 proteins, a mol. marker of SAR in tomato, could also be obsd. This is the first report of eugenol as an elicitor and its ability to suppress plant virus diseases under greenhouse conditions. It is suggested that eugenol has the potential to be an effective biocontrol agent against TYLCV in tomato plants. © 2013 Society of Chem. Industry.
- 48Banani, H.; Olivieri, L.; Santoro, K.; Garibaldi, A.; Gullino, M. L.; Spadaro, D. Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple. Foods 2018, 7 (2), 11, DOI: 10.3390/foods702001148https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXntlygu7c%253D&md5=b6294b061f96b43009140da81906fb70Thyme and savory essential oil efficacy and induction of resistance against Botrytis cinerea through priming of defense responses in appleBanani, Houda; Olivieri, Leone; Santoro, Karin; Garibaldi, Angelo; Gullino, Maria Lodovica; Spadaro, DavideFoods (2018), 7 (2), 11/1-11/8CODEN: FOODBV; ISSN:2304-8158. (MDPI AG)The efficacy of thyme and savory essential oils were investigated against Botrytis cinerea on apple fruit. Apples treated with thyme and savory essential oils showed significantly lower gray mold severity and incidence. Thyme essential oil at 1% concn. showed the highest efficacy, with lower disease incidence and smaller lesion diam. The expression of specific pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-8 and PR-5 was characterized in apple tissues in response to thyme oil application and B. cinerea inoculation. After 6 h of pathogen inoculation, thyme essential oil induced a 2.5-fold increase of PR-8 gene expression compared to inoculated fruits. After 24 h of inoculation, PR-8 was highly induced (7-fold) in both thyme oil-treated and untreated apples inoculated with B. cinerea. After 48 h of inoculation, PR-8 expression in thyme-treated and inoculated apples was 4- and 6-fold higher than in inoculated and water-treated apples. Neither thyme oil application nor B. cinerea inoculation markedly affected PR-5 expression. These results suggest that thyme oil induces resistance against B. cinerea through the priming of defense responses in apple fruit, and the PR-8 gene of apple may play a key role in the mechanism by which thyme essential oil effectively inhibits gray mold in apple fruit.
- 49Tanaka, K.; Taniguchi, S.; Tamaoki, D.; Yoshitomi, K.; Akimitsu, K.; Gomi, K. Multiple Roles of Plant Volatiles in Jasmonate-Induced Defense Response in Rice. Plant Signaling Behav. 2014, 9, e29247, DOI: 10.4161/psb.2924749https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhslais7rM&md5=9274a990427deaffb3bc27bbd22b6d5aMultiple roles of plant volatiles in jasmonate-induced defense response in riceTanaka, Keiichiro; Taniguchi, Shiduku; Tamaoki, Daisuke; Yoshitomi, Kayo; Akimitsu, Kazuya; Gomi, KenjiPlant Signaling & Behavior (2014), 9 (May), e29247/1-e29247/3CODEN: PSBLCR; ISSN:1559-2324. (Landes Bioscience)The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) has a crucial role in defense responses against pathogens in rice. We recently reported that some volatile compds. accumulate in response to JA treatment, and that the monoterpene linalool plays an important role in JA-induced resistance to rice bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in rice. One of the JA-responsive volatiles, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, has both antibacterial and antifungal activity against Xoo, and the rice fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. In addn., (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal was toxic to rice plants. These phenomena were not obsd. when linalool was treated. These results indicate that accumulation of the (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal in response to JA is a double-edged sword, but it is essential for survival against pathogen attacks in rice.
- 50Rienth, M.; Crovadore, J.; Ghaffari, S.; Lefort, F. Oregano Essential Oil Vapour Prevents Plasmopara viticola Infection in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and Primes Plant Immunity Mechanisms. PLoS One 2019, 14 (9), e0222854, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.022285450https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXit1SisrrM&md5=07aa6b208555f58eda3c9e4e734fec4cOregano essential oil vapour prevents Plasmopara viticola infection in grapevine (Vitis Vinifera) and primes plant immunity mechanismsRienth, Markus; Crovadore, Julien; Ghaffari, Sana; Lefort, FrancoisPLoS One (2019), 14 (9), e0222854CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)The redn. of synthetic fungicides in agriculture is necessary to guarantee a sustainable prodn. that protects the environment and consumers' health. Downy mildew caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola is the major pathogen in viticulture worldwide and responsible for up to 60% of pesticide treatments. Alternatives to reduce fungicides are thus utterly needed to ensure sustainable vineyard-ecosystems, consumer health and public acceptance. Essential oils (EOs) are amongst the most promising natural plant protection alternatives and have shown their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties on several agricultural crops. However, the efficiency of EOs highly depends on timing, application method and the mol. interactions between the host, the pathogen and EO. Despite proven EO efficiency, the underlying processes are still not understood and remain a black box. The objectives of the present study were: (a) to evaluate whether a continuous fumigation of a particular EO can control downy mildew in order to circumvent the drawbacks of direct application, (b) to decipher mol. mechanisms that could be triggered in the host and the pathogen by EO application and (c) to try to differentiate whether essential oils directly repress the oomycete or act as plant resistance primers. To achieve this a custom-made climatic chamber was constructed that enabled a continuous fumigation of potted vines with different EOs during long-term expts. The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv Chasselas was chosen in reason of its high susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola. Grapevine cuttings were infected with P. viticola and subsequently exposed to continuous fumigation of different EOs at different concns., during 2 application time spans (24 h and 10 days). Expts. were stopped when infection symptoms were clearly obsd. on the leaves of the control plants. Plant physiol. (photosynthesis and growth rate parameters) were recorded and leaves were sampled at different time points for subsequent RNA extn. and transcriptomics anal. Strikingly, the Oregano vulgare EO vapor treatment during 24h post-infection proved to be sufficient to reduce downy mildew development by 95%. Total RNA was extd. from leaves of 24h and 10d treatments and used for whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq). Sequenced reads were then mapped onto the V. vinifera and P. viticola genomes. Less than 1% of reads could be mapped onto the P. viticola genome from treated samples, whereas up to 30% reads from the controls mapped onto the P. viticola genome, thereby confirming the visual observation of P. viticola absence in the treated plants. On av., 80% of reads could be mapped onto the V. vinifera genome for differential expression anal., which yielded 4800 modulated genes. Transcriptomic data clearly showed that the treatment triggered the plant's innate immune system with genes involved in salicylic, jasmonic acid and ethylene synthesis and signaling, activating Pathogenesis-Related-proteins as well as phytoalexin synthesis. These results elucidate EO-host-pathogen interactions for the first time and indicate that the antifungal efficiency of EO is mainly due to the triggering of resistance pathways inside the host plants. This is of major importance for the prodn. and research on biopesticides, plant stimulation products and for resistance-breeding strategies.
- 51Alvarez, A.; Montesano, M.; Schmelz, E.; Ponce de León, I. Activation of Shikimate, Phenylpropanoid, Oxylipins, and Auxin Pathways in Pectobacterium carotovorum Elicitors-Treated Moss. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7 (328), 1– 14, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00328There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Moore, J. W.; Loake, G. J.; Spoel, S. H. Transcription Dynamics in Plant Immunity. Plant Cell 2011, 23 (8), 2809– 2820, DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.08734652https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtlSqsL%252FO&md5=e767b864e0adb45fd06ba0e483b7c2a1Transcription dynamics in plant immunityMoore, John W.; Loake, Gary J.; Spoel, Steven H.Plant Cell (2011), 23 (8), 2809-2820CODEN: PLCEEW; ISSN:1040-4651. (American Society of Plant Biologists)A review. Plant cells maintain sophisticated gene transcription programs to regulate their development, communication, and response to the environment. Environmental stress cues, such as pathogen encounter, lead to dramatic reprogramming of transcription to favor stress responses over normal cellular functions. Transcription reprogramming is conferred by the concerted action of myriad transcription (co)factors that function directly or indirectly to recruit or release RNA Polymerase II. To establish an effective defense response, cells require transcription (co)factors to deploy their activity rapidly, transiently, spatially, and hierarchically. Recent findings suggest that in plant immunity these requirements are met by posttranslational modifications that accurately regulate transcription (co)factor activity as well as by sequential pulse activation of specific gene transcription programs that provide feedback and feedforward properties to the defense gene network. Here, the authors integrate these recent findings from plant defense studies into the emerging field of transcription dynamics in eukaryotes.
- 53Shitan, N. Secondary Metabolites in Plants: Transport and Self-Tolerance Mechanisms. Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem. 2016, 80, 1283– 1293, DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.115134453https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XjvVylu7o%253D&md5=a08bd76589491fcb430f27c26f074744Secondary metabolites in plants: transport and self-tolerance mechanismsShitan, NobukazuBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry (2016), 80 (7), 1283-1293CODEN: BBBIEJ; ISSN:1347-6947. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)Plants produce a host of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biol. activities, including potential toxicity to eukaryotic cells. Plants generally manage these compds. by transport to the apoplast or specific organelles such as the vacuole, or other self-tolerance mechanisms. For efficient prodn. of such bioactive compds. in plants or microbes, transport and self-tolerance mechanisms should function cooperatively with the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes. Intensive studies have identified and characterized the proteins responsible for transport and self-tolerance. In particular, many transporters have been isolated and their physiol. functions have been proposed. This review describes recent progress in studies of transport and self-tolerance and provides an updated inventory of transporters according to their substrates. Application of such knowledge to synthetic biol. might enable efficient prodn. of valuable secondary metabolites in the future.
- 54Shitan, N.; Sugiyama, A.; Yazaki, K. Functional Analysis of Jasmonic Acid-Responsive Secondary Metabolite Transporters. Methods Mol. Biol. 2013, 1011, 241– 250, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_1954https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhs1Cms7fK&md5=713d969255d2776aafa58d4e744fbe41Functional analysis of jasmonic acid-responsive secondary metabolite transportersShitan, Nobukazu; Sugiyama, Akifumi; Yazaki, KazufumiMethods in Molecular Biology (New York, NY, United States) (2013), 1011 (Jasmonate Signaling), 241-250CODEN: MMBIED; ISSN:1064-3745. (Springer)Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that mediates a wide variety of plant developmental processes and defense responses. One of the major roles of JA is the versatile enhancement of the prodn. of secondary metabolites that function as second messengers in plant defense responses. Recently, several genes have been identified as coding for JA-responsive transporters involved in the membrane transport of various secondary metabolites. Although in the literature such transport activities have been explored by a no. of methods, only a few studies systematically provide a detailed tech. basis of the transport assay. Here, we describe the established method to functionally analyze secondary metabolite transporters by means of a yeast cellular transport system. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of the method are summarized and the relevant tech. points are noted.
- 55Subramanian, A.; Tamayo, P.; Mootha, V. K.; Mukherjee, S.; Ebert, B. L.; Gillette, M. A.; Paulovich, A.; Pomeroy, S. L.; Golub, T. R.; Lander, E. S.; Mesirov, J. P. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis: A Knowledge-Based Approach for Interpreting Genome-Wide Expression Profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102 (43), 15545– 15550, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.050658010255https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXht1ShtrnO&md5=ca2eb221010f20379199e6442c65fc2eGene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profilesSubramanian, Aravind; Tamayo, Pablo; Mootha, Vamsi K.; Mukherjee, Sayan; Ebert, Benjamin L.; Gillette, Michael A.; Paulovich, Amanda; Pomeroy, Scott L.; Golub, Todd R.; Lander, Eric S.; Mesirov, Jill P.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2005), 102 (43), 15545-15550CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)Although genomewide RNA expression anal. has become a routine tool in biomedical research, extg. biol. insight from such information remains a major challenge. Here, we describe a powerful anal. method called Gene Set Enrichment Anal. (GSEA) for interpreting gene expression data. The method derives its power by focusing on gene sets, i.e., groups of genes that share common biol. function, chromosomal location, or regulation. We demonstrate how GSEA yields insights into several cancer-related data sets, including leukemia and lung cancer. Notably, where single-gene anal. finds little similarity between two independent studies of patients survival in lung cancer, GSEA reveals many biol. pathways in common. The GSEA method is embodied in a freely available software package, together with an initial database of 1,325 biol. defined gene sets.
- 56Ikram, R.; Low, K. H.; Hashim, N. B.; Ahmad, W.; Nasharuddin, M. N. A. Characterization of Sulfur-Compounds as Chemotaxonomic Markers in the Essential Oils of Allium Species by Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Lett. 2019, 52 (4), 563– 574, DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.147941156https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFalurzK&md5=d5bafae3e69253752f0a66eb34f5c0bcCharacterization of Sulfur-Compounds as Chemotaxonomic Markers in the Essential Oils of Allium Species by Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryIkram, Rabia; Low, Kah Hin; Hashim, Najihah Binti; Ahmad, Waqas; Nasharuddin, Muhammad Nazil AfiqAnalytical Letters (2019), 52 (4), 563-574CODEN: ANALBP; ISSN:0003-2719. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)Allium species were examd. to authenticate the chemotaxonomic controversy about these plants by analyzing their extd. compd. profiles. Essential oils of various species were isolated using conventional hydro-distn. and solvent-free microwave extn. (SFME). A comparison of the isolation procedures was performed. The presence of sulfur compds. in the Allium genus is a prominent characteristic for their medicinal uses. These components were characterized using two-way hierarchical cluster anal. (HCA) and principal component anal. (PCA). The variation of sulfur-compds. was performed by qual. anal. of Allium species by gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 2,4-Dimethyl-5,6-dithia-2,7-nonadienal, 4,6-diethyl-1,2,3,5-tetrathiolane, and 5,7-diethyl-1,2,3,4,6-pentathiepane were revealed as potential chemotaxonomic markers for all of the Alliums examd. in this study. These markers may be used to provide improved systematics for other Allium species.
- 57Kasaian, J.; Asili, J.; Iranshahi, M. Sulphur-Containing Compounds in the Essential Oil of Ferula alliacea Roots and Their Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns. Pharm. Biol. 2016, 54 (10), 2264– 2268, DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.115227957https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XksVWjtLk%253D&md5=2b6a0c220ff5c43f60d35830e3f25ee3Sulphur-containing compounds in the essential oil of Ferula alliacea roots and their mass spectral fragmentation patternsKasaian, Jamal; Asili, Javad; Iranshahi, MehrdadPharmaceutical Biology (Abingdon, United Kingdom) (2016), 54 (10), 2264-2268CODEN: PHBIFC; ISSN:1388-0209. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)GC-MS anal. is the best way to characterize volatile sulfur-contg. compds. Ferula (Apiaceae) is a genus of perennial herbs. Due to the occurrence of essential oils or oleoresins in the Ferula species, these plants usually possess strong arom. scent. Terpenoid compds. were the most abundant constituents of Ferula oils, however, in some of Ferula species, the essential oils were dominated by volatile sulfur-contg. compds. Ferula alliacea Boiss. is considered one of the sources of the oleo-gum-resin asafoetida. In this study, we analyzed the hydrodistd. essential oil from its dried roots and provide new data about retention indexes and mass fragmentation patterns of some volatile sulfur-contg. compds. that are useful for future studies on this class of compds. The roots of F. alliacea were collected during the flowering stage of plant, from Bezgh, Kashmar to Neishabour road, Khorasan-Razavi province, Iran, in June 2012. The oil was obtained by hydrodistn. using a Clevenger app. and analyzed by GC-MS. This is the first report on phytochem. anal. of F. alliacea roots. Seventy-six components, representing 99.5% of the oil, were characterized. The major components were 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (22.3%), valerianol (12.5%), hinesol (8.3%), guaiol (7.3%) and Z-propenyl-sec-Bu trisulfide (6.5%). Predominant mass fragment ions of the identified sulfur-contg. compds. are explained in this paper. The volatile oil of F. alliacea mostly contains oxygenated sesquiterpenes, however, its odor was dominated by sulfur-contg. compds. The most abundant sulfur-contg. compd. includes Z-propenyl-sec-Bu trisulfide (6.5%).
- 58Zhang, N.; Zhou, S.; Yang, D.; Fan, Z. Revealing Shared and Distinct Genes Responding to JA and SA Signaling in Arabidopsis by Meta-Analysis. Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 11 (908), 1– 17, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00908There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 59Qi, J.; Li, J.; Han, X.; Li, R.; Wu, J.; Yu, H.; Hu, L.; Xiao, Y.; Lu, J.; Lou, Y. Jasmonic Acid Carboxyl Methyltransferase Regulates Development and Herbivory-Induced Defense Response in Rice. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2016, 58 (6), 564– 576, DOI: 10.1111/jipb.1243659https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XptVersLw%253D&md5=2e495407121998ff83cb20891606a2deJasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase regulates development and herbivory-induced defense response in riceQi, Jinfeng; Li, Jiancai; Han, Xiu; Li, Ran; Wu, Jianqiang; Yu, Haixin; Hu, Lingfei; Xiao, Yutao; Lu, Jing; Lou, YonggenJournal of Integrative Plant Biology (2016), 58 (6), 564-576CODEN: JIPBAV; ISSN:1672-9072. (Wiley-Blackwell)Jasmonic acid (JA) and related metabolites play a key role in plant defense and growth. JA carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) may be involved in plant defense and development by methylating JA to Me jasmonate (MeJA) and thus influencing the concns. of JA and related metabolites. However, no JMT gene has been well characterized in monocotyledon defense and development at the mol. level. After we cloned a rice JMT gene, OsJMT1, whose encoding protein was localized in the cytosol, we found that the recombinant OsJMT1 protein catalyzed JA to MeJA. OsJMT1 is up-regulated in response to infestation with the brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens). Plants in which OsJMT1 had been overexpressed (oe-JMT plants) showed reduced height and yield. These oe-JMT plants also exhibited increased MeJA levels but reduced levels of herbivore-induced JA and jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile). The oe-JMT plants were more attractive to BPH female adults but showed increased resistance to BPH nymphs, probably owing to the different responses of BPH female adults and nymphs to the changes in levels of H2O2 and MeJA in oe-JMT plants. These results indicate that OsJMT1, by altering levels of JA and related metabolites, plays a role in regulating plant development and herbivore-induced defense responses in rice.
- 60Lai, Z.; Wang, F.; Zheng, Z.; Fan, B.; Chen, Z. A Critical Role of Autophagy in Plant Resistance to Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens. Plant J. 2011, 66 (6), 953– 968, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04553.x60https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXosFerur0%253D&md5=3576c0d36dcc3b2e4e8737dcd2ada38eA critical role of autophagy in plant resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogensLai, Zhibing; Wang, Fei; Zheng, Zuyu; Fan, Baofang; Chen, ZhixiangPlant Journal (2011), 66 (6), 953-968CODEN: PLJUED; ISSN:0960-7412. (Wiley-Blackwell)Autophagy is a pathway for degrdn. of cytoplasmic components. In plants, autophagy plays an important role in nutrient recycling during nitrogen or carbon starvation, and in responses to abiotic stress. Autophagy also regulates age- and immunity-related programmed cell death, which is important in plant defense against biotrophic pathogens. Here we show that autophagy plays a crit. role in plant resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. ATG18a, a crit. autophagy protein in Arabidopsis, interacts with WRKY33, a transcription factor that is required for resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. Expression of autophagy genes and formation of autophagosomes are induced in Arabidopsis by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Induction of ATG18a and autophagy by B. cinerea was compromised in the wrky33 mutant, which is highly susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens. Arabidopsis mutants defective in autophagy exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens B. cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola based on increased pathogen growth in the mutants. The hypersusceptibility of the autophagy mutants was assocd. with reduced expression of the jasmonate-regulated PFD1.2 gene, accelerated development of senescence-like chlorotic symptoms, and increased protein degrdn. in infected plant tissues. These results strongly suggest that autophagy cooperates with jasmonate- and WRKY33-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of plant defense responses to necrotrophic pathogens.
- 61Beese, C. J.; Brynjólfsdóttir, S. H.; Frankel, L. B. Selective Autophagy of the Protein Homeostasis Machinery: Ribophagy, Proteaphagy and ER-Phagy. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020, 7 (373), 1– 12, DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00373There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 62Kabbage, M.; Kessens, R.; Bartholomay, L. C.; Williams, B. The Life and Death of a Plant Cell. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2017, 68 (1), 375– 404, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-11165562https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1Kitb0%253D&md5=18fe7e819db49a8fd81bc392d81bcc9cThe Life and Death of a Plant CellKabbage, Mehdi; Kessens, Ryan; Bartholomay, Lyric C.; Williams, BrettAnnual Review of Plant Biology (2017), 68 (), 375-404CODEN: ARPBDW; ISSN:1543-5008. (Annual Reviews)Like all eukaryotic organisms, plants possess an innate program for controlled cellular demise termed programmed cell death (PCD). Despite the functional conservation of PCD across broad evolutionary distances, an understanding of the mol. machinery underpinning this fundamental program in plants remains largely elusive. As in mammalian PCD, the regulation of plant PCD is crit. to development, homeostasis, and proper responses to stress. Evidence is emerging that autophagy is key to the regulation of PCD in plants and that it can dictate the outcomes of PCD execution under various scenarios. Here, we provide a broad and comparative overview of PCD processes in plants, with an emphasis on stress-induced PCD. We also discuss the implications of the paradox that is functional conservation of apoptotic hallmarks in plants in the absence of core mammalian apoptosis regulators, what that means, and whether an equiv. form of death occurs in plants.
- 63Su, T.; Li, X.; Yang, M.; Shao, Q.; Zhao, Y.; Ma, C.; Wang, P. Autophagy: An Intracellular Degradation Pathway Regulating Plant Survival and Stress Response. Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 11 (164), 1– 16, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00164There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 64Liu, Y.; Bassham, D. C. Autophagy: Pathways for Self-Eating in Plant Cells. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2012, 63 (1), 215– 237, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-10544164https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xos1ams7g%253D&md5=d03cd1b08a8acdbf9d36ad61d8728b8fAutophagy: pathways for self-eating in plant cellsLiu, Yimo; Bassham, Diane C.Annual Review of Plant Biology (2012), 63 (), 215-237CODEN: ARPBDW; ISSN:1543-5008. (Annual Reviews Inc.)A review. Plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to survive when in unfavorable environments. Autophagy is a macromol. degrdn. pathway that recycles damaged or unwanted cell materials upon encountering stress conditions or during specific developmental processes. Over the past decade, our mol. and physiol. understanding of plant autophagy has greatly increased. Most of the essential machinery required for autophagy seems to be conserved from yeast to plants. Plant autophagy has been shown to function in various stress responses, pathogen defense, and senescence. Some of its potential upstream regulators have also been identified. Here, recent advances in understanding of autophagy in plants are described, areas of controversy are discussed , and potential future directions in autophagy research are highlighted.
- 65Hasanuzzaman, M.; Nahar, K.; Anee, T. I.; Fujita, M. Glutathione in Plants: Biosynthesis and Physiological Role in Environmental Stress Tolerance. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 2017, 23 (2), 249– 268, DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0422-265https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXktFSrtLk%253D&md5=75d92c5e49f0dd0a564e740db3d4541aGlutathione in plants: biosynthesis and physiological role in environmental stress toleranceHasanuzzaman, Mirza; Nahar, Kamrun; Anee, Taufika Islam; Fujita, MasayukiPhysiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (2017), 23 (2), 249-268CODEN: PMBPFY; ISSN:0974-0430. (Springer (India) Private Ltd.)Glutathione (GSH; γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) is a small intracellular thiol mol. which is considered as a strong non-enzymic antioxidant. Glutathione regulates multiple metabolic functions; for example, it protects membranes by maintaining the reduced state of both α-tocopherol and zeaxanthin, it prevents the oxidative denaturation of proteins under stress conditions by protecting their thiol groups, and it serves as a substrate for both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase. By acting as a precursor of phytochelatins, GSH helps in the chelating of toxic metals/metalloids which are then transported and sequestered in the vacuole. The glyoxalase pathway (consisting of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II enzymes) for detoxification of methylglyoxal, a cytotoxic mol., also requires GSH in the first reaction step. For these reasons, much attention has recently been directed to elucidation of the role of this mol. in conferring tolerance to abiotic stress. Recently, this mol. has drawn much attention because of its interaction with other signaling mols. and phytohormones. In this review, we have discussed the recent progress in GSH biosynthesis, metab. and its role in abiotic stress tolerance.
- 66Hameed, A.; Sharma, I.; Kumar, A.; Azooz, M. M.; Ahmad, H. Glutathione Metabolism in Plants under Environmental Stress. In Oxidative Damage to Plants; Ahmad, P., Ed.; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, 2014; pp 183– 200.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 67Romero, L. C.; Aroca, M. Á.; Laureano-Marín, A. M.; Moreno, I.; García, I.; Gotor, C. Cysteine and Cysteine-Related Signaling Pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Plant 2014, 7 (2), 264– 276, DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst16867https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtlamtr4%253D&md5=9284bf170c7efb1afe577b7f36af68d7Cysteine and Cysteine-Related Signaling Pathways in Arabidopsis thalianaRomero, Luis C.; Aroca, M. Angeles; Laureano-Marin, Ana M.; Moreno, Inmaculada; Garcia, Irene; Gotor, CeciliaMolecular Plant (2014), 7 (2), 264-276CODEN: MPOLA2; ISSN:1674-2052. (Oxford University Press)A review. Cysteine occupies a central position in plant metab. because it is a reduced sulfur donor mol. involved in the synthesis of essential biomols. and defense compds. Moreover, cysteine per se and its deriv. mols. play roles in the redox signaling of processes occurring in various cellular compartments. Cysteine is synthesized during the sulfate assimilation pathway via the incorporation of sulfide to O-acetylserine, catalyzed by O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL). Plant cells contain OASTLs in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, resulting in a complex array of isoforms and subcellular cysteine pools. In recent years, significant progress has been made in Arabidopsis, in detg. the specific roles of the OASTLs and the metabolites produced by them. Thus, the discovery of novel enzymic activities of the less-abundant, like DES1 with L-cysteine desulfhydrase activity and SCS with S-sulfocysteine synthase activity, has provided new perspectives on their roles, besides their metabolic functions. Thereby, the research has been demonstrated that cytosolic sulfide and chloroplastic S-sulfocysteine act as signaling mols. regulating autophagy and protecting the photosystems, resp. In the cytosol, cysteine plays an essential role in plant immunity; in the mitochondria, this mol. plays a central role in the detoxification of cyanide, which is essential for root hair development and plant responses to pathogens.
- 68Gupta, A.; Badruddoza, A. Z. M.; Doyle, P. S. A General Route for Nanoemulsion Synthesis Using Low-Energy Methods at Constant Temperature. Langmuir 2017, 33 (28), 7118– 7123, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b0110468https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtVOnsLzE&md5=edb9399ccccd630c777fa7ac368eae8aA General Route for Nanoemulsion Synthesis Using Low-Energy Methods at Constant TemperatureGupta, Ankur; Badruddoza, Abu Zayed Md; Doyle, Patrick S.Langmuir (2017), 33 (28), 7118-7123CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)The central dogma of nanoemulsion formation using low-energy methods at const. temp.-popularly known as the emulsion inversion point (EIP) method-is that to create O/W nanoemulsions, water should be added to a mixt. of an oil and surfactant. The authors demonstrate that the above order of mixing is not universal and a reverse order of mixing could be superior, depending on the choice of surfactant and liq. phases. The authors propose a more general methodol. to make O/W as well as W/O nanoemulsions by studying the variation of droplet size with the surfactant hydrophilic-lipophilic balance for several model systems. The surfactant migration from the initial phase to the interface is the crit. step for successful nanoemulsion synthesis of both O/W and W/O nanoemulsions. On the basis of our understanding and exptl. results, we utilize the reverse order of mixing for two applications: (1) crystn. and formulation of pharmaceutical drugs with faster dissoln. rates and (2) synthesis of alginate-based nanogels. The general route provides insights into nanoemulsion formation through low-energy methods and also opens up possibilities that were previously overlooked in the field.
- 69Conn, S. J.; Hocking, B.; Dayod, M.; Xu, B.; Athman, A.; Henderson, S.; Aukett, L.; Conn, V.; Shearer, M. K.; Fuentes, S.; Tyerman, S. D.; Gilliham, M. Protocol: Optimising Hydroponic Growth Systems for Nutritional and Physiological Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana and Other Plants. Plant Methods 2013, 9 (4), 1– 11, DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-4There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 70Liao, C. J.; Lai, Z.; Lee, S.; Yun, D. J.; Mengiste, T. Arabidopsis HOOKLESS1 Regulates Responses to Pathogens and Abscisic Acid through Interaction with MED18 and Acetylation of WRKY33 and ABI5 Chromatin. Plant Cell 2016, 28 (7), 1662– 1681, DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.0010570https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhslOksb3L&md5=0a7af6e42e5921ad787d91be4490b5adArabidopsis HOOKLESS1 regulates responses to pathogens and abscisic acid through interaction with MED18 and acetylation of WRKY33 and ABI5 chromatinLiao, Chao-Jan; Lai, Zhibing; Lee, Sanghun; Yun, Dae-Jin; Mengiste, TesfayePlant Cell (2016), 28 (7), 1662-1681CODEN: PLCEEW; ISSN:1532-298X. (American Society of Plant Biologists)Arabidopsis thaliana HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) encodes a putative histone acetyltransferase with known functions in seedling growth. Here, we show that HLS1 regulates plant responses to pathogens and abscisic acid (ABA) through histone acetylation at chromatin of target loci. The hls1 mutants show impaired responses to bacterial and fungal infection, accelerated senescence, and impaired responses to ABA. HLS1 modulates the expression of WRKY33 and ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), known regulators of pathogen and ABA responses, resp., through direct assocn. with these loci. Histone 3 acetylation (H3Ac), a pos. mark of transcription, at WRKY33 and ABI5 requires HLS1 function. ABA treatment and pathogen infection enhance HLS1 recruitment and H3Ac at WRKY33. HLS1 assocs. with Mediator, a eukaryotic transcription coregulatory complex, through direct interaction with mediator subunit 18 (MED18), with which it shares multiple functions. HLS1 recruits MED18 to the WRKY33 promoter, boosting WKRY33 expression, suggesting the synergetic action of HLS1 and MED18. By contrast, MED18 recruitment to ABI5 and transcriptional activation are independent of HLS1. ABA-mediated priming of resistance to fungal infection was abrogated in hls1 and wrky33 mutants but correlated with ABA-induced HLS1 accumulation. In sum, HLS1 provides a regulatory node in pathogen and hormone response pathways through interaction with the Mediator complex and important transcription factors.
- 71Roberts, A.; Trapnell, C.; Donaghey, J.; Rinn, J. L.; Pachter, L. Improving RNA-Seq Expression Estimates by Correcting for Fragment Bias. Genome Biol. 2011, 12, R22, DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-3-r2271https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXktVWhurg%253D&md5=0678341e5d41016929c3314ea97f7645Improving RNA-Seq expression estimates by correcting for fragment biasRoberts, Adam; Trapnell, Cole; Donaghey, Julie; Rinn, John L.; Pachter, LiorGenome Biology (2011), 12 (), R22CODEN: GNBLFW; ISSN:1474-760X. (BioMed Central Ltd.)The biochem. of RNA-Seq library prepn. results in cDNA fragments that are not uniformly distributed within the transcripts they represent. This non-uniformity must be accounted for when estg. expression levels, and we show how to perform the needed corrections using a likelihood based approach. We find improvements in expression ests. as measured by correlation with independently performed qRT-PCR and show that correction of bias leads to improved replicability of results across libraries and sequencing technologies.
- 72Kanehisa, M.; Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 2000, 28 (1), 27– 30, DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.1.2772https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3cXhvVGqu74%253D&md5=16eab4d6d4c3b6b987645f8ba2e84fe9KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and GenomesKanehisa, Minoru; Goto, SusumuNucleic Acids Research (2000), 28 (1), 27-30CODEN: NARHAD; ISSN:0305-1048. (Oxford University Press)KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a knowledge base for systematic anal. of gene functions, linking genomic information with higher order functional information. The genomic information is stored in the GENES database, which is a collection of gene catalogs for all the completely sequenced genomes and some partial genomes with up-to-date annotation of gene functions. The higher order functional information is stored in the PATHWAY database, which contains graphical representations of cellular processes, such as metab., membrane transport, signal transduction and cell cycle. The PATHWAY database is supplemented by a set of ortholog group tables for the information about conserved subpath-ways (pathway motifs), which are often encoded by positionally coupled genes on the chromosome and which are esp. useful in predicting gene functions. A third database in KEGG is LIGAND for the information about chem. compds., enzyme mols. and enzymic reactions. KEGG provides Java graphics tools for browsing genome maps, comparing two genome maps and manipulating expression maps, as well as computational tools for sequence comparison, graph comparison and path computation.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c09759.
EONEs formulation, production, and characterization; assessment of the dose-dependent response of EONEs in the plant-pathogen model system A. thaliana (Col-0)-B.cinerea via image-based phenotyping; systemic effect of EONEs on the QDR in the pathosystem used in this study (PDF)
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