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Rational Design of Graphene Derivatives for Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrogen to Ammonia
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    Rational Design of Graphene Derivatives for Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrogen to Ammonia
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    • Mandira Majumder
      Mandira Majumder
      Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir 181221, India
    • Haneesh Saini
      Haneesh Saini
      Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir 181221, India
    • Ivan Dědek
      Ivan Dědek
      Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
      More by Ivan Dědek
    • Andreas Schneemann
      Andreas Schneemann
      Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
    • Nilesh R. Chodankar
      Nilesh R. Chodankar
      Department of Energy & Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, South Korea
    • Viswanatha Ramarao
      Viswanatha Ramarao
      Centre for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy (CIIRC) and Department of Chemistry, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni, Off Kanakpura Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560082, India
    • Mysore Sridhar Santosh
      Mysore Sridhar Santosh
      Centre for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy (CIIRC) and Department of Chemistry, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni, Off Kanakpura Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560082, India
      CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Digwadih Campus, PO FRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 828 108, India
    • Ashok Kumar Nanjundan
      Ashok Kumar Nanjundan
      Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
    • Štěpán Kment
      Štěpán Kment
      Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
      Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
    • Deepak Dubal
      Deepak Dubal
      Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
      More by Deepak Dubal
    • Michal Otyepka
      Michal Otyepka
      Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
      IT4Innovations, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
    • Radek Zbořil*
      Radek Zbořil
      Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
      Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
      *Email: [email protected]
    • Kolleboyina Jayaramulu*
      Kolleboyina Jayaramulu
      Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir 181221, India
      Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
      *Email: [email protected]
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2021, 15, 11, 17275–17298
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08455
    Published November 9, 2021
    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    The conversion of nitrogen to ammonia offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for producing precursors for fertilizers and efficient energy carriers. Owing to the large energy density and significant gravimetric hydrogen content, NH3 is considered an apt next-generation energy carrier and liquid fuel. However, the low conversion efficiency and slow production of ammonia through the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) are currently bottlenecks, making it an unviable alternative to the traditional Haber–Bosch process for ammonia production. The rational design and engineering of catalysts (both photo- and electro-) represent a crucial challenge for improving the efficiency and exploiting the full capability of the NRR. In the present review, we highlight recent progress in the development of graphene-based systems and graphene derivatives as catalysts for the NRR. Initially, the history, fundamental mechanism, and importance of the NRR to produce ammonia are briefly discussed. We also outline how surface functionalization, defects, and hybrid structures (single-atom/multiatom as well as composites) affect the N2 conversion efficiency. The potential of graphene and graphene derivatives as NRR catalysts is highlighted using pertinent examples from theoretical simulations as well as machine learning based performance predictive methods. The review is concluded by identifying the crucial advantages, drawbacks, and challenges associated with principal scientific and technological breakthroughs in ambient catalytic NRR.

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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2021, 15, 11, 17275–17298
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08455
    Published November 9, 2021
    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society

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