Modulation of Local Cellular Activities using a Photothermal Dye-Based Subcellular-Sized Heat SpotClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- FerdinandusFerdinandusWaseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore (WABIOS), Singapore 138667, SingaporeMore by Ferdinandus
- Madoka SuzukiMadoka SuzukiInstitute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, JapanMore by Madoka Suzuki
- Cong Quang VuCong Quang VuNano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, JapanMore by Cong Quang Vu
- Yoshie HaradaYoshie HaradaInstitute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, JapanCenter for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, JapanMore by Yoshie Harada
- Satya Ranjan SarkerSatya Ranjan SarkerNano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, JapanMore by Satya Ranjan Sarker
- Shin’ichi IshiwataShin’ichi IshiwataDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, JapanMore by Shin’ichi Ishiwata
- Tetsuya KitaguchiTetsuya KitaguchiLaboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, JapanMore by Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Satoshi Arai*Satoshi Arai*Email: [email protected]Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, JapanMore by Satoshi Arai
Abstract
Thermal engineering at the microscale, such as the regulation and precise evaluation of the temperature within cellular environments, is a major challenge for basic biological research and biomaterials development. We engineered a polymeric nanoparticle having a fluorescent temperature sensory dye and a photothermal dye embedded in the polymer matrix, named nanoheater-thermometer (nanoHT). When nanoHT is illuminated with a near-infrared laser at 808 nm, a subcellular-sized heat spot is generated in a live cell. Fluorescence thermometry allows the temperature increment to be read out concurrently at individual heat spots. Within a few seconds of an increase in temperature by approximately 11.4 °C from the base temperature (37 °C), we observed the death of HeLa cells. The cell death was observed to be triggered from the exact local heat spot at the subcellular level under the fluorescence microscope. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of nanoHT for the induction of muscle contraction in C2C12 myotubes by heat release. We successfully showed heat-induced contraction to occur in a limited area of a single myotube based on the alteration of protein–protein interactions related to the contraction event. These results demonstrate that even a single heat spot provided by a photothermal material can be extremely effective in altering cellular functions.
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Results and Discussion
In Vitro Characterization of nanoHT
Figure 1
Figure 1. Characterization of nanoHT with regard to the ability of heat release and temperature sensing. (A) Schematic illustrations of nanoHT and its controlled heating inside a cell. (B) Excitation and fluorescence spectra of C102 and EuDT, and the absorption spectrum of V-Nc in nanoHT. (C) DLS measurement of nanoHT. The average of diameter: 153 ± 51 nm (mean ± SD). The black line indicates the log-normal fitting curve. (D) The normalized fluorescence intensity (FI) values of C102 and EuDT were plotted against temperature as the first axis, and the ratio value (EuDT/C102), which is normalized to that of 37 °C, as the second axis. Error bars, SD (n = 3). The temperature sensitivities of C102, EuDT, and the ratio obtained from the slopes were determined to −0.06, −2.96, and −2.89%/°C, respectively. (E) The evaluation of the heating ability of nanoHT suspension in the cuvette by irradiation with an NIR laser (808 nm). Error bars, SD (n = 3).
Examination of Fluorescence Behaviors and Heat-Releasing Properties of nanoHT Using Microscopy
Figure 2
Figure 2. Validation of heat-releasing ability of nanoHT. (A) Schematic representation of the setup to validate the temperature-sensing ability of nanoHT under the microscope with an NIR infrared laser (980 nm). Scale bar: 5 μm. (B) The mean fluorescence intensities of C102 and EuDT at each ROI as shown in (A) were plotted every 0.56 s in the time course (5 s NIR laser stimulation). (C) The calibration curve of nanoHT against temperature obtained under the microscopic observation. Error bars, SD (n = 3). (D) The normalized ratio (EuDT/C102) was converted to the temperature increment (ΔT) profile using the calibration curve. (E, F) Validation of the heat-releasing ability of nanoHT using an 808 nm laser. The mean fluorescence intensity at each ROI was plotted in the time course with NIR laser stimulation being performed for 5 s intervals at different laser powers (0.98–11 mW). (G) The average of temperature increment provided by nanoHT (error bars, SD n = 10) was plotted for each value of laser power of the 808 nm NIR laser. Solid line shows the linear fit. White dotted circles in (A) and (E) indicate the NIR spots.
Investigation of the Temperature Distribution by nanoHT
Figure 3
Figure 3. Validation of heat-releasing capabilities of nanoHT in HeLa cells. (A, B) Validation of the heat-releasing ability of nanoHT using an 808 nm laser. The mean fluorescence intensity of nanoHT in (A) was plotted in the time course with NIR laser stimulation being performed for 5 s intervals at different laser powers (0.98–11 mW). Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) The averages of temperature increment provided by nanoHT (error bars, SD n = 12) were plotted at varying laser powers of the 808 nm NIR laser. Solid line shows the linear fit. (D) The different temporal patterns of the temperature increment created by nanoHT. The mean of the normalized ratio of nanoHT with SD (n = 3) was plotted in the time course. (E) Colocalization test with a lysosome tracker in the upper panel (red: C102, green: lysosome tracker to stain acidic organelles). Enlarged view of the region surrounded by a dashed square before, during, and after heating. Scale bar: 10 μm. White dotted circles in (A) and (E) indicate the NIR spots.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Evaluation of temperature distribution provided by nanoHT in a HeLa cell and in the dish. (A) nanoHT was located at the surface of the dish filled with the blue fluorescent protein (BFP) solution, while nanoHT was taken into the HeLa cell expressing BFP. The trajectory of nanoHT is depicted in the lower panel in the dish (left side) and HeLa cell (right side), respectively. During the 50 s tracking, the NIR laser stimulation was performed at three different powers (2.2, 6.6, and 11.2 mW) for 5 s intervals. (B) The total traveling distance of nanoHT in the dish and HeLa cell during 50 s. The data set corresponds to Figure 4A. The linear fitting curves were y = 0.03x + 0.13 (R2 = 0.87, 2.2 mW), y = 0.03x + 0.13 (R2 = 0.98, 6.6 mW), and y = 0.03x + 0.13 (R2 = 0.98, 11.2 mW) in the dish; y = 0.09x – 0.08 (R2 = 0.95, 2.2 mW), y = 0.13x – 0.72 (R2 = 0.95, 6.6 mW), and y = 0.12x – 0.64 (R2 = 0.95, 11.2 mW) in HeLa cell. (C) The velocity of nanoHT (μm/s) during heating is plotted at different temperatures in the dish and HeLa cell. ΔT represents mean ± SD for 5 s heating. (D) The analysis of temperature distribution generated by nanoHT using BFP at different laser powers (2.2, 6.6, and 11.2 mW). The grouped stacked images during 5 s heating were divided by the image before heating. The triangle marks indicated the position of the line profile as shown at the bottom of each image.
Rapid Induction of the Cell Death in HeLa Cells
Figure 5
Figure 5. Heat-triggered cell death by nanoHT. (A) Dual imaging of Apopxin Green (apoptosis marker) and nanoHT (blue: C102) in a HeLa cell. (B) The time course of the normalized ratio of nanoHT and fluorescence of Apopxin Green in the vicinity of the heat spot (NIR stimulation for 10 s). The temperature increments were estimated by the calibration curve. (C) Images of the HeLa cell stained with Apopxin Green and PI (for detection of necrosis or late stage of apoptosis) after heating (1 and 10 min). (D) The correlation between the temperature increment of nanoHT and the enhancement of apopxin green (F/F0). Laser power was varied from 8.8 to 11.2 mW. ΔT represents mean ± SD for 10 s of heating. (E) Dual imaging with Ca2+ (B-GECO) and Apopxin Green in a HeLa cell. Elapsed time is shown in the top left of each image in (A) and (E). Scale bars: 10 μm. White dotted circles in (A), (C), and (E) indicate the NIR spots.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Evaluation of intracellular ATP dynamics during local heating. (A) Morphological changes occur in mitochondria after heating at the temperature above the threshold temperature to induce the cell death. Scale bar: 20 μm. (B) Fluorescence image of HeLa cell expressing MaLionG (cytoplasmic ATP) and mitoMaLionR (mitochondrial ATP) with nanoHT (C102). Scale bar: 20 μm. (C) The time course of mitoMaLionR in the vicinity of nanoHT (the local area of the cell shown in (B)). Scale bar: 10 μm. (D) The ATP dynamics in cytoplasm (MaLionG) and mitochondria (mitoMaLionR) at ROI1 and -2 of the same cell shown in (B). The heating period is 1 min. (E) The analysis of mitochondrial ATP dynamics in the vicinity of the heat spot similar to ROI1 shown in (B) in four cells at different temperature increments (3.6 ± 1.5, 5.3 ± 0.5, 8.7 ± 0.3, and 10.1 ± 0.7 °C below the threshold of the cell death). (F) The thick lines of MaLionG and mitoMaLionR represent the average of seven cells with SD at different temperatures. White dotted circles in (A–C) indicate the NIR spots.
Induction of Muscle Contraction in C2C12 Myotube
Figure 7
Figure 7. C2C12 myotube contraction induced by sequential heating by nanoHT. (A) Images of C2C12 myotube with nanoHT (red) and CellTracker Green (green: cytoplasm). Scale bar: 10 μm. (B) Temperature increments provided by sequential NIR stimulation every 5 s. (C) Kymographs of line A and B as shown in (A). (D) The dynamic profile of the line A in response to NIR stimulation. (E) Quantitative analysis of the displacement induced by the heating by nanoHT. Left: schematic illustrations showing the image analysis of the morphology change of the C2C12 myotube by heating. Center: the x–z profile of line A. Each dot shows the average with SD during 5 s. Right: the maximum displacement at the x-axis was plotted against varying temperature. The solid line represents the exponential fit. ΔT represents mean ± SD for 5 s of heating. A white dotted circle indicates the NIR spot.
Conclusion
Methods
Materials
Preparation and Characterization of nanoHT
Evaluation of ROS Production
Cell Viability Test
Photothermal Conversion Efficiency of nanoHT





Fluorescence Imaging of nanoHT with a NIR Stimulation
Cell Culture
Temperature Mapping of HeLa Cells and in the Dish
Imaging Experiments on the Heat-Induced Cell Death (HeLa)
Imaging Experiments on Heat-Induced Muscle Contraction (C2C12)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Observation
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.2c00285.
Supplementary Movie 1. Lysosomal escape of nanoHT (AVI)
Supplementary Movie 2. Subcellular muscle contraction by nanoHT (AVI)
Characterization of nanoHT by TEM; evaluation of ROS generation by nanoHT (in test tube and live HeLa); sensitivity to other elements (pH, ionic strength, and viscosity); stability of nanoHT (including a bunch of nanoHT); cell viability test; colocalization test of nanoHT; BFP calibration curve (temperature sensitivity); imaging with Apopxin and mitochondrial ATP; fluorescence intensity analysis of nanoHT in the dish and HeLa; AFM studies (PDF)
Terms & Conditions
Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Yousuke Kikuchi and Keisuke Miyazawa for the discussions regarding AFM observations. This research was supported by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) PRIME (JP18gm5810001), JST FOREST Program (Grant No. JPMJFR201E, Japan), JSPS KAKENHI (JP20H04702 and JP19H02750), and World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT.
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- 7Piñol, R.; Brites, C. D. S.; Bustamante, R.; Martínez, A.; Silva, N. J. O.; Murillo, J. L.; Cases, R.; Carrey, J.; Estepa, C.; Sosa, C.; Palacio, F.; Carlos, L. D.; Millán, A. Joining Time-Resolved Thermometry and Magnetic-Induced Heating in a Single Nanoparticle Unveils Intriguing Thermal Properties. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (3), 3134– 3142, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00059Google Scholar7https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXjtVehtbo%253D&md5=0ce0c0ef0bc689c4f2202fecc7dcb597Joining Time-Resolved Thermometry and Magnetic-Induced Heating in a Single Nanoparticle Unveils Intriguing Thermal PropertiesPinol, Rafael; Brites, Carlos D. S.; Bustamante, Rodney; Martinez, Abelardo; Silva, Nuno J. O.; Murillo, Jose L.; Cases, Rafael; Carrey, Julian; Estepa, Carlos; Sosa, Cecilia; Palacio, Fernando; Carlos, Luis D.; Millan, AngelACS Nano (2015), 9 (3), 3134-3142CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Whereas efficient and sensitive nanoheaters and nanothermometers are demanding tools in modern bio- and nanomedicine, joining both features in a single nanoparticle still remains a real challenge, despite the recent progress achieved, most of it within the last year. Here we demonstrate a successful realization of this challenge. The heating is magnetically induced, the temp. readout is optical, and the ratiometric thermometric probes are dual-emissive Eu3+/Tb3+ lanthanide complexes. The low thermometer heat capacitance (0.021·K-1) and heater/thermometer resistance (1 K·W-1), the high temp. sensitivity (5.8%·K-1 at 296 K) and uncertainty (0.5 K), the physiol. working temp. range (295-315 K), the readout reproducibility (>99.5%), and the fast time response (0.250 s) make the heater/thermometer nanoplatform proposed here unique. Cells were incubated with the nanoparticles, and fluorescence microscopy permits the mapping of the intracellular local temp. using the pixel-by-pixel ratio of the Eu3+/Tb3+ intensities. Time-resolved thermometry under an ac magnetic field evidences the failure of using macroscopic thermal parameters to describe heat diffusion at the nanoscale.
- 8Kamei, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, K.; Fujimori, K.; Kawasaki, T.; Deguchi, T.; Yoneda, Y.; Todo, T.; Takagi, S.; Funatsu, T.; Yuba, S. Infrared Laser–Mediated Gene Induction in Targeted Single Cells in Vivo. Nat. Methods 2009, 6, 79– 81, DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1278Google Scholar8https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhsVOms7bL&md5=95f6560780aff3f0c1fa4b7527e76f13Infrared laser-mediated gene induction in targeted single cells in vivoKamei, Yasuhiro; Suzuki, Motoshi; Watanabe, Kenjiro; Fujimori, Kazuhiro; Kawasaki, Takashi; Deguchi, Tomonori; Yoneda, Yoshihiro; Todo, Takeshi; Takagi, Shin; Funatsu, Takashi; Yuba, ShunsukeNature Methods (2009), 6 (1), 79-81CODEN: NMAEA3; ISSN:1548-7091. (Nature Publishing Group)We developed IR laser-evoked gene operator (IR-LEGO), a microscope system optimized for heating cells without photochem. damage. IR irradn. causes reproducible temp. shifts of the in vitro microenvironment in a power-dependent manner. When applied to living Caenorhabditis elegans, IR-LEGO induced heat shock-mediated expression of transgenes in targeted single cells in a more efficient and less deleterious manner than a 440-nm dye laser and elicited physiol. relevant phenotypic responses.
- 9Bell, A. P.; Fairfield, J. A.; McCarthy, E. K.; Mills, S.; Boland, J. J.; Baffou, G.; McCloskey, D. Quantitative Study of the Photothermal Properties of Metallic Nanowire. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (5), 5551– 5558, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01673Google Scholar9https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXnslCqtLw%253D&md5=55beaed0d2ea70789e6f85b6b7f1acbbQuantitative Study of the Photothermal Properties of Metallic Nanowire NetworksBell, Alan P.; Fairfield, Jessamyn A.; McCarthy, Eoin K.; Mills, Shaun; Boland, John J.; Baffou, Guillaume; McCloskey, DavidACS Nano (2015), 9 (5), 5551-5558CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)A comprehensive study of the photothermal properties of plasmonic nanowire networks is presented. The local steady-state temp. increase, heat source d., and absorption in Ag, Au, and Ni metallic nanowire networks under optical illumination were measured. This allows direct exptl. confirmation of increased heat generation at the junction between 2 metallic nanowires and stacking-dependent absorption of polarized light. Due to thermal collective effects, the local temp. distribution in a network is completely delocalized on a micrometer scale, despite the nanoscale features in the heat source d. Comparison of the exptl. temp. profile with numerical simulation allows an upper limit for the effective thermal cond. of a Ag nanowire network to be established at 43 W m-1 K-1 (0.1 κbulk).
- 10Miyako, E.; Russier, J.; Mauro, M.; Cebrian, C.; Yawo, H.; Ménard-Moyon, C.; Hutchison, J. a; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; De Cola, L.; Bianco, A. Photofunctional Nanomodulators for Bioexcitation. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53 (48), 13121– 13125, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407169Google Scholar10https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvFGit73M&md5=87a1b23a6b17818a366c4767483f17f6Photofunctional Nanomodulators for BioexcitationMiyako, Eijiro; Russier, Julie; Mauro, Matteo; Cebrian, Cristina; Yawo, Hiromu; Menard-Moyon, Cecilia; Hutchison, James A.; Yudasaka, Masako; Iijima, Sumio; De Cola, Luisa; Bianco, AlbertoAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2014), 53 (48), 13121-13125CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A single organism comprises diverse types of cells. To acquire a detailed understanding of the biol. functions of each cell, comprehensive control and anal. of homeostatic processes at the single-cell level are required. In this study, we develop a new type of light-driven nanomodulator comprising dye-functionalized carbon nanohorns (CNHs) that generate heat and reactive oxygen species under biol. transparent near-IR (NIR) laser irradn. By exploiting the physicochem. properties of the nanohorns, cellular calcium ion flux and membrane currents were successfully controlled at the single-cell level. In addn., the nanomodulator allows a remote bioexcitation of tissues during NIR laser exposure making this system a powerful tool for single-cell analyses and innovative cell therapies.
- 11Li, J.; Xie, C.; Huang, J.; Jiang, Y.; Miao, Q.; Pu, K. Semiconducting Polymer Nanoenzymes with Photothermic Activity for Enhanced Cancer Therapy. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57 (15), 3995– 3998, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800511Google Scholar11https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXkt1Gqu7o%253D&md5=135edbd2d06ba42202b9041ab8a07e4eSemiconducting Polymer Nanoenzymes with Photothermic Activity for Enhanced Cancer TherapyLi, Jingchao; Xie, Chen; Huang, Jiaguo; Jiang, Yuyan; Miao, Qingqing; Pu, KanyiAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2018), 57 (15), 3995-3998CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)Regulation of enzyme activity is fundamentally challenging but practically meaningful for biol. and medicine. However, noninvasive remote control of enzyme activity in living systems has been rarely demonstrated and exploited for therapy. Herein, we synthesize a semiconducting polymer nanoenzyme with photothermic activity for enhanced cancer therapy. Upon near-IR (NIR) light irradn., the activity of the nanoenzyme can be enhanced by 3.5-fold to efficiently digest collagen in the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to enhanced nanoparticle accumulation in tumors and consequently improved photothermal therapy (PTT). This study thus provides a promising strategy to remotely regulate enzyme activity for cancer therapy.
- 12Lei, S.; Zhang, Y.; Blum, N. T.; Huang, P.; Lin, J. Recent Advances in Croconaine Dyes for Bioimaging and Theranostics. Bioconjugate Chem. 2020, 31 (9), 2072– 2084, DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00356Google Scholar12https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsV2mtrjK&md5=af036db2af0241846e4efcaf8f427a1dRecent Advances in Croconaine Dyes for Bioimaging and TheranosticsLei, Shan; Zhang, Yifan; Blum, Nicholas Thomas; Huang, Peng; Lin, JingBioconjugate Chemistry (2020), 31 (9), 2072-2084CODEN: BCCHES; ISSN:1043-1802. (American Chemical Society)A review. Croconaine (CR) dyes, the donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type zwitterionic compds. with extended π-conjugation, can be readily synthesized via a straightforward condensation reaction. They have received much attention in bioimaging and theranostics, owing to their tailored structures and fascinating near-IR (NIR) photophys. properties. In this topical review, the authors summarize the recent advances in biomedical applications for CR dyes. First, the authors introduce the classification and optical performance of CR dyes. Next, the authors highlight the chem. and applications of CR dyes in bioimaging and theranostics. Finally, the summary and prospects of CR dyes for bioimaging and theranostics are discussed.
- 13Song, P.; Gao, H.; Gao, Z.; Liu, J.; Zhang, R.; Kang, B.; Xu, J.-J.; Chen, H.-Y. Heat Transfer and Thermoregulation within Single Cells Revealed by Transient Plasmonic Imaging. Chem. 2021, 7 (6), 1569– 1587, DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.02.027Google Scholar13https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXntl2qt74%253D&md5=873f9a7a8ecd8050c0ff0dfffa0d9dcaHeat transfer and thermoregulation within single cells revealed by transient plasmonic imagingSong, Pei; Gao, He; Gao, Zhaoshuai; Liu, Jiaxing; Zhang, Ruiping; Kang, Bin; Xu, Jing-Juan; Chen, Hong-YuanChem (2021), 7 (6), 1569-1587CODEN: CHEMVE; ISSN:2451-9294. (Cell Press)Cells, as the basic unit of life, undergo continuous heat transfer and dissipation during their metab., which is related not only to fundamental cellular functions but also massive applications. Unfortunately, thus far, we still know little about the heat transfer properties at the cellular or subcellular levels. Here, we demonstrated a transient microscopic method to measure the heat transfer in single cells. The thermal cond. of different regions within a single cell shows a wide heterogeneity, and heat transfer in the region near the cell membrane is more active than the central region. However, the median values of thermal cond. between different individual cells are quite close. A cellular-level heat regulation that responds to environmental temp. is obsd. in warm-blooded humans and chickens rather than in cold-blooded bullfrogs. According to the temp.-dependent cell metab., we proposed a hypothesis for cellular control of heat dissipation, which might be the cellular-level foundation of body thermoregulation.
- 14Brites, C. D. S.; Xie, X.; Debasu, M. L.; Qin, X.; Chen, R.; Huang, W.; Rocha, J.; Liu, X.; Carlos, L. D. Instantaneous Ballistic Velocity of Suspended Brownian Nanocrystals Measured by Upconversion Nanothermometry. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11 (10), 851– 856, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.111Google Scholar14https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtFWjsrzI&md5=fb1e563b619124dba475cdcb0e445cf4Instantaneous ballistic velocity of suspended Brownian nanocrystals measured by upconversion nanothermometryBrites, Carlos D. S.; Xie, Xiaoji; Debasu, Mengistie L.; Qin, Xian; Chen, Runfeng; Huang, Wei; Rocha, Joao; Liu, Xiaogang; Carlos, Luis D.Nature Nanotechnology (2016), 11 (10), 851-856CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)Brownian motion is one of the most fascinating phenomena in nature. Its conceptual implications have a profound impact in almost every field of science and even economics, from dissipative processes in thermodn. systems, gene therapy in biomedical research, artificial motors and galaxy formation to the behavior of stock prices. However, despite extensive exptl. studies, the basic microscopic knowledge of prototypical systems such as colloidal particles in a fluid is still far from being complete. This is particularly the case for the measurement of the particles' instantaneous velocities, elusive due to the rapid random movements on extremely short timescales. Here, the authors report the measurement of the instantaneous ballistic velocity of Brownian nanocrystals suspended in both aq. and org. solvents. To achieve this, the authors develop a technique based on upconversion nanothermometry. The population of excited electronic states in NaYF4:Yb/Er nanocrystals at thermal equil. can be used for temp. mapping of the nanofluid with great thermal sensitivity (1.15% K-1 at 296 K) and a high spatial resoln. (<1 μm). A distinct correlation between the heat flux in the nanofluid and the temporal evolution of Er3+ emission allows the authors to measure the instantaneous velocity of nanocrystals with different sizes and shapes.
- 15Shen, Y.; Santos, H. D. A.; Ximendes, E. C.; Lifante, J.; Sanz-Portilla, A.; Monge, L.; Fernández, N.; Chaves-Coira, I.; Jacinto, C.; Brites, C. D. S.; Carlos, L. D.; Benayas, A.; Iglesias-de la Cruz, M. C.; Jaque, D. Ag2S Nanoheaters with Multiparameter Sensing for Reliable Thermal Feedback during In Vivo Tumor Therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30 (49), 2002730, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202002730Google Scholar15https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhvVCqsbjM&md5=4fb373c7589e3535ce60bb347afbcddcAg2S Nanoheaters with Multiparameter Sensing for Reliable Thermal Feedback during In Vivo Tumor TherapyShen, Yingli; Santos, Harrisson D. A.; Ximendes, Erving C.; Lifante, Jose; Sanz-Portilla, Ana; Monge, Luis; Fernandez, Nuria; Coria, Irene Chaves; Jacinto, Carlos; Brites, Carlos D. S.; Carlos, Luis D.; Benayas, Antonio; Iglesias-de la Cruz, M. Carmen; Jaque, DanielAdvanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (49), 2002730CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)The emergence of luminescence nanothermometry in bio and nanomedicine has enabled achievements outside the reach of conventional techniques. For instance, it provided real-time monitoring of in vivo thermal therapies of tumors, a mandatory requirement for these techniques to work safely and efficiently. However, the reliability of intratumoral thermal readings is currently in question due to the presence of artifacts caused by the inhomogeneous optical properties of biol. tissues. This work demonstrates how it is possible to avoid, under specific conditions, these artifacts and reach precise and reliable in vivo intratumoral thermal feedback during in vivo photothermal treatments. The method proposed is based on the use of luminescent nanoparticles capable of multiparametric thermal sensing. The convergence of the different thermal readouts becomes a solid indicator of their reliability. This new approach makes possible precise (thermal uncertainties <1°) intratumoral thermal feed-back, while simple, efficient, and minimally invasive in vivo thermal treatments of surface tumors was carried out. Results included in this work provide an ingenious route toward the consolidation of luminescence nanothermometry as a convincing technique for high sensitivity preclin. thermal sensing, while also constituting a step toward improved photothermal therapies.
- 16Carrasco, E.; del Rosal, B.; Sanz-Rodríguez, F.; de la Fuente, Á. J.; Gonzalez, P. H.; Rocha, U.; Kumar, K. U.; Jacinto, C.; Solé, J. G.; Jaque, D. Intratumoral Thermal Reading During Photo-Thermal Therapy by Multifunctional Fluorescent Nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25 (4), 615– 626, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201403653Google Scholar16https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitVChsrbK&md5=01999d239e35f59e7a8cefc19e2b1de8Intratumoral thermal reading during photo-thermal therapy by multifunctional fluorescent nanoparticlesCarrasco, Elisa; del Rosal, Blanca; Sanz-Rodriguez, Francisco; Juarranz de la Fuente, Angeles; Gonzalez, Patricia Haro; Rocha, Ueslen; Kumar, Kagola Upendra; Jacinto, Carlos; Sole, Jose Garcia; Jaque, DanielAdvanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (4), 615-626CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)The tremendous development of nanotechnol. is bringing us closer to the dream of clin. application of nanoparticles in photothermal therapies of tumors. This requires the use of specific nanoparticles that must be highly biocompatible, efficient light-to-heat converters and fluorescent markers. Temp. reading by the heating nanoparticles during therapy appears of paramount importance to keep at a min. the collateral damage that could arise from undesirable excessive heating. In this work, this thermally controlled therapy is possible by using Nd3+ ion-doped LaF3 nanocrystals. Because of the particular optical features of Nd3+ ions at high doping concns., these nanoparticles are capable of in vivo photothermal heating, fluorescent tumor localization and intratumoral thermal sensing. The successful photothermal therapy expts. here presented highlight the importance of controlling therapy parameters based on intratumoral temp. measurements instead of on the traditionally used skin temp. measurements. In fact, significant differences between intratumoral and skin temps. do exist and could lead to the appearance of excessive collateral damage. These results open a new avenue for the real application of nano-particle-based photothermal therapy at clin. level.
- 17Drobczyński, S.; Prorok, K.; Tamarov, K.; Duś-Szachniewicz, K.; Lehto, V. P.; Bednarkiewicz, A. Toward Controlled Photothermal Treatment of Single Cell: Optically Induced Heating and Remote Temperature Monitoring in Vitro through Double Wavelength Optical Tweezers. ACS Photonics 2017, 4 (8), 1993– 2002, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00375Google Scholar17https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFSqsrfI&md5=5ed032638497135230a02a3b4581be51Toward Controlled Photothermal Treatment of Single Cell: Optically Induced Heating and Remote Temperature Monitoring In Vitro through Double Wavelength Optical TweezersDrobczynski, Slawomir; Prorok, Katarzyna; Tamarov, Konstantin; Dus-Szachniewicz, Kamila; Lehto, Vesa-Pekka; Bednarkiewicz, ArturACS Photonics (2017), 4 (8), 1993-2002CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)Cancer treatment based on hyperthermia (HT) relies on exposing the malignant cells to elevated local temp. Although the procedure has been successfully applied in clinics, the fundamental aspects of HT are not yet fully understood. In order to verify the susceptibility of single cells in vitro to raised temp., we have developed novel nano- and microtools. In particular, an optical double-trap system utilizing combined galvano-mirror scanning and spatial light phase modulator was devised to manipulate several micron-sized objects simultaneously. The manipulation comprised both optical trapping and translocating, on demand photoactivated heating, and simultaneous remote temp. readout of living cells, IR activated heaters and optical thermometers, resp. Mesoporous silicon microparticles were used as an IR absorber to generate an increased temp. of about 100 °C with 0.4 W laser power. The optical micron-sized thermometer was based on up-converting Yb-Er codoped nanocryst. particles encapsulated in amorphous silica shells produced with yeast cells as the templates. These hybrid particles displayed a relative sensitivity of 0.28%/K, an accuracy of 0.1 °C (at 32 °C), spatial resoln. of <10 μm, and a temporal response of 50 ms/acquisition to record the temp. changes in specified areas in real time. The system was utilized in monitoring the stepwise cell death of individual diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells due to locally induced excessive heating induced by the absorber localized in the vicinity of the cell.
- 18Sotoma, S.; Zhong, C.; Kah, J. C. Y.; Yamashita, H.; Plakhotnik, T.; Harada, Y.; Suzuki, M. In Situ Measurements of Intracellular Thermal Conductivity Using Heater-Thermometer Hybrid Diamond Nanosensors. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7 (3), eabd7888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7888Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Wu, Y.; Alam, M. N. A.; Balasubramanian, P.; Ermakova, A.; Fischer, S.; Barth, H.; Wagner, M.; Raabe, M.; Jelezko, F.; Weil, T. Nanodiamond Theranostic for Light-Controlled Intracellular Heating and Nanoscale Temperature Sensing. Nano Lett. 2021, 21 (9), 3780– 3788, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00043Google Scholar19https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXptVyntrg%253D&md5=d1de370fec0d98995855e747553da555Nanodiamond Theranostic for Light-Controlled Intracellular Heating and Nanoscale Temperature SensingWu, Yingke; Alam, Md Noor A.; Balasubramanian, Priyadharshini; Ermakova, Anna; Fischer, Stephan; Barth, Holger; Wagner, Manfred; Raabe, Marco; Jelezko, Fedor; Weil, TanjaNano Letters (2021), 21 (9), 3780-3788CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Temp. is an essential parameter in all biol. systems, but information about the actual temp. in living cells is limited. Esp., in photothermal therapy, local intracellular temp. changes induce cell death but the local temp. gradients are not known. Highly sensitive nanothermometers would be required to measure and report local temp. changes independent of the intracellular environment, including pH or ions. Fluorescent nanodiamonds (ND) enable temp. sensing at the nanoscale independent of external conditions. Herein, we prep. ND nanothermometers coated with a nanogel shell and the photothermal agent indocyanine green serves as a heat generator and sensor. Upon irradn., programmed cell death was induced in cancer cells with high spatial control. In parallel, the increase in local temp. was recorded by the ND nanothermometers. This approach represents a great step forward to record local temp. changes in different cellular environments inside cells and correlate these with thermal biol.
- 20Fujita, H.; Zhong, C.; Arai, S.; Suzuki, M. Bright Dots and Smart Optical Microscopy to Probe Intracellular Events in Single Cells. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019, 6, 204, DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00204Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21Zhu, X.; Feng, W.; Chang, J.; Tan, Y.-W.; Li, J.; Chen, M.; Sun, Y.; Li, F. Temperature-Feedback Upconversion Nanocomposite for Accurate Photothermal Therapy at Facile Temperature. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10437, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10437Google Scholar21https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitlCiurk%253D&md5=7b48a9d7b21743d47eba1721503ba120Temperature-feedback upconversion nanocomposite for accurate photothermal therapy at facile temperatureZhu, Xingjun; Feng, Wei; Chang, Jian; Tan, Yan-Wen; Li, Jiachang; Chen, Min; Sun, Yun; Li, FuyouNature Communications (2016), 7 (), 10437CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Photothermal therapy (PTT) at present, following the temp. definition for conventional thermal therapy, usually keeps the temp. of lesions at 42-45 °C or even higher. Such high temp. kills cancer cells but also increases the damage of normal tissues near lesions through heat conduction and thus brings about more side effects and inhibits therapeutic accuracy. Here we use temp.-feedback upconversion nanoparticle combined with photothermal material for real-time monitoring of microscopic temp. in PTT. We observe that microscopic temp. of photothermal material upon illumination is high enough to kill cancer cells when the temp. of lesions is still low enough to prevent damage to normal tissue. On the basis of the above phenomenon, we further realize high spatial resoln. photothermal ablation of labeled tumor with minimal damage to normal tissues in vivo. Our work points to a method for investigating photothermal properties at nanoscale, and for the development of new generation of PTT strategy.
- 22Suzuki, M.; Plakhotnik, T. Opportunities for Hybrid Diamond Nanosensors Targeting Photothermal Applications in Biological Systems. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2021, 119 (19), 190502, DOI: 10.1063/5.0063089Google Scholar22https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXisVGktr%252FN&md5=593cc8c28603c4e40d2077c8368cc60fOpportunities for hybrid diamond nanosensors targeting photothermal applications in biological systemsSuzuki, Madoka; Plakhotnik, TarasApplied Physics Letters (2021), 119 (19), 190502CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)A review. Functionalized diamond nanocrystals persistently expand their use for sensing and labeling in a biol. context. The surface of such crystals modified chem. adds addnl. modality to such applications. In this Perspective, we discuss mainly applications in nanothermometry but begin with a brief general introduction of fluorescent nanodiamonds. Then we consider temp. at the sub-cellular environment, explain the working principle of fluorescent nanodiamonds as temp. probes, and demonstrate their biol. applications from the literature. The application of nanohybrids (such as heater-thermometer hybrids built within a single nanoparticle) in biol. cells will be covered with more details. We summarize recent results of intracellular measurements to est. that 0.1 nJ of heat released in a cellular hot spot of 1-μm radius can produce a 1-K temp. rise lasting for about 50μs and repeatable approx. every 2 ms. Our view on the reason for limitations in biol. applications of nanodiamonds concludes the review. (c) 2021 American Institute of Physics.
- 23Cong, T. Do; Wang, Z.; Hu, M.; Han, Q.; Xing, B. Extraspecific Manifestation of Nanoheater’s Position Effect on Distinctive Cellular Photothermal Responses. ACS Nano 2020, 14 (5), 5836– 5844, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00951Google Scholar23https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXotFemsbk%253D&md5=fe9b63b191f921ab08bb536c7e09b1e4Extraspecific Manifestation of Nanoheater's Position Effect on Distinctive Cellular Photothermal ResponsesCong, Thang Do; Wang, Zhimin; Hu, Ming; Han, Qinyu; Xing, BengangACS Nano (2020), 14 (5), 5836-5844CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Subcellular localization of nanoparticles plays crit. roles in precision medicine that can facilitate an in-depth understanding of disease etiol. and achieve accurate theranostic regulation via responding to the aiding stimuli. The photothermal effect is an extensively employed strategy that converts light into heat stimulation to induce localized disease ablation. Despite diverse manipulations that have been investigated in photothermal nanotheranostics, influences of nanoheaters' subcellular distribution and their mol. mechanism on cellular heat response remain elusive. Herein, we disclose the biol. basis of distinguishable thermal effects at subcellular resoln. by localizing photothermal upconversion nanoparticles into specific locations of cell compartments. Upon 808 nm light excitation, the lysosomal cellular uptake initialized by poly(ethylenimine)-modified nanoheaters promoted mitochondria apoptosis through the activation of Bid protein, whereas the cell surface nanoheaters anchored via metabolic glycol biosynthesis triggered necrosis by direct perturbation of the membrane structure. Intriguingly, these two different thermolyses revealed similar levels of heat shock protein expression in live cells. This study stipulates insights underlying the different subcellular positions of nanoparticles for the selective thermal response, which provides valuable perspectives on optimal precision nanomedicine.
- 24Robert, H. M. L.; Savatier, J.; Vial, S.; Verghese, J.; Wattellier, B.; Rigneault, H.; Monneret, S.; Polleux, J.; Baffou, G. Photothermal Control of Heat-Shock Protein Expression at the Single Cell Level. Small 2018, 14, 1801910, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801910Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 25Brites, C. D. S.; Lima, P. P.; Silva, N. J. O.; Millán, A.; Amaral, V. S.; Palacio, F.; Carlos, L. D. Thermometry at the Nanoscale. Nanoscale 2012, 4 (16), 4799– 4829, DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30663hGoogle Scholar25https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhtFShsrbN&md5=6e2b508d3da44d4131a058b4687658c0Thermometry at the nanoscaleBrites, Carlos D. S.; Lima, Patricia P.; Silva, Nuno J. O.; Millan, Angel; Amaral, Vitor S.; Palacio, Fernando; Carlos, Luis D.Nanoscale (2012), 4 (16), 4799-4829CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)A review. Non-invasive precise thermometers working at the nanoscale with high spatial resoln., where the conventional methods are ineffective, have emerged over the last couple of years as a very active field of research. This has been strongly stimulated by the numerous challenging requests arising from nanotechnol. and biomedicine. This crit. review offers a general overview of recent examples of luminescent and non-luminescent thermometers working at nanometric scale. Luminescent thermometers encompass org. dyes, QDs and Ln3+ ions as thermal probes, as well as more complex thermometric systems formed by polymer and org.-inorg. hybrid matrixes encapsulating these emitting centers. Non-luminescent thermometers comprise of scanning thermal microscopy, nanolithog. thermometry, carbon nanotube thermometry and biomaterials thermometry. Emphasis has been put on ratiometric examples reporting spatial resoln. lower than 1 μ, as, for instance, intracellular thermometers based on org. dyes, thermoresponsive polymers, mesoporous silica NPs, QDs, and Ln3+-based up-converting NPs and β-diketonate complexes. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in the development for highly sensitive ratiometric thermometers operating at the physiol. temp. range with submicron spatial resoln.
- 26Ferdinandus; Arai, S.; Takeoka, S.; Ishiwata, S.; Suzuki, M.; Sato, H. Facilely-Fabricated Luminescent Nanoparticle Thermosensor for Real-Time Microthermography in Living Animals. ACS Sensors 2016, 1, 1222– 1227, DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00320Google Scholar26https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsFKjsrzN&md5=3885ff3a34ce6310771b1b063ac4588bFacilely Fabricated Luminescent Nanoparticle Thermosensor for Real-Time Microthermography in Living AnimalsFerdinandus; Arai, Satoshi; Takeoka, Shinji; Ishiwata, Shin'ichi; Suzuki, Madoka; Sato, HirotakaACS Sensors (2016), 1 (10), 1222-1227CODEN: ASCEFJ; ISSN:2379-3694. (American Chemical Society)This paper presents a high-sensitivity luminescent nanoparticle thermosensor capable of real-time microthermog. in living organism. Microthermog., or microscopically visualizing the temp.-distribution within living cells, tissues and organisms, is a promising technol. to explore various physiol. activities at the micro-scale. Using a facile nano-pptn. method, the authors fabricated a polymer-nanoparticle embedding EuDT, a thermosensitive high-luminescence-emitter dye mol., and rhodamine 800, a temp. less-sensitive luminescent mol. excitable with low energy light. The nanoparticle thermosensor was largely exempted from the background noise which is the undesired luminescence from the target biol. sample, enabling direct acquisition of luminescence intensities from the thermosensor within the specified area of 68 μm x 68 μm on the muscle tissue of a living insect, i.e. real-time microthermog., without the need of subtracting background noise. Thus, the authors successfully mapped out the temp. shift due to the animal's voluntary heat prodn. The nanoparticle thermosensor capable of in vivo temp.-mapping must be a useful biol. thermog. technol. to explore microscopic heat productions in living organisms.
- 27Khalil, G. E.; Lau, K.; Phelan, G. D.; Carlson, B.; Gouterman, M.; Callis, J. B.; Dalton, L. R. Europium Beta-Diketonate Temperature Sensors: Effects of Ligands, Matrix, and Concentration. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2004, 75 (1), 192– 206, DOI: 10.1063/1.1632997Google Scholar27https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXptVQ%253D&md5=d588f51c204874012916651971fd04f9Europium beta-diketonate temperature sensors: effects of ligands, matrix, and concentrationKhalil, Gamal E.; Lau, Kimberly; Phelan, Gregory D.; Carlson, Brenden; Gouterman, Martin; Callis, James B.; Dalton, Larry R.Review of Scientific Instruments (2004), 75 (1), 192-206CODEN: RSINAK; ISSN:0034-6748. (American Institute of Physics)Europium beta diketonates are easily synthesized highly luminescent complexes with high temp. sensitivity. We report on the temp. dependence of the luminescence of recently synthesized europium complexes originally prepd. for use as light emitting diodes. It has been discovered that when incorporated in a polymer matrix, their decay lifetime can provide accurate measurement of temp. Their lifetime as a function of temp. depends on three factors: (i) the type and no. of ligands in the complex, (ii) the particular polymer used for the matrix, and (iii) the europium chelate to polymer matrix concn. ratio. Various tris and tetrakis europium chelates are used to study ligand effects, while the polymers FIB, polycarbonate, and Teflon are used to analyze matrix effects. In all cases studied, higher concns. give rise to shorter lifetimes and higher temp. sensitivities.
- 28Fernandez-Fernandez, A.; Manchanda, R.; Lei, T.; Carvajal, D. A.; Tang, Y.; Kazmi, S. Z. R.; McGoron, A. J. Comparative Study of the Optical and Heat Generation Properties of IR820 and Indocyanine Green. Mol. Imaging 2012, 11 (2), 99– 113, DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00031Google Scholar28https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xms1Wit78%253D&md5=3846c0f38d1d6f7ad1466ff01448905eComparative study of the optical and heat generation properties of IR820 and indocyanine greenFernandez-Fernandez, Alicia; Manchanda, Romila; Lei, Tingjun; Carvajal, Denny A.; Tang, Yuan; Kazmi, Syed Zahid Raza; McGoron, Anthony J.Molecular Imaging (2012), 11 (2), 99-113CODEN: MIOMBP; ISSN:1535-3508. (Decker Publishing)Near-IR (NIR) fluorophores are the focus of extensive research for combined mol. imaging and hyperthermia. In this study, we showed that the cyanine dye IR820 has optical and thermal generation properties similar to those of indocyanine green (ICG) but with improved in vitro and in vivo stability. The fluorescent emission of IR820 has a lower quantum yield than ICG but less dependence of the emission peak location on concn. IR820 demonstrated degrdn. half-times approx. double those of ICG under all temp. and light conditions in aq. soln. In hyperthermia applications, IR820 generated lower peak temps. than ICG (4-9%) after 3-min laser exposure. However, there was no significant difference in hyperthermia cytotoxicity, with both dyes causing significant cell growth inhibition at concns. ≥ 5 μM. Fluorescent images of cells with 10 μM IR820 were similar to ICG images. In rats, IR820 resulted in a significantly more intense fluorescence signal and significantly higher organ dye content than for ICG 24 h after i.v. dye administration (p < .05). Our study shows that IR820 is a feasible agent in exptl. models of imaging and hyperthermia and could be an alternative to ICG when greater stability, longer image collection times, or more predictable peak locations are desirable.
- 29Fabian, J.; Nakazumi, H.; Matsuoka, M. Near-Infrared Absorbing Dyes. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92 (6), 1197– 1226, DOI: 10.1021/cr00014a003Google Scholar29https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK38XlsFakt7k%253D&md5=87b8f580322a2f2382f831831fa95518Near-infrared absorbing dyesFabian, Juergen; Nakazumi, Hiroyuki; Matsuoka, MasaruChemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (1992), 92 (6), 1197-1226CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665.Applications of near-IR absorbing dyes, near-IR chromophores, and structures of the dyes were reviewed with >350 refs.
- 30Mbambisa, G.; Nyokong, T. Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterisation of a near Infrared Absorbing Oxo Vanadium(IV) Octapentylthio-Phthalocyanine. Polyhedron 2008, 27 (13), 2799– 2804, DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.06.004Google Scholar30https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtVeju77L&md5=ff7bfa162cc3af0316d0dec0e4ef564cSynthesis and electrochemical characterization of a near infrared absorbing oxo vanadium(IV) octapentylthio-phthalocyanineMbambisa, Gcineka; Nyokong, TebelloPolyhedron (2008), 27 (13), 2799-2804CODEN: PLYHDE; ISSN:0277-5387. (Elsevier B.V.)The synthesis of an α-substituted phthalocyanine oxo, vanadium(IV) 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(pentylthio)phthalocyanine (4), which absorbs at 850 nm in dichloromethane is reported. The complex is purple in color and becomes green on redn. The cyclic and square wave voltammetries of the complex show five redox couples. The spectroelectrochem. data showed only ring based processes. The ring reduced species is obsd. at wavelengths >680 nm rather than the usual 500-600 nm range typical of ring reduced phthalocyanine complexes.
- 31Borisov, S. M.; Mayr, T.; Mistlberger, G.; Waich, K.; Koren, K.; Chojnacki, P.; Klimant, I. Precipitation as a Simple and Versatile Method for Preparation of Optical Nanochemosensors. Talanta 2009, 79 (5), 1322– 1330, DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.05.041Google Scholar31https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXptV2ls7k%253D&md5=394699bc3667554cc36d3ead56e82559Precipitation as a simple and versatile method for preparation of optical nanochemosensorsBorisov, Sergey M.; Mayr, Torsten; Mistlberger, Guenter; Waich, Kerstin; Koren, Klaus; Chojnacki, Pavel; Klimant, IngoTalanta (2009), 79 (5), 1322-1330CODEN: TLNTA2; ISSN:0039-9140. (Elsevier B.V.)Optical nanosensors for such important analytes as O, pH, temp., etc. are manufd. in a simple way via pptn. Lipophilic indicators are entrapped into nanobeads based on poly(Me methacrylate), polystyrene, polyurethanes, ethylcellulose, and other polymers. Charged groups greatly facilitate formation of the small beads and increase their stability. Sensing properties of the beads can be tuned by choosing the appropriate indicator. Nanosensors for CO2 and NH3 are cross-sensitive to pH if dispersed in aq. media. These nanobeads are successfully employed to design bulk optodes. Nanochemosensors with enhanced brightness via light-harvesting and multi-functional magnetic nanosensors also were prepd.
- 32McGehee, M. D.; Bergstedt, T.; Zhang, C.; Saab, a. P.; O’Regan, M. B.; Bazan, G. C.; Srdanov, V. I.; Heeger, a. J. Narrow Bandwidth Luminescence from Blends with Energy Transfer from Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers to Europium Complexes. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11 (16), 1349– 1354, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199911)11:16<1349::AID-ADMA1349>3.0.CO;2-WGoogle Scholar32https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXnt1Kgtbc%253D&md5=a36e9ddb598ece428d4c8cb12349ddd4Narrow bandwidth luminescence from blends with energy transfer from semiconducting conjugated polymers to europium complexesMcGehee, Michael D.; Bergstedt, Troy; Zhang, Chi; Saab, Andrew P.; O'Regan, Marie B.; Bazan, Guillermo C.; Srdanov, Vojislav I.; Heeger, Alan J.Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (1999), 11 (16), 1349-1354CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH)Four sol. Eu3+ complexes with β-diketonate ligands (Eu(acac)3(phen), Eu(mppd)3(phen), Eu(dbm)3(phen), and Eu(dnm)3(phen) with acac = acetylacetonato, phen = phenanthroline, mppd = benzoylacetonato, dbm = dibenzoylmethane, and dnm = dinaphthoylmethane) were synthesized and incorporated into polymeric LEDs. A red LED was fabricated in which the energy of the blue-emitting conjugated polymer poly[2-(6'-cyano-6'-methyl-heptyloxy)1,4-phenylene] (CN-PPP) was transferred to Eu(dnm)3(phen). An emission spectral linewidth of only 3.5 nm was achieved together with a photoluminescence efficiency of 27% and an electroluminescence efficiency of 1.1%. Blue- and green-emitting LEDs were made from CN-PPP and CN-PPP doped with coumarin 6. Current-voltage curves of all LEDs were measured.
- 33Ramamurthy, K.; Ponnusamy, K.; Chellappan, S. Excitation-Resolved Area-Normalized Emission Spectroscopy: A Rapid and Simple Steady-State Technique for the Analysis of Heterogeneous Fluorescence. RSC Adv. 2020, 10 (2), 998– 1006, DOI: 10.1039/C9RA10154CGoogle Scholar33https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXivVyquw%253D%253D&md5=7e6cca461c0416ef82fc8c80363ce5d0Excitation-resolved area-normalized emission spectroscopy: a rapid and simple steady-state technique for the analysis of heterogeneous fluorescenceRamamurthy, Kannan; Ponnusamy, Karunakaran; Chellappan, SelvarajuRSC Advances (2020), 10 (2), 998-1006CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Excitation-resolved area-normalized emission spectroscopy (ERANES) is proposed as a new steady-state fluorescence technique for the investigation of heterogeneous fluorescence (HGF) from a mixt. of fluorophores and fluorophores present in various environments and proteins. The presence of a single isoemissive point was used to confirm the presence of two absorbing and emitting species in the system. The isoemissive point was found to occur at the wavelength where the ratio of wavelength dependent fluorescence quantum yield of the emissive species equals to the ratio of their total fluorescence quantum yield. The application of the ERANES method for resolving HGF from a mixt. of fluorophores having similar or different fluorescence lifetimes with a relatively high degree of fluorescence spectral overlap was demonstrated. When compared to excitation fluorescence (EF) matrix and time-resolved methods, ERANES was found to be a simple anal. method for analyzing HGF from a mixt. of fluorophores, and from fluorophores present in heterogeneous media, such as cells, membranes, etc., and for analyzing protein fluorescence, without the requirement for sophisticated instrumentation and data anal.
- 34Takei, Y.; Arai, S.; Murata, A.; Takabayashi, M.; Oyama, K.; Ishiwata, S.; Takeoka, S.; Suzuki, M. A Nanoparticle-Based Ratiometric and Self-Calibrated Fluorescent Thermometer for Single Living Cells. ACS Nano 2014, 8 (1), 198– 206, DOI: 10.1021/nn405456eGoogle Scholar34https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFOnsb3I&md5=a82209a688e6a71d8c1dd7538dcea7c3A Nanoparticle-Based Ratiometric and Self-Calibrated Fluorescent Thermometer for Single Living CellsTakei, Yoshiaki; Arai, Satoshi; Murata, Atsushi; Takabayashi, Masao; Oyama, Kotaro; Ishiwata, Shin-ichi; Takeoka, Shinji; Suzuki, MadokaACS Nano (2014), 8 (1), 198-206CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)The homeostasis of body temp. and energy balance is one of the major principles in biol. Nanoscale thermometry of aq. solns. is a challenging but crucial technique to understand the mol. basis of this essential process. Here, the authors developed a ratiometric nanothermometer (RNT) for intracellular temp. measurement in real time. Both the thermosensitive fluorophore, β-diketonate chelate europium(III) thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, and the thermoinsensitive fluorophore, rhodamine 101, which was used as a self-ref., are embedded in a polymeric particle that protects the fluorophores from intracellular conditions. The ratiometric measurement of single RNT spots is independent of the displacement of the RNT along the z-axis. The temp. is therefore detd. at the location of each RNT under an optical microscope regardless of the dynamic movement of living cells. As a demonstration of the spot-by-spot intracellular thermometry, the authors successfully followed the temp. change in individual RNT spots in a single cell together with the Ca2+ burst induced by the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. The temp. increases differently among different spots, implying heterogeneous heat prodn. in the cell. The authors then show that, in some spots, the temp. gradually decreases, while in others it remains high. The av. temp. elevation within a cell is pos. correlated to the increase in Ca2+, suggesting that the activity and/or no. of heat sources are dependent on the Ca2+ concn.
- 35Liu, C.; Zhang, S.; Li, J.; Wei, J.; Müllen, K.; Yin, M. A Water-Soluble, NIR-Absorbing Quaterrylenediimide Chromophore for Photoacoustic Imaging and Efficient Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58 (6), 1638– 1642, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810541Google Scholar35https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXnsleguw%253D%253D&md5=3d45674ce2a7c5b06d0841d658dc4c40A Water-Soluble, NIR-Absorbing Quaterrylenediimide Chromophore for Photoacoustic Imaging and Efficient Photothermal Cancer TherapyLiu, Chang; Zhang, Shaobo; Li, Jianhao; Wei, Jie; Muellen, Klaus; Yin, MeizhenAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2019), 58 (6), 1638-1642CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)Precision phototheranostics, including photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy, requires stable photothermal agents. Developing such agents with high stability and high photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we introduce a new photothermal agent based on water-sol. quaterrylenediimide (QDI) that can self-assemble into nanoparticles (QDI-NPs) in aq. soln. Incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG) into the QDI core significantly enhances both physiol. stability and biocompatibility of QDI-NPs. The highly photostable QDI-NPs offer advantages including intense absorption in the near-IR (NIR) and high PTCE of up to 64.7±4 %. This is higher than that of com. indocyanine green (ICG). Their small size (ca. 10 nm) enables sustained retention in deep tumor sites and also proper clearance from the body. QDI-NPs allow high-resoln. photoacoustic imaging and efficient 808 nm laser-triggered photothermal therapy of cancer in vivo.
- 36Arai, S.; Lee, S.-C.; Zhai, D.; Suzuki, M.; Chang, Y.-T. A Molecular Fluorescent Probe for Targeted Visualization of Temperature at the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Sci. Rep. 2015, 4, 6701, DOI: 10.1038/srep06701Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 37Davaji, B.; Richie, J. E.; Lee, C. H. Microscale Direct Measurement of Localized Photothermal Heating in Tissue-Mimetic Hydrogels. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9 (1), 1– 12, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42999-wGoogle Scholar37https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXoslyrtbY%253D&md5=c94ea6c9fa7caf46a3ee65929dc56e3aMicroscale direct measurement of localized photothermal heating in tissue-mimetic hydrogelsDavaji, Benyamin; Richie, James E.; Lee, Chung HoonScientific Reports (2019), 9 (1), 1-12CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Research)The efficacy of this method directly relies on understanding the localization of the photothermal effect in the targeted region. Realizing the safe and effective concn. of nano-particles and the irradn. intensity and time requires spatiotemporal temp. monitoring during and after laser irradn. Due to uniformities of the nanoparticle distribution and the complexities of the microenvironment, a direct temp. measurement in micro-scale is crucial for achieving precise thermal dose control. In this study, a 50 nm thin film nickel resistive temp. sensor was fabricated on a 300 nm SiN membrane to directly measure the local temp. variations of a hydrogel-GNR mixt. under laser exposure with 2 mK temp. resoln. The chip-scale approach developed here is an effective tool to investigate localization of photothermal heating for hyperthermia applications for in-vitro and ex-vivo models. Considering the connection between thermal properties, porosity and the matrix stiffness in hydrogels, we present our results using the interplay between matrix stiffness of the hydrogel and its thermal properties: the stiffer the hydrogel, the higher the thermal cond. resulting in lower photothermal heating. We measured 8.1, 7.4, and 5.6°C temp. changes (from the room temp., 20°C) in hydrogel models with stiffness levels corresponding to adipose (4 kPa), muscle (13 kPa) and osteoid (30 kPa) tissues resp. by exposing them to 2 W/cm2 laser (808 nm) intensity for 150 s.
- 38Keblinski, P.; Cahill, D. G.; Bodapati, A.; Sullivan, C. R.; Taton, T. A. Limits of Localized Heating by Electromagnetically Excited Nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 100 (5), 054305 DOI: 10.1063/1.2335783Google Scholar38https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XpvV2jt7s%253D&md5=e6f937f400517a369dd7b800e6a3a5bbLimits of localized heating by electromagnetically excited nanoparticlesKeblinski, Pawel; Cahill, David G.; Bodapati, Arun; Sullivan, Charles R.; Taton, T. AndrewJournal of Applied Physics (2006), 100 (5), 054305/1-054305/5CODEN: JAPIAU; ISSN:0021-8979. (American Institute of Physics)Based on an anal. of the diffusive heat flow equation, limits were detd. on the localization of heating of soft materials and biol. tissues by electromagnetically excited nanoparticles. For heating by radiofrequency magnetic fields or heating by typical continuous wave lasers, the local temp. rise adjacent to magnetic or metallic nanoparticles is negligible. Heat dissipation for a large no. of nanoparticles dispersed in a macroscopic region of a material or tissue produces a global temp. rise that is orders of magnitude larger than the temp. rise adjacent to a single nanoparticle. One approach for producing a significant local temp. rise on nm length scales is heating by high-power pulsed or modulated lasers with low duty cycle.
- 39Pucci, C.; De Pasquale, D.; Marino, A.; Martinelli, C.; Lauciello, S.; Ciofani, G. Hybrid Magnetic Nanovectors Promote Selective Glioblastoma Cell Death through a Combined Effect of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization and Chemotherapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12 (26), 29037– 29055, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05556Google Scholar39https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtVWisrfM&md5=cccb24fc4513f0ea7e23e8e5394fd8d6Hybrid Magnetic Nanovectors Promote Selective Glioblastoma Cell Death through a Combined Effect of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization and ChemotherapyPucci, Carlotta; De Pasquale, Daniele; Marino, Attilio; Martinelli, Chiara; Lauciello, Simone; Ciofani, GianniACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (26), 29037-29055CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive brain tumor, due to its high invasiveness and genetic heterogeneity. Moreover, the blood-brain barrier prevents many drugs from reaching a therapeutic concn. at the tumor site, and most of the chemotherapeutics lack in specificity toward cancer cells, accumulating in both healthy and diseased tissues, with severe side effects. Here, we present in vitro investigations on lipid-based nanovectors encapsulating a drug, nutlin-3a, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, to combine the proapoptotic action of the drug and the hyperthermia mediated by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stimulated with an alternating magnetic field. The nanovectors are functionalized with the peptide angiopep-2 to induce receptor-mediated transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier and to target a receptor overexpressed by glioma cells. The glioblastoma multiforme targeting efficiency and the blood-brain barrier crossing abilities were tested through in vitro fluidic models, where different human cell lines were placed to mimic the tumor microenvironment. These nanovectors successfully cross the blood-brain barrier model, maintaining their targeting abilities for glioblastoma multiforme with minimal interaction with healthy cells. Moreover, we showed that nanovector-assisted hyperthermia induces a lysosomal membrane permeabilization that not only initiates a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, but also enhances the anticancer efficacy of the drug.
- 40Nakano, M.; Arai, Y.; Kotera, I.; Okabe, K.; Kamei, Y.; Nagai, T. Genetically Encoded Ratiometric Fluorescent Thermometer with Wide Range and Rapid Response. PLoS One 2017, 12 (2), e0172344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172344Google Scholar40https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXpvFyru7w%253D&md5=4c954cd84d048beba9d6701b5402d729Genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent thermometer with wide range and rapid responseNakano, Masahiro; Arai, Yoshiyuki; Kotera, Ippei; Okabe, Kohki; Kamei, Yasuhiro; Nagai, TakeharuPLoS One (2017), 12 (2), e0172344/1-e0172344/14CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)Temp. is a fundamental phys. parameter that plays an important role in biol. reactions and events. Although thermometers developed previously have been used to investigate several important phenomena, such as heterogeneous temp. distribution in a single living cell and heat generation in mitochondria, the development of a thermometer with a sensitivity over a wide temp. range and rapid response is still desired to quantify temp. change in not only homeotherms but also poikilotherms from the cellular level to in vivo. To overcome the weaknesses of the conventional thermometers, such as a limitation of applicable species and a low temporal resoln., owing to the narrow temp. range of sensitivity and the thermometry method, resp., we developed a genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent temp. indicator, gTEMP, by using two fluorescent proteins with different temp. sensitivities. Our thermometric method enabled a fast tracking of the temp. change with a time resoln. of 50 ms. We used this method to observe the spatiotemporal temp. change between the cytoplasm and nucleus in cells, and quantified thermogenesis from the mitochondria matrix in a single living cell after stimulation with carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, which was an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, exploiting the wide temp. range of sensitivity from 5°C to 50°C of gTEMP, we monitored the temp. in a living medaka embryo for 15 h and showed the feasibility of in vivo thermometry in various living species.
- 41Oyama, K.; Takabayashi, M.; Takei, Y.; Arai, S.; Takeoka, S.; Ishiwata, S.; Suzuki, M. Walking Nanothermometers: Spatiotemporal Temperature Measurement of Transported Acidic Organelles in Single Living Cells. Lab Chip 2012, 12 (9), 1591– 1593, DOI: 10.1039/c2lc00014hGoogle Scholar41https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XkvFyjsro%253D&md5=da4d1478198d5c415d79f090d96a579bWalking nanothermometers: spatiotemporal temperature measurement of transported acidic organelles in single living cellsOyama, Kotaro; Takabayashi, Masao; Takei, Yoshiaki; Arai, Satoshi; Takeoka, Shinji; Ishiwata, Shin-ichi; Suzuki, MadokaLab on a Chip (2012), 12 (9), 1591-1593CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)We fabricated fluorescent nanoparticles which monitor temp. changes without sensitivity to pH (4-10) and ionic strength (0-500 mM). The nanothermometers spontaneously enter living HeLa cells via endocytosis, enclosed in acidic organelles, i.e., endosome/lysosome, and then transported along microtubules in a temp.-dependent manner, working as "walking nanothermometers".
- 42Wang, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, W.; Han, X. Principles and Applications of Single Particle Tracking in Cell Research. Small 2021, 17, 2005133, DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005133Google Scholar42https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXivVaju7k%253D&md5=c6b5d6a39b9df97959e556b99916752ePrinciples and Applications of Single Particle Tracking in Cell ResearchWang, Zhao; Wang, Xuejing; Zhang, Ying; Xu, Weili; Han, XiaojunSmall (2021), 17 (11), 2005133CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)It is a tough challenge for many decades to decipher the complex relationships between cell behaviors and cellular phys. properties. Single particle tracking (SPT) with high spatial and temporal resoln. has been applied extensively in cell research to understand physicochem. properties of cells and their bio-functions by tracking endogenous or exogenous probes. This review describes the fundamental principles of SPT as well as its applications in intracellular mechanics, membrane dynamics, organelles distribution, and processes of internalization and transport. Finally, challenges and future directions of SPT are also discussed.
- 43Etoc, F.; Balloul, E.; Vicario, C.; Normanno, D.; Liße, D.; Sittner, A.; Piehler, J.; Dahan, M.; Coppey, M. Non-Specific Interactions Govern Cytosolic Diffusion of Nanosized Objects in Mammalian Cells. Nat. Mater. 2018, 17 (8), 740– 746, DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0120-7Google Scholar43https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXht1OjsrnO&md5=46427ca685f0a57ee76a0238c8ecde10Non-specific interactions govern cytosolic diffusion of nanosized objects in mammalian cellsEtoc, Fred; Balloul, Elie; Vicario, Chiara; Normanno, Davide; Lisse, Domenik; Sittner, Assa; Piehler, Jacob; Dahan, Maxime; Coppey, MathieuNature Materials (2018), 17 (8), 740-746CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Research)The diffusivity of macromols. in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells varies over orders of magnitude and dictates the kinetics of cellular processes. However, a general description that assocs. the Brownian or anomalous nature of intracellular diffusion to the architectural and biochem. properties of the cytoplasm has not been achieved. Here we measure the mobility of individual fluorescent nanoparticles in living mammalian cells to obtain a comprehensive anal. of cytoplasmic diffusion. We identify a correlation between tracer size, its biochem. nature and its mobility. Inert particles with size equal or below 50 nm behave as Brownian particles diffusing in a medium of low viscosity with negligible effects of mol. crowding. Increasing the strength of non-specific interactions of the nanoparticles within the cytoplasm gradually reduces their mobility and leads to subdiffusive behavior. These exptl. observations and the transition from Brownian to subdiffusive motion can be captured in a minimal phenomenol. model.
- 44Bettaieb, A.; Averill-Bates, D. A. Thermotolerance Induced at a Mild Temperature of 40°C Alleviates Heat Shock-Induced ER Stress and Apoptosis in HeLa Cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Mol. Cell Res. 2015, 1853 (1), 52– 62, DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.016Google Scholar44https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhs1Gmsr%252FI&md5=9158607b1c518a53b74e4191acac7a0fThermotolerance induced at a mild temperature of 40 °C alleviates heat shock-induced ER stress and apoptosis in HeLa cellsBettaieb, Ahmed; Averill-Bates, Diana A.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Molecular Cell Research (2015), 1853 (1), 52-62CODEN: BBAMCO; ISSN:0167-4889. (Elsevier B.V.)Hyperthermia (39-45 °C) has emerged as an alternate prospect for cancer therapy in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. Despite promising progress in the clinic, mol. mechanisms involved in hyperthermia-induced cell death are not clear. Hyperthermia causes protein denaturation/aggregation, which results in cell death by apoptosis and/or necrosis. Hyperthermia also induces thermotolerance, which renders cells resistant to subsequent exposure to lethal heat shock. This study investigates the role of both lethal (42-43 °C) and mild (40 °C) hyperthermia in regulating ER stress and ER stress-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. The ability of mild thermotolerance induced at 40 °C to alleviate either or both of these processes is also detd. Hyperthermia (42-43 °C) induced ER stress, revealed by phosphorylation of PERK, eIF2α and IRE1α, cleavage of ATF6 and increased expression of BiP and sXBP1. Real-time PCR revealed that mRNA levels of ATF6, ATF4, BiP, sXBP1 and CHOP increased in cells exposed to hyperthermia. Moreover, hyperthermia caused disruption of calcium homeostasis and activated the calpain-calpastatin proteolytic system and ER resident caspase 4. Pre-exposure to mild hyperthermia (40 °C) alleviated the induction of cytotoxicity and ER stress by hyperthermia (42-43 °C) and protected cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis. ShRNA-mediated depletion of Hsp72 abrogated protective effects of mild thermotolerance (40 °C) against heat-shock induced ER stress and sensitized cells to ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Our findings show that Hsp72 contributes to the protective effects of mild hyperthermia (40 °C) against hyperthermia-induced ER stress and apoptosis.
- 45White, M. G.; Saleh, O.; Nonner, D.; Barrett, E. F.; Moraes, C. T.; Barrett, J. N. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Heat Stress in Cultured Rat CNS Neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2012, 108 (8), 2203– 2214, DOI: 10.1152/jn.00638.2011Google Scholar45https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhvVCltrrK&md5=86a45ad2bfc03f97d703b32c82b72e12Mitchondrial dysfunction induced by heat stress in cultured rat CNS neuronsWhite, Michael B.; Saleh, Osama; Nonner, Doris; Barrett, Ellen F.; Moraes, Carlos T.; Barett, John N.Journal of Neurophysiology (2012), 108 (4), 2203-2214CODEN: JONEA4; ISSN:0022-3077. (American Physiological Society)Previous work demonstrated that hyperthermia (43°C for 2 h) results in delayed, apoptotic-like death in striatal neuronal cultures. We investigated early changes in mitochondrial function induced by this heat stress. Partial depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) began about 1 h after the onset of hyperthermia and increased as the stress continued. When the heat stress ended, there was a partial recovery of ΔΨm, followed hours later by a progressive, irreversible depolarization of ΔΨm. During the heat stress, O2 consumption initially increased but after 20-30 min began a progressive, irreversible decline to about one-half the initial rate by the end of the stress. The percentage of oligomycin-insensitive respiration increased during the heat stress, suggesting an increased mitochondrial leak conductance. Anal. using inhibitors and substrates for specific respiratory chain complexes indicated hyperthermia-induced dysfunction at or upstream of complex I. ATP levels remained near normal for ∼4 h after the heat stress. Mitochondrial movement along neurites was markedly slowed during and just after the heat stress. The early, persisting mitochondrial dysfunction described here likely contributes to the later (>10 h) caspase activation and neuronal death produced by this heat stress. Consistent with this idea, proton carrier-induced ΔΨm depolarizations comparable in duration to those produced by the heat stress also reduced neuronal viability. Post-stress ΔΨm depolarization and/or delayed neuronal death were modestly reduced/postponed by NAD, a calpain inhibitor, and increased expression of Bcl-xL.
- 46Jung, H. S.; Lee, J.-H.; Kim, K.; Koo, S.; Verwilst, P.; Sessler, J. L.; Kang, C.; Kim, J. S. A Mitochondria-Targeted Cryptocyanine-Based Photothermogenic Photosensitizer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 (29), 9972– 9978, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04263Google Scholar46https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtVCktL7I&md5=2f996afd65593de860cd09bd8dea517cA Mitochondria-Targeted Cryptocyanine-Based Photothermogenic PhotosensitizerJung, Hyo Sung; Lee, Jae-Hong; Kim, Kyutae; Koo, Seyoung; Verwilst, Peter; Sessler, Jonathan L.; Kang, Chulhun; Kim, Jong SeungJournal of the American Chemical Society (2017), 139 (29), 9972-9978CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)Cryptocyanine-based probes exhibit highly efficient photothermal conversion and represent a new class of photothermal agents for use in photothermal therapy (PTT). With the thermal susceptibility of mitochondria in mind, we have prepd. a mitochondria-targeted, NIR-absorbing cryptocyanine probe (Mito-CCy) and evaluated its photophys. properties, photothermal conversion efficiency, biol. compatibility, cytotoxicity, and mitochondrial localization in HeLa cells. Upon subjecting 0.5 mL of a PBS buffer soln. (10 mM, pH 7.4, contg. 50% DMSO) of Mito-CCy (0.5 mM) to 730 nm laser irradn. at 2.3 W/cm2, the temp. of the soln. increased by 13.5 °C within 5 min. In contrast, the corresponding cryptocyanine (CCy) lacking the triarylphosphonium group gave rise to only an ∼3.4 °C increase in soln. temp. under otherwise identical conditions. Mito-CCy also exhibited high cytotoxicity in HeLa cells when subject to photoirradn. This light-induced cytotoxicity is attributed to the endogenous prodn. of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced under conditions of local heating. ROS are known to interfere with the mitochondrial defense system and to trigger apoptosis. By targeting the mitochondria, the present sensitizer-based photothermogenic approach is rendered more effective. As such, the system reported here represents the vanguard of what might be a new generation of organelle-targeted photothermal therapeutics.
- 47Arai, S.; Kriszt, R.; Harada, K.; Looi, L. S.; Matsuda, S.; Wongso, D.; Suo, S.; Ishiura, S.; Tseng, Y. H.; Raghunath, M.; Ito, T.; Tsuboi, T.; Kitaguchi, T. RGB-Color Intensiometric Indicators to Visualize Spatiotemporal Dynamics of ATP in Single Cells. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57 (34), 10873– 10878, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804304Google Scholar47https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtlals7zF&md5=139f9a0d3b365b4b3d016989ae365703RGB-Color Indicators to Visualize Spatiotemporal Dynamics of ATP in Single CellsArai, Satoshi; Kriszt, Rokus; Harada, Kazuki; Looi, Liang-Sheng; Matsuda, Shogo; Wongso, Devina; Suo, Satoshi; Ishiura, Shoichi; Tseng, Yu-Hua; Raghunath, Michael; Ito, Toshiro; Tsuboi, Takashi; Kitaguchi, TetsuyaAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2018), 57 (34), 10873-10878CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)ATP provides energy for the regulation of multiple cellular processes in living organisms. Capturing the spatiotemporal dynamics of ATP in single cells is fundamental to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying cellular energy metab. However, it has remained challenging to visualize the dynamics of ATP in and between distinct intracellular organelles and its interplay with other signaling mols. Using single fluorescent proteins, multicolor ATP indicators were developed, enabling the simultaneous visualization of subcellular ATP dynamics in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells derived from mammals, plants, and worms. Furthermore, in combination with addnl. fluorescent indicators, the dynamic interplay of ATP, cAMP, and Ca2+ could be visualized in activated brown adipocyte. This set of indicator tools will facilitate future research into energy metab.
- 48Karbowski, M.; Youle, R. J. Dynamics of Mitochondrial Morphology in Healthy Cells and during Apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 2003, 10 (8), 870– 880, DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401260Google Scholar48https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD3szjsFSktg%253D%253D&md5=4ca9c7e0597a271fa74d7de8d3f68aa5Dynamics of mitochondrial morphology in healthy cells and during apoptosisKarbowski M; Youle R JCell death and differentiation (2003), 10 (8), 870-80 ISSN:1350-9047.Mitochondria exist as dynamic networks that often change shape and subcellular distribution. The number and morphology of mitochondria within a cell are controlled by precisely regulated rates of organelle fusion and fission. Recent reports have described dramatic alterations in mitochondrial morphology during the early stages of apoptotic cell death, a fragmentation of the network and the remodeling of the cristae. Surprisingly, proteins discovered to control mitochondrial morphology appear to also participate in apoptosis and proteins associated with the regulation of apoptosis have been shown to affect mitochondrial ultrastructure. In this review the recent progress in understanding the mechanisms governing mitochondrial morphology and the latest advances connecting the regulation of mitochondrial morphology with programmed cell death are discussed.
- 49Gandhi, S.; Wood-Kaczmar, A.; Yao, Z.; Plun-Favreau, H.; Deas, E.; Klupsch, K.; Downward, J.; Latchman, D. S.; Tabrizi, S. J.; Wood, N. W.; Duchen, M. R.; Abramov, A. Y. PINK1-Associated Parkinson’s Disease Is Caused by Neuronal Vulnerability to Calcium-Induced Cell Death. Mol. Cell 2009, 33 (5), 627– 638, DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.02.013Google Scholar49https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXltFSmsrY%253D&md5=6b548c146c570562840cc0492b98a2b4PINK1-associated Parkinson's disease is caused by neuronal vulnerability to calcium-induced cell deathGandhi, Sonia; Wood-Kaczmar, Alison; Yao, Zhi; Plun-Favreau, Helene; Deas, Emma; Klupsch, Kristina; Downward, Julian; Latchman, David S.; Tabrizi, Sarah J.; Wood, Nicholas W.; Duchen, Michael R.; Abramov, Andrey Y.Molecular Cell (2009), 33 (5), 627-638CODEN: MOCEFL; ISSN:1097-2765. (Cell Press)Mutations in PINK1 cause autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. PINK1 is a mitochondrial kinase of unknown function. We investigated calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function in PINK1-deficient mammalian neurons. We demonstrate physiol. that PINK1 regulates calcium efflux from the mitochondria via the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. PINK1 deficiency causes mitochondrial accumulation of calcium, resulting in mitochondrial calcium overload. We show that calcium overload stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) prodn. via NADPH oxidase. ROS prodn. inhibits the glucose transporter, reducing substrate delivery and causing impaired respiration. We demonstrate that impaired respiration may be restored by provision of mitochondrial complex I and II substrates. Taken together, reduced mitochondrial calcium capacity and increased ROS lower the threshold of opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) such that physiol. calcium stimuli become sufficient to induce mPTP opening in PINK1-deficient cells. Our findings propose a mechanism by which PINK1 dysfunction renders neurons vulnerable to cell death.
- 50Tan, F. J.; Husain, M.; Manlandro, C. M.; Koppenol, M.; Fire, A. Z.; Hill, R. B. CED-9 and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in C. Elegans Muscle. J. Cell Sci. 2008, 121 (20), 3373– 3382, DOI: 10.1242/jcs.032904Google Scholar50https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhsVaitLvF&md5=f80e145e2a59d4a082f0628fce9d502cCED-9 and mitochondrial homeostasis in C. elegans muscleTan, Frederick J.; Husain, Michelle; Manlandro, Cara Marie; Koppenol, Marijke; Fire, Andrew Z.; Hill, R. BlakeJournal of Cell Science (2008), 121 (20), 3373-3382CODEN: JNCSAI; ISSN:0021-9533. (Company of Biologists Ltd.)Mitochondrial homeostasis reflects a dynamic balance between membrane fission and fusion events thought essential for mitochondrial function. The authors report that altered expression of the C. elegans BCL2 homolog CED-9 affects both mitochondrial fission and fusion. Although striated muscle cells lacking CED-9 have no alteration in mitochondrial size or ultrastructure, these cells appear more sensitive to mitochondrial fragmentation. By contrast, increased CED-9 expression in these cells produces highly interconnected mitochondria. This mitochondrial phenotype is partially suppressed by increased expression of the dynamin-related GTPase DRP-1, with suppression dependent on the BH3 binding pocket of CED-9. This suppression suggests that CED-9 directly regulates DRP-1, a model supported by the authors' finding that CED-9 activates the GTPase activity of human DRP1. Thus, CED-9 is capable of regulating the mitochondrial fission-fusion cycle but is not essential for either fission or fusion.
- 51Ito, A.; Yamamoto, Y.; Sato, M.; Ikeda, K.; Yamamoto, M.; Fujita, H.; Nagamori, E.; Kawabe, Y.; Kamihira, M. Induction of Functional Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Constructs by Defined Electrical Stimulation. Sci. Rep. 2015, 4, 4781, DOI: 10.1038/srep04781Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Chen, W. Electroconformational Denaturation of Membrane Proteins. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2005, 1066, 92– 105, DOI: 10.1196/annals.1363.028Google Scholar52https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XktFWis78%253D&md5=14aa694feed16b7f050067d06b4265c6Electroconformational denaturation of membrane proteinsChen, WeiAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005), 1066 (Cell Injury), 92-105CODEN: ANYAA9; ISSN:0077-8923. (New York Academy of Sciences)A review. Because of high elec. impedance of cell membrane, when living cells are exposed to an external elec. field, the field-induced voltage drops will mainly occur on the cell membrane. In addn. to Joule heating damage and electroporation of the cell membrane, the elec. field-induced supraphysiol. transmembrane potential may inevitably damage the membrane proteins, esp. the voltage-dependent membrane proteins. That is because the charged particles in the amino acid of the membrane proteins and, in particular, the voltage-sensors in the voltage-dependent membrane proteins are vulnerable to the membrane potential. An intensive, brief elec. shock may induce electroconformational damage or denaturation in the membrane proteins. As a result, the cell functions are significantly reduced. This elec. field-induced denaturation in the membrane proteins strongly suggests a new underlying mechanism involved in elec. injury.
- 53Asano, T.; Ishizuka, T.; Morishima, K.; Yawo, H. Optogenetic Induction of Contractile Ability in Immature C2C12 Myotubes. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 8317, DOI: 10.1038/srep08317Google Scholar53https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXosVKnsbk%253D&md5=09d07e596b98dcba3b4b8456cf5e789aOptogenetic induction of contractile ability in immature C2C12 myotubesAsano, Toshifumi; Ishizuka, Toru; Morishima, Keisuke; Yawo, HiromuScientific Reports (2015), 5 (), 8317CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Myoblasts can be differentiated into multinucleated myotubes, which provide a well-established and reproducible muscle cell model for skeletal myogenesis in vitro. However, under conventional differentiation conditions, each myotube rarely exhibits robust contraction as well as sarcomere arrangement. Here, we applied trains of optical stimulation (OS) to C2C12 myotubes, which were genetically engineered to express a channelrhodopsin variant, channelrhodopsin-green receiver (ChRGR), to investigate whether membrane depolarization facilitates the maturation of myotubes. We found that light pulses induced membrane depolarization and evoked action potentials in ChRGR-expressing myotubes. Regular alignments of sarcomeric proteins were patterned periodically after OS training. In contrast, untrained control myotubes rarely exhibited the striated patterns. OS-trained and untrained myotubes also differed in terms of their resting potential. OS training significantly increased the no. of contractile myotubes. Treatment with nifedipine during OS training significantly decreased the fraction of contractile myotubes, whereas tetrodotoxin was less effective. These results suggest that oscillations of membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ accompanied by OS promoted sarcomere assembly and the development of contractility during the myogenic process. These results also suggest that optogenetic techniques could be used to manipulate the activity-dependent process during myogenic development.
- 54Oyama, K.; Mizuno, A.; Shintani, S. A.; Itoh, H.; Serizawa, T.; Fukuda, N.; Suzuki, M.; Ishiwata, S. Microscopic Heat Pulses Induce Contraction of Cardiomyocytes without Calcium Transients. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 417 (1), 607– 612, DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.015Google Scholar54https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xos1yisQ%253D%253D&md5=9606ca284d2a099a15c15dbb680be6a8Microscopic heat pulses induce contraction of cardiomyocytes without calcium transientsOyama, Kotaro; Mizuno, Akari; Shintani, Seine A.; Itoh, Hideki; Serizawa, Takahiro; Fukuda, Norio; Suzuki, Madoka; Ishiwata, Shin-ichiBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (2012), 417 (1), 607-612CODEN: BBRCA9; ISSN:0006-291X. (Elsevier B.V.)It was recently demonstrated that laser irradn. can control the beating of cardiomyocytes and hearts, however, the precise mechanism remains to be clarified. Among the effects induced by laser irradn. on biol. tissues, temp. change is one possible effect which can alter physiol. functions. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism by which heat pulses, produced by infra-red laser light under an optical microscope, induce contractions of cardiomyocytes. Here we show that microscopic heat pulses induce contraction of rat adult cardiomyocytes. The temp. increase, ΔT, required for inducing contraction of cardiomyocytes was dependent upon the ambient temp.; i.e., ΔT at physiol. temp. was lower than that at room temp. Ca2+ transients, which are usually coupled to contraction, were not detected. We confirmed that the contractions of skinned cardiomyocytes were induced by the heat pulses even in free Ca2+ soln. This heat pulse-induced Ca2+-decoupled contraction technique has the potential to stimulate heart and skeletal muscles in a manner different from the conventional elec. stimulations.
- 55Tanaka, H.; Oosawa, F. The Effect of Temperature on the Interaction between F-Actin and Tropomyosin. BBA - Bioenerg. 1971, 253 (1), 274– 283, DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(71)90253-2Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Ishiwata, S. Studies on the F-Actin · Tropomyosin · Troponin Complex III. Effects of Troponin Components and Calcium Ion on the Binding Affinity between Tropomyosin and F-Actin. BBA - Protein Struct. 1978, 534 (2), 350– 357, DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90018-1Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 57Marino, A.; Arai, S.; Hou, Y.; Degl’Innocenti, A.; Cappello, V.; Mazzolai, B.; Chang, Y. T.; Mattoli, V.; Suzuki, M.; Ciofani, G. Gold Nanoshell-Mediated Remote Myotube Activation. ACS Nano 2017, 11 (3), 2494– 2505, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08202Google Scholar57https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1ymt7k%253D&md5=6d6dca8f537aec2e9389a26c6211210bGold Nanoshell-Mediated Remote Myotube ActivationMarino, Attilio; Arai, Satoshi; Hou, Yanyan; Degl'Innocenti, Andrea; Cappello, Valentina; Mazzolai, Barbara; Chang, Young-Tae; Mattoli, Virgilio; Suzuki, Madoka; Ciofani, GianniACS Nano (2017), 11 (3), 2494-2508CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Mild heat stimulation of muscle cells within the physiol. range represents an intriguing approach for the modulation of their functions. Here, photothermal conversion was exploited to remotely stimulate striated muscle cells by using gold nanoshells (NS) in combination with near-IR (NIR) radiation. Temp. increments of ∼5° were recorded by using an intracellular fluorescent mol. thermometer and were demonstrated to efficiently induce myotube contraction. The mechanism at the base of this phenomenon was thoroughly investigated and was obsd. to be a Ca2+-independent event directly involving actin-myosin interactions. Finally, chronic remote photothermal stimulations significantly increased the mRNA transcription of genes encoding heat-shock proteins (HPS) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a protein which in turn could induce mitochondrial biogenesis. Overall, the authors provide evidence that remote NIR + NS muscle excitation represents an effective wireless stimulation technique with great potential in the fields of muscle tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and bionics.
- 58Baffou, G.; Rigneault, H.; Marguet, D.; Jullien, L. A Critique of Methods for Temperature Imaging in Single Cells. Nat. Methods 2014, 11 (9), 899– 901, DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3073Google Scholar59https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhsVCrur7O&md5=9a93620596bcdb1778530427503af4e7A critique of methods for temperature imaging in single cellsBaffou, Guillaume; Rigneault, Herve; Marguet, Didier; Jullien, LudovicNature Methods (2014), 11 (9), 899-901CODEN: NMAEA3; ISSN:1548-7091. (Nature Publishing Group)A review. We argue that std. thermodn. considerations and scaling laws show that a single cell cannot substantially raise its temp. by endogenous thermogenesis. This statement seriously questions the interpretations of recent work reporting temp. heterogeneities measured in single living cells.
- 59Ferdinandus; Arai, S. The ABC Guide to Fluorescent Toolsets for the Development of Future Biomaterials. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019, 7, 5, DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00005Google Scholar60https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3cjpvFKqtg%253D%253D&md5=249cf7c5dafd3581381c8581136c6209The ABC Guide to Fluorescent Toolsets for the Development of Future BiomaterialsFerdinandus; Arai Satoshi; Arai SatoshiFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology (2019), 7 (), 5 ISSN:2296-4185.In recent decades, diversified approaches using nanoparticles or nano-structured scaffolds have been applied to drug delivery and tissue engineering. Thanks to recent interdisciplinary studies, the materials developed have been intensively evaluated at animal level. Despite these efforts, less attention has been paid to what is really going on at the subcellular level during the interaction between a nanomaterial and a cell. As the proposed concept becomes more complex, the need for investigation of the dynamics of these materials at the cellular level becomes more prominent. For a deeper understanding of cellular events, fluorescent imaging techniques have been a powerful means whereby spatiotemporal information related to cellular events can be visualized as detectable fluorescent signals. To date, several excellent review papers have summarized the use of fluorescent imaging toolsets in cellular biology. However, applying these toolsets becomes a laborious process for those who are not familiar with imaging studies to engage with owing to the skills gap between them and cell biologists. This review aims to highlight the valuable essentials of fluorescent imaging as a tool for the development of effective biomaterials by introducing some cases including photothermal and photodynamic therapies. This distilled information will be a convenient short-cut for those who are keen to fabricate next generation biomaterials.
- 60Millen, J.; Deesuwan, T.; Barker, P.; Anders, J. Nanoscale Temperature Measurements Using Non-Equilibrium Brownian Dynamics of a Levitated Nanosphere. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9 (6), 425– 429, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.82Google Scholar61https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXntlyisbc%253D&md5=cb57c5e0f643b09f752d0481ed9b4ed7Nanoscale temperature measurements using non-equilibrium Brownian dynamics of a levitated nanosphereMillen, J.; Deesuwan, T.; Barker, P.; Anders, J.Nature Nanotechnology (2014), 9 (6), 425-429CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)Einstein realized that the fluctuations of a Brownian particle can be used to ascertain the properties of its environment. A large no. of expts. have since exploited the Brownian motion of colloidal particles for studies of dissipative processes, providing insight into soft matter physics and leading to applications from energy harvesting to medical imaging. Here, the authors use heated optically levitated nanospheres to study the nonequil. properties of the gas surrounding them. Analyzing the sphere's Brownian motion allows the authors to det. the temp. of the center-of-mass motion of the sphere, its surface temp. and the heated gas temp. in two spatial dimensions. The authors observe asym. heating of the sphere and gas, with temps. reaching the m.p. of the material. This method offers opportunities for accurate temp. measurements with spatial resoln. on the nanoscale, and provides a means for testing nonequil. thermodn.
- 61Liu, S.; Pan, X.; Liu, H. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photothermal Therapy. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 5890– 5900, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911477Google Scholar62https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitFCmurc%253D&md5=e30bd74514362dc81dbd3b7bdf0f036aTwo-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photothermal TherapyLiu, Shuang; Pan, Xueting; Liu, HuiyuAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2020), 59 (15), 5890-5900CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A review. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are currently explored as novel photothermal agents because of their ultrathin structure, high sp. surface area, and unique optoelectronic properties. In addn. to single photothermal therapy (PTT), 2D nanomaterials have demonstrated significant potential in PTT-based synergistic therapies. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent progress in 2D nanomaterials for enhanced photothermal cancer therapy over the last five years. Their unique optical properties, typical synthesis methods, and surface modification are also covered. Emphasis is placed on their PTT and PTT-synergized chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. The major challenges of 2D photothermal agents are addressed and the promising prospects are also presented.
- 62Ito, A.; Honda, H.; Kobayashi, T. Cancer Immunotherapy Based on Intracellular Hyperthermia Using Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Novel Concept of “Heat-Controlled Necrosis” with Heat Shock Protein Expression. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2006, 55 (3), 320– 328, DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0049-yGoogle Scholar63https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2MnivFSisA%253D%253D&md5=139710bf8470ec4c9f5cc838b87d2878Cancer immunotherapy based on intracellular hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles: a novel concept of "heat-controlled necrosis" with heat shock protein expressionIto Akira; Honda Hiroyuki; Kobayashi TakeshiCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII (2006), 55 (3), 320-8 ISSN:0340-7004.Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved proteins whose syntheses are induced by a variety of stresses, including heat stress. Since the expression of HSPs, including HSP70, protects cells from heat-induced apoptosis, HSP expression has been considered to be a complicating factor in hyperthermia. On the other hand, recent reports have shown the importance of HSPs, such as HSP70, HSP90 and glucose-regulated protein 96 (gp96), in immune reactions. If HSP expression induced by hyperthermia is involved in tumor immunity, novel cancer immunotherapy based on this novel concept can be developed. In such a strategy, a tumor-specific hyperthermia system, which can heat the local tumor region to the intended temperature without damaging normal tissue, would be highly advantageous. To achieve tumor-specific hyperthermia, we have developed an intracellular hyperthermia system using magnetite nanoparticles. This novel hyperthermia system can induce necrotic cell death via HSP expression, which induces antitumor immunity. In the present article, cancer immunology and immunotherapy based on hyperthermia, and HSP expression are reviewed and discussed.
- 63Galluzzi, L. Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018. Cell Death Differ. 2018, 25 (3), 486– 541, DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4Google Scholar64https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MvjsFKgug%253D%253D&md5=4f2b2e5757ae4448c16f7114cd494a7cMolecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018Galluzzi Lorenzo; Galluzzi Lorenzo; Cubillos-Ruiz Juan R; Galluzzi Lorenzo; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Vitale Ilio; Campanella Michelangelo; Cecconi Francesco; Manic Gwenola; Piacentini Mauro; Vitale Ilio; Campanella Michelangelo; Manic Gwenola; Aaronson Stuart A; Chipuk Jerry E; Abrams John M; Adam Dieter; Agostinis Patrizia; Garg Abhishek D; Alnemri Emad S; Altucci Lucia; Amelio Ivano; Antonov Alexey V; Knight Richard A; MacFarlane Marion; Malewicz Michal; Melino Gerry; Andrews David W; Andrews David W; Andrews David W; Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli Margherita; Candi Eleonora; Arama Eli; Kimchi Adi; Baehrecke Eric H; Barlev Nickolai A; Bazan Nicolas G; Bernassola Francesca; Candi Eleonora; Melino Gerry; Bertrand Mathieu J M; Vanden Berghe Tom; Vandenabeele Peter; Bertrand Mathieu J M; Vanden Berghe Tom; Vandenabeele Peter; Bianchi Katiuscia; Blagosklonny Mikhail V; Blomgren Klas; Kroemer Guido; Blomgren Klas; Borner Christoph; Borner Christoph; Boya Patricia; Brenner Catherine; Brenner Catherine; Campanella Michelangelo; Campanella Michelangelo; Carmona-Gutierrez Didac; Madeo Frank; Cecconi Francesco; Cecconi Francesco; Chan Francis K-M; Chandel Navdeep S; Cheng Emily H; Cidlowski John A; Ciechanover Aaron; Gottlieb Eyal; Cohen Gerald M; Conrad Marcus; Cubillos-Ruiz Juan R; Czabotar Peter E; Strasser Andreas; Czabotar Peter E; Silke John; D'Angiolella Vincenzo; Dawson Ted M; Dawson Valina L; Dawson Ted M; Dawson Valina L; Dawson Ted M; Dawson Ted M; Dawson Valina L; Dawson Valina L; De Laurenzi Vincenzo; De Maria Ruggero; Sistigu Antonella; Debatin Klaus-Michael; DeBerardinis Ralph J; Deshmukh Mohanish; Di Daniele Nicola; Di Virgilio Francesco; Pinton Paolo; Dixit Vishva M; Dixon Scott J; Duckett Colin S; Dynlacht Brian D; Dynlacht Brian D; Pagano Michele; El-Deiry Wafik S; El-Deiry Wafik S; Elrod John W; Fimia Gian Maria; Piacentini Mauro; Fimia Gian Maria; Fulda Simone; Fulda Simone; Fulda Simone; Garcia-Saez Ana J; Garrido Carmen; Garrido Carmen; Garrido Carmen; Gavathiotis Evripidis; Gavathiotis Evripidis; Kitsis Richard N; Gavathiotis Evripidis; Kitsis Richard N; Gavathiotis Evripidis; Kitsis Richard N; Golstein Pierre; Gottlieb Eyal; Ryan Kevin M; Tait Stephen W G; Green Douglas R; Greene Lloyd A; Gronemeyer Hinrich; Gronemeyer Hinrich; Gronemeyer Hinrich; Gronemeyer Hinrich; Gross Atan; Hajnoczky Gyorgy; Hardwick J Marie; Harris Isaac S; Yuan Junying; Hengartner Michael O; Hetz Claudio; Hetz Claudio; Hetz Claudio; Ichijo Hidenori; Jaattela Marja; Joseph Bertrand; Zhivotovsky Boris; Jost Philipp J; Juin Philippe P; Juin Philippe P; Juin Philippe P; Juin Philippe P; Kaiser William J; Karin Michael; Karin Michael; Karin Michael; Karin Michael; Kaufmann Thomas; Simon Hans-Uwe; Kepp Oliver; Zitvogel Laurence; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Kitsis Richard N; Kitsis Richard N; Klionsky Daniel J; Klionsky Daniel J; Kumar Sharad; Lee Sam W; Lemasters John J; Lemasters John J; Levine Beth; Levine Beth; Levine Beth; Linkermann Andreas; Lipton Stuart A; Lipton Stuart A; Lipton Stuart A; Lockshin Richard A; Lockshin Richard A; Lopez-Otin Carlos; Lowe Scott W; Lowe Scott W; Luedde Tom; Lugli Enrico; Lugli Enrico; Madeo Frank; Malorni Walter; Marine Jean-Christophe; Marine Jean-Christophe; Martin Seamus J; Martinou Jean-Claude; Medema Jan Paul; Medema Jan Paul; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Meier Pascal; Melino Sonia; Miao Edward A; Miao Edward A; Miao Edward A; Molkentin Jeffery D; Moll Ute M; Munoz-Pinedo Cristina; Nagata Shigekazu; Nunez Gabriel; Nunez Gabriel; Oberst Andrew; Oberst Andrew; Oren Moshe; Overholtzer Michael; Pagano Michele; Pagano Michele; Panaretakis Theocharis; Panaretakis Theocharis; Pasparakis Manolis; Pasparakis Manolis; Penninger Josef M; Pereira David M; Pervaiz Shazib; Pervaiz Shazib; Pervaiz Shazib; Peter Marcus E; Peter Marcus E; Pinton Paolo; Pinton Paolo; Prehn Jochen H M; Puthalakath Hamsa; Rabinovich Gabriel A; Rabinovich Gabriel A; Rehm Markus; Rehm Markus; Rizzuto Rosario; Szabadkai Gyorgy; Rodrigues Cecilia M P; Rubinsztein David C; Rudel Thomas; Sayan Emre; Scorrano Luca; Scorrano Luca; Shao Feng; Shi Yufang; Shi Yufang; Shi Yufang; Silke John; Sistigu Antonella; Stockwell Brent R; Stockwell Brent R; Szabadkai Gyorgy; Szabadkai Gyorgy; Vousden Karen H; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tavernarakis Nektarios; Thorburn Andrew; Tsujimoto Yoshihide; Turk Boris; Turk Boris; Vander Heiden Matthew G; Vander Heiden Matthew G; Vander Heiden Matthew G; Villunger Andreas; Virgin Herbert W; Vucic Domagoj; Wagner Erwin F; Walczak Henning; Wallach David; Wang Ying; Wells James A; Wood Will; Yuan Junying; Zakeri Zahra; Zhivotovsky Boris; Zitvogel Laurence; Zitvogel Laurence; Zitvogel Laurence; Kroemer GuidoCell death and differentiation (2018), 25 (3), 486-541 ISSN:.Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field.
- 64Lin, Y. C.; Chipot, C.; Scheuring, S. Annexin-V Stabilizes Membrane Defects by Inducing Lipid Phase Transition. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 230, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14045-wGoogle Scholar65https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtFegsLs%253D&md5=761a2760489623b83af7dc77722a2ca5Annexin-V stabilizes membrane defects by inducing lipid phase transitionLin, Yi-Chih; Chipot, Christophe; Scheuring, SimonNature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 230CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)Annexins are abundant cytoplasmic proteins, which bind to membranes that expose neg. charged phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner. During cell injuries, the entry of extracellular Ca2+ activates the annexin membrane-binding ability, subsequently initiating membrane repair processes. However, the mechanistic action of annexins in membrane repair remains largely unknown. Here, we use high-speed at. force microscopy (HS-AFM), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and mol. dynamics simulations (MDSs) to analyze how annexin-V (A5) binds to phosphatidylserine (PS)-rich membranes leading to high Ca2+-concns. at membrane, and then to changes in the dynamics and organization of lipids, eventually to a membrane phase transition. A5 self-assembly into lattices further stabilizes and likely structures the membrane into a gel phase. Our findings are compatible with the patch resealing through vesicle fusion mechanism in membrane repair and indicate that A5 retains neg. charged lipids in the inner leaflet in an injured cell.
- 65Milleron, R. S.; Bratton, S. B. Heat Shock Induces Apoptosis Independently of Any Known Initiator Caspase-Activating Complex. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281 (25), 16991– 17000, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M512754200Google Scholar66https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XlvVGks7g%253D&md5=6ee4657b9d7e529346b30bd9ba1d677dHeat Shock Induces Apoptosis Independently of Any Known Initiator Caspase-activating ComplexMilleron, Rania S.; Bratton, Shawn B.Journal of Biological Chemistry (2006), 281 (25), 16991-17000CODEN: JBCHA3; ISSN:0021-9258. (American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)Adaptive responses to mild heat shock are among the most widely conserved and studied in nature. More intense heat shock, however, induces apoptosis through mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Herein, we present evidence that heat shock activates an apical protease that stimulates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and processing of the effector caspase-3 in a benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD-fluoromethyl ketone (polycaspase inhibitor)- and Bcl-2-inhibitable manner. Surprisingly, however, neither FADD·caspase-8 nor RAIDD·caspase-2 PIDDosome (p53-induced protein with a death domain) complexes were detected in dying cells, and neither of these initiator caspases nor the endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated caspases-4/12 were required for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Similarly, although cytochrome c was released from mitochondria following heat shock, functional Apaf-1·caspase-9 apoptosome complexes were not formed, and caspase-9 was not essential for the activation of caspase-3 or the induction of apoptosis. Thus, heat shock does not require any of the known initiator caspases or their activating complexes to promote apoptotic cell death but instead relies upon the activation of an apparently novel apical protease with caspase-like activity.
- 66Xu, M.; Wright, W. D.; Higashikubo, R.; Roti Roti, J. L. Chronic Thermotolerance with Continued Cell Proliferation. Int. J. Hyperth. 1996, 12 (5), 645– 660, DOI: 10.3109/02656739609027672Google Scholar67https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaK2s%252FktFKhsg%253D%253D&md5=db15214c67d59c92b52b7b07fc05560bChronic thermotolerance with continued cell proliferationXu M; Wright W D; Higashikubo R; Roti J LInternational journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group (1996), 12 (5), 645-60; discussion 661-2 ISSN:0265-6736.The human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, NSY42129, is capable of proliferation at 41.1 degrees C. This ability appears to be due to a type of chronic thermotolerance, as opposed to selection or adaptation, that allows these cells to traverse S phase at elevated temperatures. Four other human cell lines were studied for their ability to proliferate at 41.1 degrees C. Of those only one, also a colon adenocarcinoma, showed the ability to sustain proliferation at 41.1 degrees C. While all the cell lines examined showed increased levels of the major heat shock proteins at 41.1 degrees C, the cellular amounts of these proteins did not correlate with their ability to proliferate at 41.1 degrees C. However, the ability of the cells to proliferate at 41.1 degrees C did correlate with their ability to sustain elevated rates of synthesis of hsp70 and hsp90. These results could have implications in the clinical application of hyperthermia, particularly the use of long duration moderate hyperthermia.
- 67Keston, A. S.; Brandt, R. The Fluorometric Analysis of Ultramicro Quantities of Hydrogen Peroxide. Anal. Biochem. 1965, 11 (1), 1– 5, DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(65)90034-5Google Scholar68https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaF2MXkt1Grtr8%253D&md5=3a778c4356641fd428af245a70956de8Fluorometric analysis of ultramicro quantities of H2O2Keston, Albert S.; Brandt, RichardAnalytical Biochemistry (1965), 11 (1), 1-5CODEN: ANBCA2; ISSN:0003-2697.H2O2 in the range of 10-11 mole/mL. was analyzed on the basis of oxidn. of nonfluorescent diacetyldichlorofluorescin (I) to a fluorescent compd. by H2O2 and peroxidase. I was dild., in a buffer contg. ZnSO4, to 2 × 10-6M and 0.001 to 0.006 mg. of peroxidase/mL.; 3-mL. aliquots were pipetted directly to a cuvette and 0.2 mL. of a H2O2 soln. was added. The increase in fluorescence vs. time was recorded at room temp. (26°). The blank value is the fluorescence of the reagent and 0.2 mL. of H2O measured at the same time as the reaction. Diacetyldichlorofluorescein (II) was prepd. as was the I and contained 0.001 mg. of peroxidase/mL. The reaction was initiated by the addn. of H2O2, and heated at 42°. Fluorescence was then measured. Max. fluorescence was proportional to the amt. of H2O2 present. For anal. of amts. of H2O2 < 5 × lO-11 M, a procedure with 0.001 mg. of peroxidase/mL. and 2 × 10-7 M I was used.
- 68Aioub, M.; Panikkanvalappil, S. R.; El-Sayed, M. A. Platinum-Coated Gold Nanorods: Efficient Reactive Oxygen Scavengers That Prevent Oxidative Damage toward Healthy, Untreated Cells during Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy. ACS Nano 2017, 11 (1), 579– 586, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06651Google Scholar69https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitFOiur3L&md5=8440e6b09f5afe9796f95760a378c58ePlatinum-Coated Gold Nanorods: Efficient Reactive Oxygen Scavengers That Prevent Oxidative Damage toward Healthy, Untreated Cells during Plasmonic Photothermal TherapyAioub, Mena; Panikkanvalappil, Sajanlal R.; El-Sayed, Mostafa A.ACS Nano (2017), 11 (1), 579-586CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)As a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy, gold nanorod (AuNR)-based plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPT) has shown significant promise for the selective ablation of cancer cells. However, the heat stress experienced by cells during the PPT treatment produces significant amts. of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could harm healthy, untreated tissue near the point of care by inducing irreversible damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins, potentially causing cellular dysfunction or mutation. In this study, we utilized biocompatible Pt-coated AuNRs (PtAuNRs) with different platinum shell thicknesses as an alternative to AuNRs often used for the treatment. We show that the PtAuNRs maintain the efficacy of traditional AuNRs for inducing cell death while scavenging the ROS formed as a byproduct during PPT treatment, thereby protecting healthy, untreated cells from indirect death resulting from ROS formation. The synergistic effect of PtAuNRs in effectively killing cancer cells through hyperthermia with the simultaneous removal of heat stress induced ROS during PPT was validated in vitro using cell viability and fluorescence assays. Our results suggest that the high photothermal efficiency and ROS-scavenging activity of PtAuNRs makes them ideal candidates to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PPT treatment while reducing the risk of undesired side effects due to heat-stress-induced ROS formation.
- 69Drobczyński, S.; Prorok, K.; Tamarov, K.; Duś-Szachniewicz, K.; Lehto, V.-P.; Bednarkiewicz, A. Towards Controlled Photothermal Treatment of Single Cell: Optically Induced Heating and Remote Temperature Monitoring in-Vitro through Double Wavelength Optical Tweezers. ACS Photonics 2017, 4 (8), 1993– 2002, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00375Google Scholar70https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFSqsrfI&md5=5ed032638497135230a02a3b4581be51Toward Controlled Photothermal Treatment of Single Cell: Optically Induced Heating and Remote Temperature Monitoring In Vitro through Double Wavelength Optical TweezersDrobczynski, Slawomir; Prorok, Katarzyna; Tamarov, Konstantin; Dus-Szachniewicz, Kamila; Lehto, Vesa-Pekka; Bednarkiewicz, ArturACS Photonics (2017), 4 (8), 1993-2002CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)Cancer treatment based on hyperthermia (HT) relies on exposing the malignant cells to elevated local temp. Although the procedure has been successfully applied in clinics, the fundamental aspects of HT are not yet fully understood. In order to verify the susceptibility of single cells in vitro to raised temp., we have developed novel nano- and microtools. In particular, an optical double-trap system utilizing combined galvano-mirror scanning and spatial light phase modulator was devised to manipulate several micron-sized objects simultaneously. The manipulation comprised both optical trapping and translocating, on demand photoactivated heating, and simultaneous remote temp. readout of living cells, IR activated heaters and optical thermometers, resp. Mesoporous silicon microparticles were used as an IR absorber to generate an increased temp. of about 100 °C with 0.4 W laser power. The optical micron-sized thermometer was based on up-converting Yb-Er codoped nanocryst. particles encapsulated in amorphous silica shells produced with yeast cells as the templates. These hybrid particles displayed a relative sensitivity of 0.28%/K, an accuracy of 0.1 °C (at 32 °C), spatial resoln. of <10 μm, and a temporal response of 50 ms/acquisition to record the temp. changes in specified areas in real time. The system was utilized in monitoring the stepwise cell death of individual diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells due to locally induced excessive heating induced by the absorber localized in the vicinity of the cell.
- 70Odaka, H.; Arai, S.; Inoue, T.; Kitaguchi, T. Genetically-Encoded Yellow Fluorescent cAMP Indicator with an Expanded Dynamic Range for Dual-Color Imaging. PLoS One 2014, 9 (6), e100252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100252Google Scholar71https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhs1antr3I&md5=1d5ada43c7dccb086da40df632776504Genetically-encoded yellow fluorescent cAMP indicator with an expanded dynamic range for dual-color imagingOdaka, Haruki; Arai, Satoshi; Inoue, Takafumi; Kitaguchi, TetsuyaPLoS One (2014), 9 (6), e100252/1-e100252/7, 7 pp.CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)CAMP is a ubiquitous second messenger, which mediates many cellular responses mainly initiated by activation of cell surface receptors. Various Forster resonance energy transfer-based ratiometric cAMP indicators have been created for monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of cAMP at the single-cell level. However, single fluorescent protein-based cAMP indicators have been poorly developed, with improvement required for dynamic range and brightness. Based on our previous yellow fluorescent protein-based cAMP indicator, Flamindo, we developed an improved yellow fluorescent cAMP indicator named Flamindo2. Flamindo2 has a 2-fold expanded dynamic range and 8-fold increased brightness compared with Flamindo by optimization of linker peptides in the vicinity of the chromophore. We found that fluorescence intensity of Flamindo2 was decreased to 25% in response to cAMP. Live-cell cAMP imaging of the cytosol and nucleus in COS7 cells using Flamindo2 and nlsFlamindo2, resp., showed that forskolin elevated cAMP levels in each compartment with different kinetics. Furthermore, dual-color imaging of cAMP and Ca2+ with Flamindo2 and a red fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, R-GECO, showed that cAMP and Ca2+ elevation were induced by noradrenaline in single HeLa cells. Our study shows that Flamindo2, which is feasible for multi-color imaging with other intracellular signaling mols., is useful and is an alternative tool for live-cell imaging of intracellular cAMP dynamics.
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Abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1. Characterization of nanoHT with regard to the ability of heat release and temperature sensing. (A) Schematic illustrations of nanoHT and its controlled heating inside a cell. (B) Excitation and fluorescence spectra of C102 and EuDT, and the absorption spectrum of V-Nc in nanoHT. (C) DLS measurement of nanoHT. The average of diameter: 153 ± 51 nm (mean ± SD). The black line indicates the log-normal fitting curve. (D) The normalized fluorescence intensity (FI) values of C102 and EuDT were plotted against temperature as the first axis, and the ratio value (EuDT/C102), which is normalized to that of 37 °C, as the second axis. Error bars, SD (n = 3). The temperature sensitivities of C102, EuDT, and the ratio obtained from the slopes were determined to −0.06, −2.96, and −2.89%/°C, respectively. (E) The evaluation of the heating ability of nanoHT suspension in the cuvette by irradiation with an NIR laser (808 nm). Error bars, SD (n = 3).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Validation of heat-releasing ability of nanoHT. (A) Schematic representation of the setup to validate the temperature-sensing ability of nanoHT under the microscope with an NIR infrared laser (980 nm). Scale bar: 5 μm. (B) The mean fluorescence intensities of C102 and EuDT at each ROI as shown in (A) were plotted every 0.56 s in the time course (5 s NIR laser stimulation). (C) The calibration curve of nanoHT against temperature obtained under the microscopic observation. Error bars, SD (n = 3). (D) The normalized ratio (EuDT/C102) was converted to the temperature increment (ΔT) profile using the calibration curve. (E, F) Validation of the heat-releasing ability of nanoHT using an 808 nm laser. The mean fluorescence intensity at each ROI was plotted in the time course with NIR laser stimulation being performed for 5 s intervals at different laser powers (0.98–11 mW). (G) The average of temperature increment provided by nanoHT (error bars, SD n = 10) was plotted for each value of laser power of the 808 nm NIR laser. Solid line shows the linear fit. White dotted circles in (A) and (E) indicate the NIR spots.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Validation of heat-releasing capabilities of nanoHT in HeLa cells. (A, B) Validation of the heat-releasing ability of nanoHT using an 808 nm laser. The mean fluorescence intensity of nanoHT in (A) was plotted in the time course with NIR laser stimulation being performed for 5 s intervals at different laser powers (0.98–11 mW). Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) The averages of temperature increment provided by nanoHT (error bars, SD n = 12) were plotted at varying laser powers of the 808 nm NIR laser. Solid line shows the linear fit. (D) The different temporal patterns of the temperature increment created by nanoHT. The mean of the normalized ratio of nanoHT with SD (n = 3) was plotted in the time course. (E) Colocalization test with a lysosome tracker in the upper panel (red: C102, green: lysosome tracker to stain acidic organelles). Enlarged view of the region surrounded by a dashed square before, during, and after heating. Scale bar: 10 μm. White dotted circles in (A) and (E) indicate the NIR spots.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Evaluation of temperature distribution provided by nanoHT in a HeLa cell and in the dish. (A) nanoHT was located at the surface of the dish filled with the blue fluorescent protein (BFP) solution, while nanoHT was taken into the HeLa cell expressing BFP. The trajectory of nanoHT is depicted in the lower panel in the dish (left side) and HeLa cell (right side), respectively. During the 50 s tracking, the NIR laser stimulation was performed at three different powers (2.2, 6.6, and 11.2 mW) for 5 s intervals. (B) The total traveling distance of nanoHT in the dish and HeLa cell during 50 s. The data set corresponds to Figure 4A. The linear fitting curves were y = 0.03x + 0.13 (R2 = 0.87, 2.2 mW), y = 0.03x + 0.13 (R2 = 0.98, 6.6 mW), and y = 0.03x + 0.13 (R2 = 0.98, 11.2 mW) in the dish; y = 0.09x – 0.08 (R2 = 0.95, 2.2 mW), y = 0.13x – 0.72 (R2 = 0.95, 6.6 mW), and y = 0.12x – 0.64 (R2 = 0.95, 11.2 mW) in HeLa cell. (C) The velocity of nanoHT (μm/s) during heating is plotted at different temperatures in the dish and HeLa cell. ΔT represents mean ± SD for 5 s heating. (D) The analysis of temperature distribution generated by nanoHT using BFP at different laser powers (2.2, 6.6, and 11.2 mW). The grouped stacked images during 5 s heating were divided by the image before heating. The triangle marks indicated the position of the line profile as shown at the bottom of each image.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Heat-triggered cell death by nanoHT. (A) Dual imaging of Apopxin Green (apoptosis marker) and nanoHT (blue: C102) in a HeLa cell. (B) The time course of the normalized ratio of nanoHT and fluorescence of Apopxin Green in the vicinity of the heat spot (NIR stimulation for 10 s). The temperature increments were estimated by the calibration curve. (C) Images of the HeLa cell stained with Apopxin Green and PI (for detection of necrosis or late stage of apoptosis) after heating (1 and 10 min). (D) The correlation between the temperature increment of nanoHT and the enhancement of apopxin green (F/F0). Laser power was varied from 8.8 to 11.2 mW. ΔT represents mean ± SD for 10 s of heating. (E) Dual imaging with Ca2+ (B-GECO) and Apopxin Green in a HeLa cell. Elapsed time is shown in the top left of each image in (A) and (E). Scale bars: 10 μm. White dotted circles in (A), (C), and (E) indicate the NIR spots.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Evaluation of intracellular ATP dynamics during local heating. (A) Morphological changes occur in mitochondria after heating at the temperature above the threshold temperature to induce the cell death. Scale bar: 20 μm. (B) Fluorescence image of HeLa cell expressing MaLionG (cytoplasmic ATP) and mitoMaLionR (mitochondrial ATP) with nanoHT (C102). Scale bar: 20 μm. (C) The time course of mitoMaLionR in the vicinity of nanoHT (the local area of the cell shown in (B)). Scale bar: 10 μm. (D) The ATP dynamics in cytoplasm (MaLionG) and mitochondria (mitoMaLionR) at ROI1 and -2 of the same cell shown in (B). The heating period is 1 min. (E) The analysis of mitochondrial ATP dynamics in the vicinity of the heat spot similar to ROI1 shown in (B) in four cells at different temperature increments (3.6 ± 1.5, 5.3 ± 0.5, 8.7 ± 0.3, and 10.1 ± 0.7 °C below the threshold of the cell death). (F) The thick lines of MaLionG and mitoMaLionR represent the average of seven cells with SD at different temperatures. White dotted circles in (A–C) indicate the NIR spots.
Figure 7
Figure 7. C2C12 myotube contraction induced by sequential heating by nanoHT. (A) Images of C2C12 myotube with nanoHT (red) and CellTracker Green (green: cytoplasm). Scale bar: 10 μm. (B) Temperature increments provided by sequential NIR stimulation every 5 s. (C) Kymographs of line A and B as shown in (A). (D) The dynamic profile of the line A in response to NIR stimulation. (E) Quantitative analysis of the displacement induced by the heating by nanoHT. Left: schematic illustrations showing the image analysis of the morphology change of the C2C12 myotube by heating. Center: the x–z profile of line A. Each dot shows the average with SD during 5 s. Right: the maximum displacement at the x-axis was plotted against varying temperature. The solid line represents the exponential fit. ΔT represents mean ± SD for 5 s of heating. A white dotted circle indicates the NIR spot.
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- 2Jauffred, L.; Samadi, A.; Klingberg, H.; Bendix, P. M.; Oddershede, L. B. Plasmonic Heating of Nanostructures. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119 (13), 8087– 8130, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b007382https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtVais7zE&md5=c54887bff94f750e2ac69c3917b39381Plasmonic Heating of NanostructuresJauffred, Liselotte; Samadi, Akbar; Klingberg, Henrik; Bendix, Poul Martin; Oddershede, Lene B.Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2019), 119 (13), 8087-8130CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)A review. The absorption of light by plasmonic nanostructures and their assocd. temp. increase are exquisitely sensitive to the shape and compn. of the structure and to the wavelength of light. Therefore, much effort is put into synthesizing novel nanostructures for optimized interaction with the incident light. The successful synthesis and characterization of high quality and biocompatible plasmonic colloidal nanoparticles has fostered numerous and expanding applications, esp. in biomedical contexts, where such particles are highly promising for general drug delivery and for tomorrow's cancer treatment. We review the thermoplasmonic properties of the most commonly used plasmonic nanoparticles, including solid or composite metallic nanoparticles of various dimensions and geometries. Common methods for synthesizing plasmonic particles are presented with the overall goal of providing the reader with a guide for designing or choosing nanostructures with optimal thermoplasmonic properties for a given application. Finally, the biocompatibility and biol. tolerance of structures are critically discussed along with novel applications of plasmonic nanoparticles in the life sciences.
- 3Mondal, D.; Bandyopadhyay, S. N.; Mathur, P.; Goswami, D. On-the-Fly Calibrated Measure and Remote Control of Temperature and Viscosity at Nanoscale. ACS Omega 2018, 3 (9), 12304– 12311, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b015723https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhvVSqtbnN&md5=e64962c1d894c499eea761b24c51d01dOn-the-Fly Calibrated Measure and Remote Control of Temperature and Viscosity at NanoscaleMondal, Dipankar; Bandyopadhyay, Soumendra Nath; Mathur, Paresh; Goswami, DebabrataACS Omega (2018), 3 (9), 12304-12311CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)A novel on the fly calibration method of optical tweezers is presented that enables in situ control and measure of abs. temp. and viscosity at nanoscale dimensions. Such noncontact measurement and control at the nanoscale are challenging as the present techniques only provide off-line measurements that do not provide abs. values. Addnl., some of the present methods have a low spatial resoln. Simultaneously the high temporal sensitivity of position autocorrelation and equipartition theorem were applied to precisely measure and control in situ temp. and the corresponding micro-rheol. property around the focal vol. of the trap at high spatial resoln. The fs optical tweezers (FOT) uses a single-beam high repetition rate laser for optical trapping to result in finer temp. gradients in comparison to the continuous-wave laser tweezers. Such finer temp. gradients are due to the addnl. nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena occurring only at the nanoscale focal plane of the FOT. Since NLO processes are laser peak power dependent, they promote an effective study of phys. properties occurring only at the focal plane. Using FOT at optically benign near IR wavelengths, micro-rheol. control and measurement in H2O were demonstrated by adding a highly absorbing yet low fluorescent dye (IR 780).
- 4Kato, H.; Nishizaka, T.; Iga, T.; Kinosita, K.; Ishiwata, S. Imaging of Thermal Activation of Actomyosin Motors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96, 9602– 9606, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.17.96024https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXlsVymsLg%253D&md5=8fe5c3b277a14f5cd5731963cbfca50dImaging of thermal activation of actomyosin motorsKato, Hirokazu; Nishizaka, Takayuki; Iga, Takashi; Kinosita, Kazuhiko, Jr.; Ishiwata, Shin'ichiProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1999), 96 (17), 9602-9606CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)We have developed temp.-pulse microscopy in which the temp. of a microscopic sample is raised reversibly in a square-wave fashion with rise and fall times of several ms, and locally in a region of approx. 10 μm in diam. with a temp. gradient up to 2°/μm. Temp. distribution was imaged pixel by pixel by image processing of the fluorescence intensity of rhodamine phalloidin attached to (single) actin filaments. With short pulses, actomyosin motors could be activated above physiol. temps. (higher than 60° at the peak) before thermally induced protein damage began to occur. When a sliding actin filament was heated to 40-45°, the sliding velocity reached 30 μm/s at 25 mM KCl and 50 μm/s at 50 mM KCl, the highest velocities reported for skeletal myosin in usual in vitro assay systems. Both the sliding velocity and force increased by an order of magnitude when heated from 18° to 40-45°. Temp.-pulse microscopy is expected to be useful for studies of biomols. and cells requiring temporal and/or spatial thermal modulation.
- 5Oyama, K.; Ishii, S.; Suzuki, M. Opto-Thermal Technologies for Microscopic Analysis of Cellular Temperature-Sensing Systems. Biophys. Rev. 2022, 14 (1), 41– 54, DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00854-15https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XktVGitb4%253D&md5=d31d030ac8758705991d59dc5b8dbd68Opto-thermal technologies for microscopic analysis of cellular temperature-sensing systemsOyama, Kotaro; Ishii, Shuya; Suzuki, MadokaBiophysical Reviews (Heidelberg, Germany) (2022), 14 (1), 41-54CODEN: BRIECG; ISSN:1867-2469. (Springer)A review. Could enzymic activities and their cooperative functions act as cellular temp.-sensing systems. This review introduces recent opto-thermal technologies for microscopic analyses of various types of cellular temp.-sensing system. Optical microheating technologies have been developed for local and rapid temp. manipulations at the cellular level. Advanced luminescent thermometers visualize the dynamics of cellular local temp. in space and time during microheating. An optical heater and thermometer can be combined into one smart nanomaterial that demonstrates hybrid function. These technologies have revealed a variety of cellular responses to spatial and temporal changes in temp. Spatial temp. gradients cause asym. deformations during mitosis and neurite outgrowth. Rapid changes in temp. causes imbalance of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and membrane potential. Among those responses, heat-induced muscle contractions are highlighted. It is also demonstrated that the short-term heating hyperactivates mol. motors to exceed their maximal activities at optimal temps. We discuss future prospects for opto-thermal manipulation of cellular functions and contributions to obtain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of cellular temp.-sensing systems.
- 6Lin, F. C.; Zink, J. I. Probing the Local Nanoscale Heating Mechanism of a Magnetic Core in Mesoporous Silica Drug-Delivery Nanoparticles Using Fluorescence Depolarization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142 (11), 5212– 5220, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b130826https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXjs12gtL0%253D&md5=dacf2a03da5c3c4865912b0c2b3bd35dProbing the Local Nanoscale Heating Mechanism of a Magnetic Core in Mesoporous Silica Drug-Delivery Nanoparticles Using Fluorescence DepolarizationLin, Fang-Chu; Zink, Jeffrey I.Journal of the American Chemical Society (2020), 142 (11), 5212-5220CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)In the presence of an alternating magnetic field (AMF), a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) generates heat. Understanding the local heating mechanism of a SPION in suspension and in a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) will advance the design of hyperthermia-based nanotheranostics and AMF-stimulated drug delivery in biomedical applications. The AMF-induced heating of single-domain SPION can be explained by the N´eel relaxation (reorientation of the magnetization) or the Brownian relaxation (motion of the particle). The latter is investigated using fluorescence depolarization based on detecting the mobility-dependent polarization anisotropy (r) of two luminescence emission bands at different wavelengths corresponded to the europium-doped luminescent SPION (EuSPION) core and the silica-based intrinsically emitting shell of the core-shell MSN. The fluorescence depolarization expts. are carried out with both the free and the silica-encapsulated SPION nanoparticles with and without application of the AMF. The r value of a EuSPION core-mesoporous silica shell in the presence of the AMF does not change, indicating that no addnl. rotational motion of the core-shell nanoparticles is induced by the AMF, disproving the contribution of Brownian heating and thus supporting N´eel relaxation as the dominant heating mechanism.
- 7Piñol, R.; Brites, C. D. S.; Bustamante, R.; Martínez, A.; Silva, N. J. O.; Murillo, J. L.; Cases, R.; Carrey, J.; Estepa, C.; Sosa, C.; Palacio, F.; Carlos, L. D.; Millán, A. Joining Time-Resolved Thermometry and Magnetic-Induced Heating in a Single Nanoparticle Unveils Intriguing Thermal Properties. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (3), 3134– 3142, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b000597https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXjtVehtbo%253D&md5=0ce0c0ef0bc689c4f2202fecc7dcb597Joining Time-Resolved Thermometry and Magnetic-Induced Heating in a Single Nanoparticle Unveils Intriguing Thermal PropertiesPinol, Rafael; Brites, Carlos D. S.; Bustamante, Rodney; Martinez, Abelardo; Silva, Nuno J. O.; Murillo, Jose L.; Cases, Rafael; Carrey, Julian; Estepa, Carlos; Sosa, Cecilia; Palacio, Fernando; Carlos, Luis D.; Millan, AngelACS Nano (2015), 9 (3), 3134-3142CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Whereas efficient and sensitive nanoheaters and nanothermometers are demanding tools in modern bio- and nanomedicine, joining both features in a single nanoparticle still remains a real challenge, despite the recent progress achieved, most of it within the last year. Here we demonstrate a successful realization of this challenge. The heating is magnetically induced, the temp. readout is optical, and the ratiometric thermometric probes are dual-emissive Eu3+/Tb3+ lanthanide complexes. The low thermometer heat capacitance (0.021·K-1) and heater/thermometer resistance (1 K·W-1), the high temp. sensitivity (5.8%·K-1 at 296 K) and uncertainty (0.5 K), the physiol. working temp. range (295-315 K), the readout reproducibility (>99.5%), and the fast time response (0.250 s) make the heater/thermometer nanoplatform proposed here unique. Cells were incubated with the nanoparticles, and fluorescence microscopy permits the mapping of the intracellular local temp. using the pixel-by-pixel ratio of the Eu3+/Tb3+ intensities. Time-resolved thermometry under an ac magnetic field evidences the failure of using macroscopic thermal parameters to describe heat diffusion at the nanoscale.
- 8Kamei, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Watanabe, K.; Fujimori, K.; Kawasaki, T.; Deguchi, T.; Yoneda, Y.; Todo, T.; Takagi, S.; Funatsu, T.; Yuba, S. Infrared Laser–Mediated Gene Induction in Targeted Single Cells in Vivo. Nat. Methods 2009, 6, 79– 81, DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.12788https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhsVOms7bL&md5=95f6560780aff3f0c1fa4b7527e76f13Infrared laser-mediated gene induction in targeted single cells in vivoKamei, Yasuhiro; Suzuki, Motoshi; Watanabe, Kenjiro; Fujimori, Kazuhiro; Kawasaki, Takashi; Deguchi, Tomonori; Yoneda, Yoshihiro; Todo, Takeshi; Takagi, Shin; Funatsu, Takashi; Yuba, ShunsukeNature Methods (2009), 6 (1), 79-81CODEN: NMAEA3; ISSN:1548-7091. (Nature Publishing Group)We developed IR laser-evoked gene operator (IR-LEGO), a microscope system optimized for heating cells without photochem. damage. IR irradn. causes reproducible temp. shifts of the in vitro microenvironment in a power-dependent manner. When applied to living Caenorhabditis elegans, IR-LEGO induced heat shock-mediated expression of transgenes in targeted single cells in a more efficient and less deleterious manner than a 440-nm dye laser and elicited physiol. relevant phenotypic responses.
- 9Bell, A. P.; Fairfield, J. A.; McCarthy, E. K.; Mills, S.; Boland, J. J.; Baffou, G.; McCloskey, D. Quantitative Study of the Photothermal Properties of Metallic Nanowire. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (5), 5551– 5558, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b016739https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXnslCqtLw%253D&md5=55beaed0d2ea70789e6f85b6b7f1acbbQuantitative Study of the Photothermal Properties of Metallic Nanowire NetworksBell, Alan P.; Fairfield, Jessamyn A.; McCarthy, Eoin K.; Mills, Shaun; Boland, John J.; Baffou, Guillaume; McCloskey, DavidACS Nano (2015), 9 (5), 5551-5558CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)A comprehensive study of the photothermal properties of plasmonic nanowire networks is presented. The local steady-state temp. increase, heat source d., and absorption in Ag, Au, and Ni metallic nanowire networks under optical illumination were measured. This allows direct exptl. confirmation of increased heat generation at the junction between 2 metallic nanowires and stacking-dependent absorption of polarized light. Due to thermal collective effects, the local temp. distribution in a network is completely delocalized on a micrometer scale, despite the nanoscale features in the heat source d. Comparison of the exptl. temp. profile with numerical simulation allows an upper limit for the effective thermal cond. of a Ag nanowire network to be established at 43 W m-1 K-1 (0.1 κbulk).
- 10Miyako, E.; Russier, J.; Mauro, M.; Cebrian, C.; Yawo, H.; Ménard-Moyon, C.; Hutchison, J. a; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; De Cola, L.; Bianco, A. Photofunctional Nanomodulators for Bioexcitation. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53 (48), 13121– 13125, DOI: 10.1002/anie.20140716910https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvFGit73M&md5=87a1b23a6b17818a366c4767483f17f6Photofunctional Nanomodulators for BioexcitationMiyako, Eijiro; Russier, Julie; Mauro, Matteo; Cebrian, Cristina; Yawo, Hiromu; Menard-Moyon, Cecilia; Hutchison, James A.; Yudasaka, Masako; Iijima, Sumio; De Cola, Luisa; Bianco, AlbertoAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2014), 53 (48), 13121-13125CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A single organism comprises diverse types of cells. To acquire a detailed understanding of the biol. functions of each cell, comprehensive control and anal. of homeostatic processes at the single-cell level are required. In this study, we develop a new type of light-driven nanomodulator comprising dye-functionalized carbon nanohorns (CNHs) that generate heat and reactive oxygen species under biol. transparent near-IR (NIR) laser irradn. By exploiting the physicochem. properties of the nanohorns, cellular calcium ion flux and membrane currents were successfully controlled at the single-cell level. In addn., the nanomodulator allows a remote bioexcitation of tissues during NIR laser exposure making this system a powerful tool for single-cell analyses and innovative cell therapies.
- 11Li, J.; Xie, C.; Huang, J.; Jiang, Y.; Miao, Q.; Pu, K. Semiconducting Polymer Nanoenzymes with Photothermic Activity for Enhanced Cancer Therapy. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57 (15), 3995– 3998, DOI: 10.1002/anie.20180051111https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXkt1Gqu7o%253D&md5=135edbd2d06ba42202b9041ab8a07e4eSemiconducting Polymer Nanoenzymes with Photothermic Activity for Enhanced Cancer TherapyLi, Jingchao; Xie, Chen; Huang, Jiaguo; Jiang, Yuyan; Miao, Qingqing; Pu, KanyiAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2018), 57 (15), 3995-3998CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)Regulation of enzyme activity is fundamentally challenging but practically meaningful for biol. and medicine. However, noninvasive remote control of enzyme activity in living systems has been rarely demonstrated and exploited for therapy. Herein, we synthesize a semiconducting polymer nanoenzyme with photothermic activity for enhanced cancer therapy. Upon near-IR (NIR) light irradn., the activity of the nanoenzyme can be enhanced by 3.5-fold to efficiently digest collagen in the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to enhanced nanoparticle accumulation in tumors and consequently improved photothermal therapy (PTT). This study thus provides a promising strategy to remotely regulate enzyme activity for cancer therapy.
- 12Lei, S.; Zhang, Y.; Blum, N. T.; Huang, P.; Lin, J. Recent Advances in Croconaine Dyes for Bioimaging and Theranostics. Bioconjugate Chem. 2020, 31 (9), 2072– 2084, DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c0035612https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhsV2mtrjK&md5=af036db2af0241846e4efcaf8f427a1dRecent Advances in Croconaine Dyes for Bioimaging and TheranosticsLei, Shan; Zhang, Yifan; Blum, Nicholas Thomas; Huang, Peng; Lin, JingBioconjugate Chemistry (2020), 31 (9), 2072-2084CODEN: BCCHES; ISSN:1043-1802. (American Chemical Society)A review. Croconaine (CR) dyes, the donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type zwitterionic compds. with extended π-conjugation, can be readily synthesized via a straightforward condensation reaction. They have received much attention in bioimaging and theranostics, owing to their tailored structures and fascinating near-IR (NIR) photophys. properties. In this topical review, the authors summarize the recent advances in biomedical applications for CR dyes. First, the authors introduce the classification and optical performance of CR dyes. Next, the authors highlight the chem. and applications of CR dyes in bioimaging and theranostics. Finally, the summary and prospects of CR dyes for bioimaging and theranostics are discussed.
- 13Song, P.; Gao, H.; Gao, Z.; Liu, J.; Zhang, R.; Kang, B.; Xu, J.-J.; Chen, H.-Y. Heat Transfer and Thermoregulation within Single Cells Revealed by Transient Plasmonic Imaging. Chem. 2021, 7 (6), 1569– 1587, DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.02.02713https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXntl2qt74%253D&md5=873f9a7a8ecd8050c0ff0dfffa0d9dcaHeat transfer and thermoregulation within single cells revealed by transient plasmonic imagingSong, Pei; Gao, He; Gao, Zhaoshuai; Liu, Jiaxing; Zhang, Ruiping; Kang, Bin; Xu, Jing-Juan; Chen, Hong-YuanChem (2021), 7 (6), 1569-1587CODEN: CHEMVE; ISSN:2451-9294. (Cell Press)Cells, as the basic unit of life, undergo continuous heat transfer and dissipation during their metab., which is related not only to fundamental cellular functions but also massive applications. Unfortunately, thus far, we still know little about the heat transfer properties at the cellular or subcellular levels. Here, we demonstrated a transient microscopic method to measure the heat transfer in single cells. The thermal cond. of different regions within a single cell shows a wide heterogeneity, and heat transfer in the region near the cell membrane is more active than the central region. However, the median values of thermal cond. between different individual cells are quite close. A cellular-level heat regulation that responds to environmental temp. is obsd. in warm-blooded humans and chickens rather than in cold-blooded bullfrogs. According to the temp.-dependent cell metab., we proposed a hypothesis for cellular control of heat dissipation, which might be the cellular-level foundation of body thermoregulation.
- 14Brites, C. D. S.; Xie, X.; Debasu, M. L.; Qin, X.; Chen, R.; Huang, W.; Rocha, J.; Liu, X.; Carlos, L. D. Instantaneous Ballistic Velocity of Suspended Brownian Nanocrystals Measured by Upconversion Nanothermometry. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11 (10), 851– 856, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.11114https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtFWjsrzI&md5=fb1e563b619124dba475cdcb0e445cf4Instantaneous ballistic velocity of suspended Brownian nanocrystals measured by upconversion nanothermometryBrites, Carlos D. S.; Xie, Xiaoji; Debasu, Mengistie L.; Qin, Xian; Chen, Runfeng; Huang, Wei; Rocha, Joao; Liu, Xiaogang; Carlos, Luis D.Nature Nanotechnology (2016), 11 (10), 851-856CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)Brownian motion is one of the most fascinating phenomena in nature. Its conceptual implications have a profound impact in almost every field of science and even economics, from dissipative processes in thermodn. systems, gene therapy in biomedical research, artificial motors and galaxy formation to the behavior of stock prices. However, despite extensive exptl. studies, the basic microscopic knowledge of prototypical systems such as colloidal particles in a fluid is still far from being complete. This is particularly the case for the measurement of the particles' instantaneous velocities, elusive due to the rapid random movements on extremely short timescales. Here, the authors report the measurement of the instantaneous ballistic velocity of Brownian nanocrystals suspended in both aq. and org. solvents. To achieve this, the authors develop a technique based on upconversion nanothermometry. The population of excited electronic states in NaYF4:Yb/Er nanocrystals at thermal equil. can be used for temp. mapping of the nanofluid with great thermal sensitivity (1.15% K-1 at 296 K) and a high spatial resoln. (<1 μm). A distinct correlation between the heat flux in the nanofluid and the temporal evolution of Er3+ emission allows the authors to measure the instantaneous velocity of nanocrystals with different sizes and shapes.
- 15Shen, Y.; Santos, H. D. A.; Ximendes, E. C.; Lifante, J.; Sanz-Portilla, A.; Monge, L.; Fernández, N.; Chaves-Coira, I.; Jacinto, C.; Brites, C. D. S.; Carlos, L. D.; Benayas, A.; Iglesias-de la Cruz, M. C.; Jaque, D. Ag2S Nanoheaters with Multiparameter Sensing for Reliable Thermal Feedback during In Vivo Tumor Therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30 (49), 2002730, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.20200273015https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhvVCqsbjM&md5=4fb373c7589e3535ce60bb347afbcddcAg2S Nanoheaters with Multiparameter Sensing for Reliable Thermal Feedback during In Vivo Tumor TherapyShen, Yingli; Santos, Harrisson D. A.; Ximendes, Erving C.; Lifante, Jose; Sanz-Portilla, Ana; Monge, Luis; Fernandez, Nuria; Coria, Irene Chaves; Jacinto, Carlos; Brites, Carlos D. S.; Carlos, Luis D.; Benayas, Antonio; Iglesias-de la Cruz, M. Carmen; Jaque, DanielAdvanced Functional Materials (2020), 30 (49), 2002730CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)The emergence of luminescence nanothermometry in bio and nanomedicine has enabled achievements outside the reach of conventional techniques. For instance, it provided real-time monitoring of in vivo thermal therapies of tumors, a mandatory requirement for these techniques to work safely and efficiently. However, the reliability of intratumoral thermal readings is currently in question due to the presence of artifacts caused by the inhomogeneous optical properties of biol. tissues. This work demonstrates how it is possible to avoid, under specific conditions, these artifacts and reach precise and reliable in vivo intratumoral thermal feedback during in vivo photothermal treatments. The method proposed is based on the use of luminescent nanoparticles capable of multiparametric thermal sensing. The convergence of the different thermal readouts becomes a solid indicator of their reliability. This new approach makes possible precise (thermal uncertainties <1°) intratumoral thermal feed-back, while simple, efficient, and minimally invasive in vivo thermal treatments of surface tumors was carried out. Results included in this work provide an ingenious route toward the consolidation of luminescence nanothermometry as a convincing technique for high sensitivity preclin. thermal sensing, while also constituting a step toward improved photothermal therapies.
- 16Carrasco, E.; del Rosal, B.; Sanz-Rodríguez, F.; de la Fuente, Á. J.; Gonzalez, P. H.; Rocha, U.; Kumar, K. U.; Jacinto, C.; Solé, J. G.; Jaque, D. Intratumoral Thermal Reading During Photo-Thermal Therapy by Multifunctional Fluorescent Nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25 (4), 615– 626, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.20140365316https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitVChsrbK&md5=01999d239e35f59e7a8cefc19e2b1de8Intratumoral thermal reading during photo-thermal therapy by multifunctional fluorescent nanoparticlesCarrasco, Elisa; del Rosal, Blanca; Sanz-Rodriguez, Francisco; Juarranz de la Fuente, Angeles; Gonzalez, Patricia Haro; Rocha, Ueslen; Kumar, Kagola Upendra; Jacinto, Carlos; Sole, Jose Garcia; Jaque, DanielAdvanced Functional Materials (2015), 25 (4), 615-626CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)The tremendous development of nanotechnol. is bringing us closer to the dream of clin. application of nanoparticles in photothermal therapies of tumors. This requires the use of specific nanoparticles that must be highly biocompatible, efficient light-to-heat converters and fluorescent markers. Temp. reading by the heating nanoparticles during therapy appears of paramount importance to keep at a min. the collateral damage that could arise from undesirable excessive heating. In this work, this thermally controlled therapy is possible by using Nd3+ ion-doped LaF3 nanocrystals. Because of the particular optical features of Nd3+ ions at high doping concns., these nanoparticles are capable of in vivo photothermal heating, fluorescent tumor localization and intratumoral thermal sensing. The successful photothermal therapy expts. here presented highlight the importance of controlling therapy parameters based on intratumoral temp. measurements instead of on the traditionally used skin temp. measurements. In fact, significant differences between intratumoral and skin temps. do exist and could lead to the appearance of excessive collateral damage. These results open a new avenue for the real application of nano-particle-based photothermal therapy at clin. level.
- 17Drobczyński, S.; Prorok, K.; Tamarov, K.; Duś-Szachniewicz, K.; Lehto, V. P.; Bednarkiewicz, A. Toward Controlled Photothermal Treatment of Single Cell: Optically Induced Heating and Remote Temperature Monitoring in Vitro through Double Wavelength Optical Tweezers. ACS Photonics 2017, 4 (8), 1993– 2002, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b0037517https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFSqsrfI&md5=5ed032638497135230a02a3b4581be51Toward Controlled Photothermal Treatment of Single Cell: Optically Induced Heating and Remote Temperature Monitoring In Vitro through Double Wavelength Optical TweezersDrobczynski, Slawomir; Prorok, Katarzyna; Tamarov, Konstantin; Dus-Szachniewicz, Kamila; Lehto, Vesa-Pekka; Bednarkiewicz, ArturACS Photonics (2017), 4 (8), 1993-2002CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)Cancer treatment based on hyperthermia (HT) relies on exposing the malignant cells to elevated local temp. Although the procedure has been successfully applied in clinics, the fundamental aspects of HT are not yet fully understood. In order to verify the susceptibility of single cells in vitro to raised temp., we have developed novel nano- and microtools. In particular, an optical double-trap system utilizing combined galvano-mirror scanning and spatial light phase modulator was devised to manipulate several micron-sized objects simultaneously. The manipulation comprised both optical trapping and translocating, on demand photoactivated heating, and simultaneous remote temp. readout of living cells, IR activated heaters and optical thermometers, resp. Mesoporous silicon microparticles were used as an IR absorber to generate an increased temp. of about 100 °C with 0.4 W laser power. The optical micron-sized thermometer was based on up-converting Yb-Er codoped nanocryst. particles encapsulated in amorphous silica shells produced with yeast cells as the templates. These hybrid particles displayed a relative sensitivity of 0.28%/K, an accuracy of 0.1 °C (at 32 °C), spatial resoln. of <10 μm, and a temporal response of 50 ms/acquisition to record the temp. changes in specified areas in real time. The system was utilized in monitoring the stepwise cell death of individual diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells due to locally induced excessive heating induced by the absorber localized in the vicinity of the cell.
- 18Sotoma, S.; Zhong, C.; Kah, J. C. Y.; Yamashita, H.; Plakhotnik, T.; Harada, Y.; Suzuki, M. In Situ Measurements of Intracellular Thermal Conductivity Using Heater-Thermometer Hybrid Diamond Nanosensors. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7 (3), eabd7888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7888There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Wu, Y.; Alam, M. N. A.; Balasubramanian, P.; Ermakova, A.; Fischer, S.; Barth, H.; Wagner, M.; Raabe, M.; Jelezko, F.; Weil, T. Nanodiamond Theranostic for Light-Controlled Intracellular Heating and Nanoscale Temperature Sensing. Nano Lett. 2021, 21 (9), 3780– 3788, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c0004319https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXptVyntrg%253D&md5=d1de370fec0d98995855e747553da555Nanodiamond Theranostic for Light-Controlled Intracellular Heating and Nanoscale Temperature SensingWu, Yingke; Alam, Md Noor A.; Balasubramanian, Priyadharshini; Ermakova, Anna; Fischer, Stephan; Barth, Holger; Wagner, Manfred; Raabe, Marco; Jelezko, Fedor; Weil, TanjaNano Letters (2021), 21 (9), 3780-3788CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)Temp. is an essential parameter in all biol. systems, but information about the actual temp. in living cells is limited. Esp., in photothermal therapy, local intracellular temp. changes induce cell death but the local temp. gradients are not known. Highly sensitive nanothermometers would be required to measure and report local temp. changes independent of the intracellular environment, including pH or ions. Fluorescent nanodiamonds (ND) enable temp. sensing at the nanoscale independent of external conditions. Herein, we prep. ND nanothermometers coated with a nanogel shell and the photothermal agent indocyanine green serves as a heat generator and sensor. Upon irradn., programmed cell death was induced in cancer cells with high spatial control. In parallel, the increase in local temp. was recorded by the ND nanothermometers. This approach represents a great step forward to record local temp. changes in different cellular environments inside cells and correlate these with thermal biol.
- 20Fujita, H.; Zhong, C.; Arai, S.; Suzuki, M. Bright Dots and Smart Optical Microscopy to Probe Intracellular Events in Single Cells. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019, 6, 204, DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00204There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21Zhu, X.; Feng, W.; Chang, J.; Tan, Y.-W.; Li, J.; Chen, M.; Sun, Y.; Li, F. Temperature-Feedback Upconversion Nanocomposite for Accurate Photothermal Therapy at Facile Temperature. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10437, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1043721https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitlCiurk%253D&md5=7b48a9d7b21743d47eba1721503ba120Temperature-feedback upconversion nanocomposite for accurate photothermal therapy at facile temperatureZhu, Xingjun; Feng, Wei; Chang, Jian; Tan, Yan-Wen; Li, Jiachang; Chen, Min; Sun, Yun; Li, FuyouNature Communications (2016), 7 (), 10437CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Photothermal therapy (PTT) at present, following the temp. definition for conventional thermal therapy, usually keeps the temp. of lesions at 42-45 °C or even higher. Such high temp. kills cancer cells but also increases the damage of normal tissues near lesions through heat conduction and thus brings about more side effects and inhibits therapeutic accuracy. Here we use temp.-feedback upconversion nanoparticle combined with photothermal material for real-time monitoring of microscopic temp. in PTT. We observe that microscopic temp. of photothermal material upon illumination is high enough to kill cancer cells when the temp. of lesions is still low enough to prevent damage to normal tissue. On the basis of the above phenomenon, we further realize high spatial resoln. photothermal ablation of labeled tumor with minimal damage to normal tissues in vivo. Our work points to a method for investigating photothermal properties at nanoscale, and for the development of new generation of PTT strategy.
- 22Suzuki, M.; Plakhotnik, T. Opportunities for Hybrid Diamond Nanosensors Targeting Photothermal Applications in Biological Systems. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2021, 119 (19), 190502, DOI: 10.1063/5.006308922https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXisVGktr%252FN&md5=593cc8c28603c4e40d2077c8368cc60fOpportunities for hybrid diamond nanosensors targeting photothermal applications in biological systemsSuzuki, Madoka; Plakhotnik, TarasApplied Physics Letters (2021), 119 (19), 190502CODEN: APPLAB; ISSN:0003-6951. (American Institute of Physics)A review. Functionalized diamond nanocrystals persistently expand their use for sensing and labeling in a biol. context. The surface of such crystals modified chem. adds addnl. modality to such applications. In this Perspective, we discuss mainly applications in nanothermometry but begin with a brief general introduction of fluorescent nanodiamonds. Then we consider temp. at the sub-cellular environment, explain the working principle of fluorescent nanodiamonds as temp. probes, and demonstrate their biol. applications from the literature. The application of nanohybrids (such as heater-thermometer hybrids built within a single nanoparticle) in biol. cells will be covered with more details. We summarize recent results of intracellular measurements to est. that 0.1 nJ of heat released in a cellular hot spot of 1-μm radius can produce a 1-K temp. rise lasting for about 50μs and repeatable approx. every 2 ms. Our view on the reason for limitations in biol. applications of nanodiamonds concludes the review. (c) 2021 American Institute of Physics.
- 23Cong, T. Do; Wang, Z.; Hu, M.; Han, Q.; Xing, B. Extraspecific Manifestation of Nanoheater’s Position Effect on Distinctive Cellular Photothermal Responses. ACS Nano 2020, 14 (5), 5836– 5844, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c0095123https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXotFemsbk%253D&md5=fe9b63b191f921ab08bb536c7e09b1e4Extraspecific Manifestation of Nanoheater's Position Effect on Distinctive Cellular Photothermal ResponsesCong, Thang Do; Wang, Zhimin; Hu, Ming; Han, Qinyu; Xing, BengangACS Nano (2020), 14 (5), 5836-5844CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Subcellular localization of nanoparticles plays crit. roles in precision medicine that can facilitate an in-depth understanding of disease etiol. and achieve accurate theranostic regulation via responding to the aiding stimuli. The photothermal effect is an extensively employed strategy that converts light into heat stimulation to induce localized disease ablation. Despite diverse manipulations that have been investigated in photothermal nanotheranostics, influences of nanoheaters' subcellular distribution and their mol. mechanism on cellular heat response remain elusive. Herein, we disclose the biol. basis of distinguishable thermal effects at subcellular resoln. by localizing photothermal upconversion nanoparticles into specific locations of cell compartments. Upon 808 nm light excitation, the lysosomal cellular uptake initialized by poly(ethylenimine)-modified nanoheaters promoted mitochondria apoptosis through the activation of Bid protein, whereas the cell surface nanoheaters anchored via metabolic glycol biosynthesis triggered necrosis by direct perturbation of the membrane structure. Intriguingly, these two different thermolyses revealed similar levels of heat shock protein expression in live cells. This study stipulates insights underlying the different subcellular positions of nanoparticles for the selective thermal response, which provides valuable perspectives on optimal precision nanomedicine.
- 24Robert, H. M. L.; Savatier, J.; Vial, S.; Verghese, J.; Wattellier, B.; Rigneault, H.; Monneret, S.; Polleux, J.; Baffou, G. Photothermal Control of Heat-Shock Protein Expression at the Single Cell Level. Small 2018, 14, 1801910, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801910There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 25Brites, C. D. S.; Lima, P. P.; Silva, N. J. O.; Millán, A.; Amaral, V. S.; Palacio, F.; Carlos, L. D. Thermometry at the Nanoscale. Nanoscale 2012, 4 (16), 4799– 4829, DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30663h25https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhtFShsrbN&md5=6e2b508d3da44d4131a058b4687658c0Thermometry at the nanoscaleBrites, Carlos D. S.; Lima, Patricia P.; Silva, Nuno J. O.; Millan, Angel; Amaral, Vitor S.; Palacio, Fernando; Carlos, Luis D.Nanoscale (2012), 4 (16), 4799-4829CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)A review. Non-invasive precise thermometers working at the nanoscale with high spatial resoln., where the conventional methods are ineffective, have emerged over the last couple of years as a very active field of research. This has been strongly stimulated by the numerous challenging requests arising from nanotechnol. and biomedicine. This crit. review offers a general overview of recent examples of luminescent and non-luminescent thermometers working at nanometric scale. Luminescent thermometers encompass org. dyes, QDs and Ln3+ ions as thermal probes, as well as more complex thermometric systems formed by polymer and org.-inorg. hybrid matrixes encapsulating these emitting centers. Non-luminescent thermometers comprise of scanning thermal microscopy, nanolithog. thermometry, carbon nanotube thermometry and biomaterials thermometry. Emphasis has been put on ratiometric examples reporting spatial resoln. lower than 1 μ, as, for instance, intracellular thermometers based on org. dyes, thermoresponsive polymers, mesoporous silica NPs, QDs, and Ln3+-based up-converting NPs and β-diketonate complexes. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in the development for highly sensitive ratiometric thermometers operating at the physiol. temp. range with submicron spatial resoln.
- 26Ferdinandus; Arai, S.; Takeoka, S.; Ishiwata, S.; Suzuki, M.; Sato, H. Facilely-Fabricated Luminescent Nanoparticle Thermosensor for Real-Time Microthermography in Living Animals. ACS Sensors 2016, 1, 1222– 1227, DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b0032026https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsFKjsrzN&md5=3885ff3a34ce6310771b1b063ac4588bFacilely Fabricated Luminescent Nanoparticle Thermosensor for Real-Time Microthermography in Living AnimalsFerdinandus; Arai, Satoshi; Takeoka, Shinji; Ishiwata, Shin'ichi; Suzuki, Madoka; Sato, HirotakaACS Sensors (2016), 1 (10), 1222-1227CODEN: ASCEFJ; ISSN:2379-3694. (American Chemical Society)This paper presents a high-sensitivity luminescent nanoparticle thermosensor capable of real-time microthermog. in living organism. Microthermog., or microscopically visualizing the temp.-distribution within living cells, tissues and organisms, is a promising technol. to explore various physiol. activities at the micro-scale. Using a facile nano-pptn. method, the authors fabricated a polymer-nanoparticle embedding EuDT, a thermosensitive high-luminescence-emitter dye mol., and rhodamine 800, a temp. less-sensitive luminescent mol. excitable with low energy light. The nanoparticle thermosensor was largely exempted from the background noise which is the undesired luminescence from the target biol. sample, enabling direct acquisition of luminescence intensities from the thermosensor within the specified area of 68 μm x 68 μm on the muscle tissue of a living insect, i.e. real-time microthermog., without the need of subtracting background noise. Thus, the authors successfully mapped out the temp. shift due to the animal's voluntary heat prodn. The nanoparticle thermosensor capable of in vivo temp.-mapping must be a useful biol. thermog. technol. to explore microscopic heat productions in living organisms.
- 27Khalil, G. E.; Lau, K.; Phelan, G. D.; Carlson, B.; Gouterman, M.; Callis, J. B.; Dalton, L. R. Europium Beta-Diketonate Temperature Sensors: Effects of Ligands, Matrix, and Concentration. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2004, 75 (1), 192– 206, DOI: 10.1063/1.163299727https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXptVQ%253D&md5=d588f51c204874012916651971fd04f9Europium beta-diketonate temperature sensors: effects of ligands, matrix, and concentrationKhalil, Gamal E.; Lau, Kimberly; Phelan, Gregory D.; Carlson, Brenden; Gouterman, Martin; Callis, James B.; Dalton, Larry R.Review of Scientific Instruments (2004), 75 (1), 192-206CODEN: RSINAK; ISSN:0034-6748. (American Institute of Physics)Europium beta diketonates are easily synthesized highly luminescent complexes with high temp. sensitivity. We report on the temp. dependence of the luminescence of recently synthesized europium complexes originally prepd. for use as light emitting diodes. It has been discovered that when incorporated in a polymer matrix, their decay lifetime can provide accurate measurement of temp. Their lifetime as a function of temp. depends on three factors: (i) the type and no. of ligands in the complex, (ii) the particular polymer used for the matrix, and (iii) the europium chelate to polymer matrix concn. ratio. Various tris and tetrakis europium chelates are used to study ligand effects, while the polymers FIB, polycarbonate, and Teflon are used to analyze matrix effects. In all cases studied, higher concns. give rise to shorter lifetimes and higher temp. sensitivities.
- 28Fernandez-Fernandez, A.; Manchanda, R.; Lei, T.; Carvajal, D. A.; Tang, Y.; Kazmi, S. Z. R.; McGoron, A. J. Comparative Study of the Optical and Heat Generation Properties of IR820 and Indocyanine Green. Mol. Imaging 2012, 11 (2), 99– 113, DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.0003128https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xms1Wit78%253D&md5=3846c0f38d1d6f7ad1466ff01448905eComparative study of the optical and heat generation properties of IR820 and indocyanine greenFernandez-Fernandez, Alicia; Manchanda, Romila; Lei, Tingjun; Carvajal, Denny A.; Tang, Yuan; Kazmi, Syed Zahid Raza; McGoron, Anthony J.Molecular Imaging (2012), 11 (2), 99-113CODEN: MIOMBP; ISSN:1535-3508. (Decker Publishing)Near-IR (NIR) fluorophores are the focus of extensive research for combined mol. imaging and hyperthermia. In this study, we showed that the cyanine dye IR820 has optical and thermal generation properties similar to those of indocyanine green (ICG) but with improved in vitro and in vivo stability. The fluorescent emission of IR820 has a lower quantum yield than ICG but less dependence of the emission peak location on concn. IR820 demonstrated degrdn. half-times approx. double those of ICG under all temp. and light conditions in aq. soln. In hyperthermia applications, IR820 generated lower peak temps. than ICG (4-9%) after 3-min laser exposure. However, there was no significant difference in hyperthermia cytotoxicity, with both dyes causing significant cell growth inhibition at concns. ≥ 5 μM. Fluorescent images of cells with 10 μM IR820 were similar to ICG images. In rats, IR820 resulted in a significantly more intense fluorescence signal and significantly higher organ dye content than for ICG 24 h after i.v. dye administration (p < .05). Our study shows that IR820 is a feasible agent in exptl. models of imaging and hyperthermia and could be an alternative to ICG when greater stability, longer image collection times, or more predictable peak locations are desirable.
- 29Fabian, J.; Nakazumi, H.; Matsuoka, M. Near-Infrared Absorbing Dyes. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92 (6), 1197– 1226, DOI: 10.1021/cr00014a00329https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK38XlsFakt7k%253D&md5=87b8f580322a2f2382f831831fa95518Near-infrared absorbing dyesFabian, Juergen; Nakazumi, Hiroyuki; Matsuoka, MasaruChemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (1992), 92 (6), 1197-1226CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665.Applications of near-IR absorbing dyes, near-IR chromophores, and structures of the dyes were reviewed with >350 refs.
- 30Mbambisa, G.; Nyokong, T. Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterisation of a near Infrared Absorbing Oxo Vanadium(IV) Octapentylthio-Phthalocyanine. Polyhedron 2008, 27 (13), 2799– 2804, DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.06.00430https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtVeju77L&md5=ff7bfa162cc3af0316d0dec0e4ef564cSynthesis and electrochemical characterization of a near infrared absorbing oxo vanadium(IV) octapentylthio-phthalocyanineMbambisa, Gcineka; Nyokong, TebelloPolyhedron (2008), 27 (13), 2799-2804CODEN: PLYHDE; ISSN:0277-5387. (Elsevier B.V.)The synthesis of an α-substituted phthalocyanine oxo, vanadium(IV) 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(pentylthio)phthalocyanine (4), which absorbs at 850 nm in dichloromethane is reported. The complex is purple in color and becomes green on redn. The cyclic and square wave voltammetries of the complex show five redox couples. The spectroelectrochem. data showed only ring based processes. The ring reduced species is obsd. at wavelengths >680 nm rather than the usual 500-600 nm range typical of ring reduced phthalocyanine complexes.
- 31Borisov, S. M.; Mayr, T.; Mistlberger, G.; Waich, K.; Koren, K.; Chojnacki, P.; Klimant, I. Precipitation as a Simple and Versatile Method for Preparation of Optical Nanochemosensors. Talanta 2009, 79 (5), 1322– 1330, DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.05.04131https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXptV2ls7k%253D&md5=394699bc3667554cc36d3ead56e82559Precipitation as a simple and versatile method for preparation of optical nanochemosensorsBorisov, Sergey M.; Mayr, Torsten; Mistlberger, Guenter; Waich, Kerstin; Koren, Klaus; Chojnacki, Pavel; Klimant, IngoTalanta (2009), 79 (5), 1322-1330CODEN: TLNTA2; ISSN:0039-9140. (Elsevier B.V.)Optical nanosensors for such important analytes as O, pH, temp., etc. are manufd. in a simple way via pptn. Lipophilic indicators are entrapped into nanobeads based on poly(Me methacrylate), polystyrene, polyurethanes, ethylcellulose, and other polymers. Charged groups greatly facilitate formation of the small beads and increase their stability. Sensing properties of the beads can be tuned by choosing the appropriate indicator. Nanosensors for CO2 and NH3 are cross-sensitive to pH if dispersed in aq. media. These nanobeads are successfully employed to design bulk optodes. Nanochemosensors with enhanced brightness via light-harvesting and multi-functional magnetic nanosensors also were prepd.
- 32McGehee, M. D.; Bergstedt, T.; Zhang, C.; Saab, a. P.; O’Regan, M. B.; Bazan, G. C.; Srdanov, V. I.; Heeger, a. J. Narrow Bandwidth Luminescence from Blends with Energy Transfer from Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers to Europium Complexes. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11 (16), 1349– 1354, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199911)11:16<1349::AID-ADMA1349>3.0.CO;2-W32https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXnt1Kgtbc%253D&md5=a36e9ddb598ece428d4c8cb12349ddd4Narrow bandwidth luminescence from blends with energy transfer from semiconducting conjugated polymers to europium complexesMcGehee, Michael D.; Bergstedt, Troy; Zhang, Chi; Saab, Andrew P.; O'Regan, Marie B.; Bazan, Guillermo C.; Srdanov, Vojislav I.; Heeger, Alan J.Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (1999), 11 (16), 1349-1354CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH)Four sol. Eu3+ complexes with β-diketonate ligands (Eu(acac)3(phen), Eu(mppd)3(phen), Eu(dbm)3(phen), and Eu(dnm)3(phen) with acac = acetylacetonato, phen = phenanthroline, mppd = benzoylacetonato, dbm = dibenzoylmethane, and dnm = dinaphthoylmethane) were synthesized and incorporated into polymeric LEDs. A red LED was fabricated in which the energy of the blue-emitting conjugated polymer poly[2-(6'-cyano-6'-methyl-heptyloxy)1,4-phenylene] (CN-PPP) was transferred to Eu(dnm)3(phen). An emission spectral linewidth of only 3.5 nm was achieved together with a photoluminescence efficiency of 27% and an electroluminescence efficiency of 1.1%. Blue- and green-emitting LEDs were made from CN-PPP and CN-PPP doped with coumarin 6. Current-voltage curves of all LEDs were measured.
- 33Ramamurthy, K.; Ponnusamy, K.; Chellappan, S. Excitation-Resolved Area-Normalized Emission Spectroscopy: A Rapid and Simple Steady-State Technique for the Analysis of Heterogeneous Fluorescence. RSC Adv. 2020, 10 (2), 998– 1006, DOI: 10.1039/C9RA10154C33https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXivVyquw%253D%253D&md5=7e6cca461c0416ef82fc8c80363ce5d0Excitation-resolved area-normalized emission spectroscopy: a rapid and simple steady-state technique for the analysis of heterogeneous fluorescenceRamamurthy, Kannan; Ponnusamy, Karunakaran; Chellappan, SelvarajuRSC Advances (2020), 10 (2), 998-1006CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Excitation-resolved area-normalized emission spectroscopy (ERANES) is proposed as a new steady-state fluorescence technique for the investigation of heterogeneous fluorescence (HGF) from a mixt. of fluorophores and fluorophores present in various environments and proteins. The presence of a single isoemissive point was used to confirm the presence of two absorbing and emitting species in the system. The isoemissive point was found to occur at the wavelength where the ratio of wavelength dependent fluorescence quantum yield of the emissive species equals to the ratio of their total fluorescence quantum yield. The application of the ERANES method for resolving HGF from a mixt. of fluorophores having similar or different fluorescence lifetimes with a relatively high degree of fluorescence spectral overlap was demonstrated. When compared to excitation fluorescence (EF) matrix and time-resolved methods, ERANES was found to be a simple anal. method for analyzing HGF from a mixt. of fluorophores, and from fluorophores present in heterogeneous media, such as cells, membranes, etc., and for analyzing protein fluorescence, without the requirement for sophisticated instrumentation and data anal.
- 34Takei, Y.; Arai, S.; Murata, A.; Takabayashi, M.; Oyama, K.; Ishiwata, S.; Takeoka, S.; Suzuki, M. A Nanoparticle-Based Ratiometric and Self-Calibrated Fluorescent Thermometer for Single Living Cells. ACS Nano 2014, 8 (1), 198– 206, DOI: 10.1021/nn405456e34https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFOnsb3I&md5=a82209a688e6a71d8c1dd7538dcea7c3A Nanoparticle-Based Ratiometric and Self-Calibrated Fluorescent Thermometer for Single Living CellsTakei, Yoshiaki; Arai, Satoshi; Murata, Atsushi; Takabayashi, Masao; Oyama, Kotaro; Ishiwata, Shin-ichi; Takeoka, Shinji; Suzuki, MadokaACS Nano (2014), 8 (1), 198-206CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)The homeostasis of body temp. and energy balance is one of the major principles in biol. Nanoscale thermometry of aq. solns. is a challenging but crucial technique to understand the mol. basis of this essential process. Here, the authors developed a ratiometric nanothermometer (RNT) for intracellular temp. measurement in real time. Both the thermosensitive fluorophore, β-diketonate chelate europium(III) thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, and the thermoinsensitive fluorophore, rhodamine 101, which was used as a self-ref., are embedded in a polymeric particle that protects the fluorophores from intracellular conditions. The ratiometric measurement of single RNT spots is independent of the displacement of the RNT along the z-axis. The temp. is therefore detd. at the location of each RNT under an optical microscope regardless of the dynamic movement of living cells. As a demonstration of the spot-by-spot intracellular thermometry, the authors successfully followed the temp. change in individual RNT spots in a single cell together with the Ca2+ burst induced by the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. The temp. increases differently among different spots, implying heterogeneous heat prodn. in the cell. The authors then show that, in some spots, the temp. gradually decreases, while in others it remains high. The av. temp. elevation within a cell is pos. correlated to the increase in Ca2+, suggesting that the activity and/or no. of heat sources are dependent on the Ca2+ concn.
- 35Liu, C.; Zhang, S.; Li, J.; Wei, J.; Müllen, K.; Yin, M. A Water-Soluble, NIR-Absorbing Quaterrylenediimide Chromophore for Photoacoustic Imaging and Efficient Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58 (6), 1638– 1642, DOI: 10.1002/anie.20181054135https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXnsleguw%253D%253D&md5=3d45674ce2a7c5b06d0841d658dc4c40A Water-Soluble, NIR-Absorbing Quaterrylenediimide Chromophore for Photoacoustic Imaging and Efficient Photothermal Cancer TherapyLiu, Chang; Zhang, Shaobo; Li, Jianhao; Wei, Jie; Muellen, Klaus; Yin, MeizhenAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2019), 58 (6), 1638-1642CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)Precision phototheranostics, including photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy, requires stable photothermal agents. Developing such agents with high stability and high photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we introduce a new photothermal agent based on water-sol. quaterrylenediimide (QDI) that can self-assemble into nanoparticles (QDI-NPs) in aq. soln. Incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG) into the QDI core significantly enhances both physiol. stability and biocompatibility of QDI-NPs. The highly photostable QDI-NPs offer advantages including intense absorption in the near-IR (NIR) and high PTCE of up to 64.7±4 %. This is higher than that of com. indocyanine green (ICG). Their small size (ca. 10 nm) enables sustained retention in deep tumor sites and also proper clearance from the body. QDI-NPs allow high-resoln. photoacoustic imaging and efficient 808 nm laser-triggered photothermal therapy of cancer in vivo.
- 36Arai, S.; Lee, S.-C.; Zhai, D.; Suzuki, M.; Chang, Y.-T. A Molecular Fluorescent Probe for Targeted Visualization of Temperature at the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Sci. Rep. 2015, 4, 6701, DOI: 10.1038/srep06701There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 37Davaji, B.; Richie, J. E.; Lee, C. H. Microscale Direct Measurement of Localized Photothermal Heating in Tissue-Mimetic Hydrogels. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9 (1), 1– 12, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42999-w37https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXoslyrtbY%253D&md5=c94ea6c9fa7caf46a3ee65929dc56e3aMicroscale direct measurement of localized photothermal heating in tissue-mimetic hydrogelsDavaji, Benyamin; Richie, James E.; Lee, Chung HoonScientific Reports (2019), 9 (1), 1-12CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Research)The efficacy of this method directly relies on understanding the localization of the photothermal effect in the targeted region. Realizing the safe and effective concn. of nano-particles and the irradn. intensity and time requires spatiotemporal temp. monitoring during and after laser irradn. Due to uniformities of the nanoparticle distribution and the complexities of the microenvironment, a direct temp. measurement in micro-scale is crucial for achieving precise thermal dose control. In this study, a 50 nm thin film nickel resistive temp. sensor was fabricated on a 300 nm SiN membrane to directly measure the local temp. variations of a hydrogel-GNR mixt. under laser exposure with 2 mK temp. resoln. The chip-scale approach developed here is an effective tool to investigate localization of photothermal heating for hyperthermia applications for in-vitro and ex-vivo models. Considering the connection between thermal properties, porosity and the matrix stiffness in hydrogels, we present our results using the interplay between matrix stiffness of the hydrogel and its thermal properties: the stiffer the hydrogel, the higher the thermal cond. resulting in lower photothermal heating. We measured 8.1, 7.4, and 5.6°C temp. changes (from the room temp., 20°C) in hydrogel models with stiffness levels corresponding to adipose (4 kPa), muscle (13 kPa) and osteoid (30 kPa) tissues resp. by exposing them to 2 W/cm2 laser (808 nm) intensity for 150 s.
- 38Keblinski, P.; Cahill, D. G.; Bodapati, A.; Sullivan, C. R.; Taton, T. A. Limits of Localized Heating by Electromagnetically Excited Nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 100 (5), 054305 DOI: 10.1063/1.233578338https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XpvV2jt7s%253D&md5=e6f937f400517a369dd7b800e6a3a5bbLimits of localized heating by electromagnetically excited nanoparticlesKeblinski, Pawel; Cahill, David G.; Bodapati, Arun; Sullivan, Charles R.; Taton, T. AndrewJournal of Applied Physics (2006), 100 (5), 054305/1-054305/5CODEN: JAPIAU; ISSN:0021-8979. (American Institute of Physics)Based on an anal. of the diffusive heat flow equation, limits were detd. on the localization of heating of soft materials and biol. tissues by electromagnetically excited nanoparticles. For heating by radiofrequency magnetic fields or heating by typical continuous wave lasers, the local temp. rise adjacent to magnetic or metallic nanoparticles is negligible. Heat dissipation for a large no. of nanoparticles dispersed in a macroscopic region of a material or tissue produces a global temp. rise that is orders of magnitude larger than the temp. rise adjacent to a single nanoparticle. One approach for producing a significant local temp. rise on nm length scales is heating by high-power pulsed or modulated lasers with low duty cycle.
- 39Pucci, C.; De Pasquale, D.; Marino, A.; Martinelli, C.; Lauciello, S.; Ciofani, G. Hybrid Magnetic Nanovectors Promote Selective Glioblastoma Cell Death through a Combined Effect of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization and Chemotherapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12 (26), 29037– 29055, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c0555639https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtVWisrfM&md5=cccb24fc4513f0ea7e23e8e5394fd8d6Hybrid Magnetic Nanovectors Promote Selective Glioblastoma Cell Death through a Combined Effect of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization and ChemotherapyPucci, Carlotta; De Pasquale, Daniele; Marino, Attilio; Martinelli, Chiara; Lauciello, Simone; Ciofani, GianniACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2020), 12 (26), 29037-29055CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive brain tumor, due to its high invasiveness and genetic heterogeneity. Moreover, the blood-brain barrier prevents many drugs from reaching a therapeutic concn. at the tumor site, and most of the chemotherapeutics lack in specificity toward cancer cells, accumulating in both healthy and diseased tissues, with severe side effects. Here, we present in vitro investigations on lipid-based nanovectors encapsulating a drug, nutlin-3a, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, to combine the proapoptotic action of the drug and the hyperthermia mediated by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stimulated with an alternating magnetic field. The nanovectors are functionalized with the peptide angiopep-2 to induce receptor-mediated transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier and to target a receptor overexpressed by glioma cells. The glioblastoma multiforme targeting efficiency and the blood-brain barrier crossing abilities were tested through in vitro fluidic models, where different human cell lines were placed to mimic the tumor microenvironment. These nanovectors successfully cross the blood-brain barrier model, maintaining their targeting abilities for glioblastoma multiforme with minimal interaction with healthy cells. Moreover, we showed that nanovector-assisted hyperthermia induces a lysosomal membrane permeabilization that not only initiates a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, but also enhances the anticancer efficacy of the drug.
- 40Nakano, M.; Arai, Y.; Kotera, I.; Okabe, K.; Kamei, Y.; Nagai, T. Genetically Encoded Ratiometric Fluorescent Thermometer with Wide Range and Rapid Response. PLoS One 2017, 12 (2), e0172344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.017234440https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXpvFyru7w%253D&md5=4c954cd84d048beba9d6701b5402d729Genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent thermometer with wide range and rapid responseNakano, Masahiro; Arai, Yoshiyuki; Kotera, Ippei; Okabe, Kohki; Kamei, Yasuhiro; Nagai, TakeharuPLoS One (2017), 12 (2), e0172344/1-e0172344/14CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)Temp. is a fundamental phys. parameter that plays an important role in biol. reactions and events. Although thermometers developed previously have been used to investigate several important phenomena, such as heterogeneous temp. distribution in a single living cell and heat generation in mitochondria, the development of a thermometer with a sensitivity over a wide temp. range and rapid response is still desired to quantify temp. change in not only homeotherms but also poikilotherms from the cellular level to in vivo. To overcome the weaknesses of the conventional thermometers, such as a limitation of applicable species and a low temporal resoln., owing to the narrow temp. range of sensitivity and the thermometry method, resp., we developed a genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent temp. indicator, gTEMP, by using two fluorescent proteins with different temp. sensitivities. Our thermometric method enabled a fast tracking of the temp. change with a time resoln. of 50 ms. We used this method to observe the spatiotemporal temp. change between the cytoplasm and nucleus in cells, and quantified thermogenesis from the mitochondria matrix in a single living cell after stimulation with carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, which was an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, exploiting the wide temp. range of sensitivity from 5°C to 50°C of gTEMP, we monitored the temp. in a living medaka embryo for 15 h and showed the feasibility of in vivo thermometry in various living species.
- 41Oyama, K.; Takabayashi, M.; Takei, Y.; Arai, S.; Takeoka, S.; Ishiwata, S.; Suzuki, M. Walking Nanothermometers: Spatiotemporal Temperature Measurement of Transported Acidic Organelles in Single Living Cells. Lab Chip 2012, 12 (9), 1591– 1593, DOI: 10.1039/c2lc00014h41https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XkvFyjsro%253D&md5=da4d1478198d5c415d79f090d96a579bWalking nanothermometers: spatiotemporal temperature measurement of transported acidic organelles in single living cellsOyama, Kotaro; Takabayashi, Masao; Takei, Yoshiaki; Arai, Satoshi; Takeoka, Shinji; Ishiwata, Shin-ichi; Suzuki, MadokaLab on a Chip (2012), 12 (9), 1591-1593CODEN: LCAHAM; ISSN:1473-0189. (Royal Society of Chemistry)We fabricated fluorescent nanoparticles which monitor temp. changes without sensitivity to pH (4-10) and ionic strength (0-500 mM). The nanothermometers spontaneously enter living HeLa cells via endocytosis, enclosed in acidic organelles, i.e., endosome/lysosome, and then transported along microtubules in a temp.-dependent manner, working as "walking nanothermometers".
- 42Wang, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, W.; Han, X. Principles and Applications of Single Particle Tracking in Cell Research. Small 2021, 17, 2005133, DOI: 10.1002/smll.20200513342https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXivVaju7k%253D&md5=c6b5d6a39b9df97959e556b99916752ePrinciples and Applications of Single Particle Tracking in Cell ResearchWang, Zhao; Wang, Xuejing; Zhang, Ying; Xu, Weili; Han, XiaojunSmall (2021), 17 (11), 2005133CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)It is a tough challenge for many decades to decipher the complex relationships between cell behaviors and cellular phys. properties. Single particle tracking (SPT) with high spatial and temporal resoln. has been applied extensively in cell research to understand physicochem. properties of cells and their bio-functions by tracking endogenous or exogenous probes. This review describes the fundamental principles of SPT as well as its applications in intracellular mechanics, membrane dynamics, organelles distribution, and processes of internalization and transport. Finally, challenges and future directions of SPT are also discussed.
- 43Etoc, F.; Balloul, E.; Vicario, C.; Normanno, D.; Liße, D.; Sittner, A.; Piehler, J.; Dahan, M.; Coppey, M. Non-Specific Interactions Govern Cytosolic Diffusion of Nanosized Objects in Mammalian Cells. Nat. Mater. 2018, 17 (8), 740– 746, DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0120-743https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXht1OjsrnO&md5=46427ca685f0a57ee76a0238c8ecde10Non-specific interactions govern cytosolic diffusion of nanosized objects in mammalian cellsEtoc, Fred; Balloul, Elie; Vicario, Chiara; Normanno, Davide; Lisse, Domenik; Sittner, Assa; Piehler, Jacob; Dahan, Maxime; Coppey, MathieuNature Materials (2018), 17 (8), 740-746CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Research)The diffusivity of macromols. in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells varies over orders of magnitude and dictates the kinetics of cellular processes. However, a general description that assocs. the Brownian or anomalous nature of intracellular diffusion to the architectural and biochem. properties of the cytoplasm has not been achieved. Here we measure the mobility of individual fluorescent nanoparticles in living mammalian cells to obtain a comprehensive anal. of cytoplasmic diffusion. We identify a correlation between tracer size, its biochem. nature and its mobility. Inert particles with size equal or below 50 nm behave as Brownian particles diffusing in a medium of low viscosity with negligible effects of mol. crowding. Increasing the strength of non-specific interactions of the nanoparticles within the cytoplasm gradually reduces their mobility and leads to subdiffusive behavior. These exptl. observations and the transition from Brownian to subdiffusive motion can be captured in a minimal phenomenol. model.
- 44Bettaieb, A.; Averill-Bates, D. A. Thermotolerance Induced at a Mild Temperature of 40°C Alleviates Heat Shock-Induced ER Stress and Apoptosis in HeLa Cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Mol. Cell Res. 2015, 1853 (1), 52– 62, DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.01644https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhs1Gmsr%252FI&md5=9158607b1c518a53b74e4191acac7a0fThermotolerance induced at a mild temperature of 40 °C alleviates heat shock-induced ER stress and apoptosis in HeLa cellsBettaieb, Ahmed; Averill-Bates, Diana A.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Molecular Cell Research (2015), 1853 (1), 52-62CODEN: BBAMCO; ISSN:0167-4889. (Elsevier B.V.)Hyperthermia (39-45 °C) has emerged as an alternate prospect for cancer therapy in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. Despite promising progress in the clinic, mol. mechanisms involved in hyperthermia-induced cell death are not clear. Hyperthermia causes protein denaturation/aggregation, which results in cell death by apoptosis and/or necrosis. Hyperthermia also induces thermotolerance, which renders cells resistant to subsequent exposure to lethal heat shock. This study investigates the role of both lethal (42-43 °C) and mild (40 °C) hyperthermia in regulating ER stress and ER stress-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. The ability of mild thermotolerance induced at 40 °C to alleviate either or both of these processes is also detd. Hyperthermia (42-43 °C) induced ER stress, revealed by phosphorylation of PERK, eIF2α and IRE1α, cleavage of ATF6 and increased expression of BiP and sXBP1. Real-time PCR revealed that mRNA levels of ATF6, ATF4, BiP, sXBP1 and CHOP increased in cells exposed to hyperthermia. Moreover, hyperthermia caused disruption of calcium homeostasis and activated the calpain-calpastatin proteolytic system and ER resident caspase 4. Pre-exposure to mild hyperthermia (40 °C) alleviated the induction of cytotoxicity and ER stress by hyperthermia (42-43 °C) and protected cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis. ShRNA-mediated depletion of Hsp72 abrogated protective effects of mild thermotolerance (40 °C) against heat-shock induced ER stress and sensitized cells to ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Our findings show that Hsp72 contributes to the protective effects of mild hyperthermia (40 °C) against hyperthermia-induced ER stress and apoptosis.
- 45White, M. G.; Saleh, O.; Nonner, D.; Barrett, E. F.; Moraes, C. T.; Barrett, J. N. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Heat Stress in Cultured Rat CNS Neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2012, 108 (8), 2203– 2214, DOI: 10.1152/jn.00638.201145https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhvVCltrrK&md5=86a45ad2bfc03f97d703b32c82b72e12Mitchondrial dysfunction induced by heat stress in cultured rat CNS neuronsWhite, Michael B.; Saleh, Osama; Nonner, Doris; Barrett, Ellen F.; Moraes, Carlos T.; Barett, John N.Journal of Neurophysiology (2012), 108 (4), 2203-2214CODEN: JONEA4; ISSN:0022-3077. (American Physiological Society)Previous work demonstrated that hyperthermia (43°C for 2 h) results in delayed, apoptotic-like death in striatal neuronal cultures. We investigated early changes in mitochondrial function induced by this heat stress. Partial depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) began about 1 h after the onset of hyperthermia and increased as the stress continued. When the heat stress ended, there was a partial recovery of ΔΨm, followed hours later by a progressive, irreversible depolarization of ΔΨm. During the heat stress, O2 consumption initially increased but after 20-30 min began a progressive, irreversible decline to about one-half the initial rate by the end of the stress. The percentage of oligomycin-insensitive respiration increased during the heat stress, suggesting an increased mitochondrial leak conductance. Anal. using inhibitors and substrates for specific respiratory chain complexes indicated hyperthermia-induced dysfunction at or upstream of complex I. ATP levels remained near normal for ∼4 h after the heat stress. Mitochondrial movement along neurites was markedly slowed during and just after the heat stress. The early, persisting mitochondrial dysfunction described here likely contributes to the later (>10 h) caspase activation and neuronal death produced by this heat stress. Consistent with this idea, proton carrier-induced ΔΨm depolarizations comparable in duration to those produced by the heat stress also reduced neuronal viability. Post-stress ΔΨm depolarization and/or delayed neuronal death were modestly reduced/postponed by NAD, a calpain inhibitor, and increased expression of Bcl-xL.
- 46Jung, H. S.; Lee, J.-H.; Kim, K.; Koo, S.; Verwilst, P.; Sessler, J. L.; Kang, C.; Kim, J. S. A Mitochondria-Targeted Cryptocyanine-Based Photothermogenic Photosensitizer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 (29), 9972– 9978, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b0426346https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtVCktL7I&md5=2f996afd65593de860cd09bd8dea517cA Mitochondria-Targeted Cryptocyanine-Based Photothermogenic PhotosensitizerJung, Hyo Sung; Lee, Jae-Hong; Kim, Kyutae; Koo, Seyoung; Verwilst, Peter; Sessler, Jonathan L.; Kang, Chulhun; Kim, Jong SeungJournal of the American Chemical Society (2017), 139 (29), 9972-9978CODEN: JACSAT; ISSN:0002-7863. (American Chemical Society)Cryptocyanine-based probes exhibit highly efficient photothermal conversion and represent a new class of photothermal agents for use in photothermal therapy (PTT). With the thermal susceptibility of mitochondria in mind, we have prepd. a mitochondria-targeted, NIR-absorbing cryptocyanine probe (Mito-CCy) and evaluated its photophys. properties, photothermal conversion efficiency, biol. compatibility, cytotoxicity, and mitochondrial localization in HeLa cells. Upon subjecting 0.5 mL of a PBS buffer soln. (10 mM, pH 7.4, contg. 50% DMSO) of Mito-CCy (0.5 mM) to 730 nm laser irradn. at 2.3 W/cm2, the temp. of the soln. increased by 13.5 °C within 5 min. In contrast, the corresponding cryptocyanine (CCy) lacking the triarylphosphonium group gave rise to only an ∼3.4 °C increase in soln. temp. under otherwise identical conditions. Mito-CCy also exhibited high cytotoxicity in HeLa cells when subject to photoirradn. This light-induced cytotoxicity is attributed to the endogenous prodn. of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced under conditions of local heating. ROS are known to interfere with the mitochondrial defense system and to trigger apoptosis. By targeting the mitochondria, the present sensitizer-based photothermogenic approach is rendered more effective. As such, the system reported here represents the vanguard of what might be a new generation of organelle-targeted photothermal therapeutics.
- 47Arai, S.; Kriszt, R.; Harada, K.; Looi, L. S.; Matsuda, S.; Wongso, D.; Suo, S.; Ishiura, S.; Tseng, Y. H.; Raghunath, M.; Ito, T.; Tsuboi, T.; Kitaguchi, T. RGB-Color Intensiometric Indicators to Visualize Spatiotemporal Dynamics of ATP in Single Cells. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57 (34), 10873– 10878, DOI: 10.1002/anie.20180430447https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtlals7zF&md5=139f9a0d3b365b4b3d016989ae365703RGB-Color Indicators to Visualize Spatiotemporal Dynamics of ATP in Single CellsArai, Satoshi; Kriszt, Rokus; Harada, Kazuki; Looi, Liang-Sheng; Matsuda, Shogo; Wongso, Devina; Suo, Satoshi; Ishiura, Shoichi; Tseng, Yu-Hua; Raghunath, Michael; Ito, Toshiro; Tsuboi, Takashi; Kitaguchi, TetsuyaAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2018), 57 (34), 10873-10878CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)ATP provides energy for the regulation of multiple cellular processes in living organisms. Capturing the spatiotemporal dynamics of ATP in single cells is fundamental to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying cellular energy metab. However, it has remained challenging to visualize the dynamics of ATP in and between distinct intracellular organelles and its interplay with other signaling mols. Using single fluorescent proteins, multicolor ATP indicators were developed, enabling the simultaneous visualization of subcellular ATP dynamics in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells derived from mammals, plants, and worms. Furthermore, in combination with addnl. fluorescent indicators, the dynamic interplay of ATP, cAMP, and Ca2+ could be visualized in activated brown adipocyte. This set of indicator tools will facilitate future research into energy metab.
- 48Karbowski, M.; Youle, R. J. Dynamics of Mitochondrial Morphology in Healthy Cells and during Apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 2003, 10 (8), 870– 880, DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.440126048https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD3szjsFSktg%253D%253D&md5=4ca9c7e0597a271fa74d7de8d3f68aa5Dynamics of mitochondrial morphology in healthy cells and during apoptosisKarbowski M; Youle R JCell death and differentiation (2003), 10 (8), 870-80 ISSN:1350-9047.Mitochondria exist as dynamic networks that often change shape and subcellular distribution. The number and morphology of mitochondria within a cell are controlled by precisely regulated rates of organelle fusion and fission. Recent reports have described dramatic alterations in mitochondrial morphology during the early stages of apoptotic cell death, a fragmentation of the network and the remodeling of the cristae. Surprisingly, proteins discovered to control mitochondrial morphology appear to also participate in apoptosis and proteins associated with the regulation of apoptosis have been shown to affect mitochondrial ultrastructure. In this review the recent progress in understanding the mechanisms governing mitochondrial morphology and the latest advances connecting the regulation of mitochondrial morphology with programmed cell death are discussed.
- 49Gandhi, S.; Wood-Kaczmar, A.; Yao, Z.; Plun-Favreau, H.; Deas, E.; Klupsch, K.; Downward, J.; Latchman, D. S.; Tabrizi, S. J.; Wood, N. W.; Duchen, M. R.; Abramov, A. Y. PINK1-Associated Parkinson’s Disease Is Caused by Neuronal Vulnerability to Calcium-Induced Cell Death. Mol. Cell 2009, 33 (5), 627– 638, DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.02.01349https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXltFSmsrY%253D&md5=6b548c146c570562840cc0492b98a2b4PINK1-associated Parkinson's disease is caused by neuronal vulnerability to calcium-induced cell deathGandhi, Sonia; Wood-Kaczmar, Alison; Yao, Zhi; Plun-Favreau, Helene; Deas, Emma; Klupsch, Kristina; Downward, Julian; Latchman, David S.; Tabrizi, Sarah J.; Wood, Nicholas W.; Duchen, Michael R.; Abramov, Andrey Y.Molecular Cell (2009), 33 (5), 627-638CODEN: MOCEFL; ISSN:1097-2765. (Cell Press)Mutations in PINK1 cause autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. PINK1 is a mitochondrial kinase of unknown function. We investigated calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function in PINK1-deficient mammalian neurons. We demonstrate physiol. that PINK1 regulates calcium efflux from the mitochondria via the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. PINK1 deficiency causes mitochondrial accumulation of calcium, resulting in mitochondrial calcium overload. We show that calcium overload stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) prodn. via NADPH oxidase. ROS prodn. inhibits the glucose transporter, reducing substrate delivery and causing impaired respiration. We demonstrate that impaired respiration may be restored by provision of mitochondrial complex I and II substrates. Taken together, reduced mitochondrial calcium capacity and increased ROS lower the threshold of opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) such that physiol. calcium stimuli become sufficient to induce mPTP opening in PINK1-deficient cells. Our findings propose a mechanism by which PINK1 dysfunction renders neurons vulnerable to cell death.
- 50Tan, F. J.; Husain, M.; Manlandro, C. M.; Koppenol, M.; Fire, A. Z.; Hill, R. B. CED-9 and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in C. Elegans Muscle. J. Cell Sci. 2008, 121 (20), 3373– 3382, DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03290450https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhsVaitLvF&md5=f80e145e2a59d4a082f0628fce9d502cCED-9 and mitochondrial homeostasis in C. elegans muscleTan, Frederick J.; Husain, Michelle; Manlandro, Cara Marie; Koppenol, Marijke; Fire, Andrew Z.; Hill, R. BlakeJournal of Cell Science (2008), 121 (20), 3373-3382CODEN: JNCSAI; ISSN:0021-9533. (Company of Biologists Ltd.)Mitochondrial homeostasis reflects a dynamic balance between membrane fission and fusion events thought essential for mitochondrial function. The authors report that altered expression of the C. elegans BCL2 homolog CED-9 affects both mitochondrial fission and fusion. Although striated muscle cells lacking CED-9 have no alteration in mitochondrial size or ultrastructure, these cells appear more sensitive to mitochondrial fragmentation. By contrast, increased CED-9 expression in these cells produces highly interconnected mitochondria. This mitochondrial phenotype is partially suppressed by increased expression of the dynamin-related GTPase DRP-1, with suppression dependent on the BH3 binding pocket of CED-9. This suppression suggests that CED-9 directly regulates DRP-1, a model supported by the authors' finding that CED-9 activates the GTPase activity of human DRP1. Thus, CED-9 is capable of regulating the mitochondrial fission-fusion cycle but is not essential for either fission or fusion.
- 51Ito, A.; Yamamoto, Y.; Sato, M.; Ikeda, K.; Yamamoto, M.; Fujita, H.; Nagamori, E.; Kawabe, Y.; Kamihira, M. Induction of Functional Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Constructs by Defined Electrical Stimulation. Sci. Rep. 2015, 4, 4781, DOI: 10.1038/srep04781There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Chen, W. Electroconformational Denaturation of Membrane Proteins. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2005, 1066, 92– 105, DOI: 10.1196/annals.1363.02852https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XktFWis78%253D&md5=14aa694feed16b7f050067d06b4265c6Electroconformational denaturation of membrane proteinsChen, WeiAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005), 1066 (Cell Injury), 92-105CODEN: ANYAA9; ISSN:0077-8923. (New York Academy of Sciences)A review. Because of high elec. impedance of cell membrane, when living cells are exposed to an external elec. field, the field-induced voltage drops will mainly occur on the cell membrane. In addn. to Joule heating damage and electroporation of the cell membrane, the elec. field-induced supraphysiol. transmembrane potential may inevitably damage the membrane proteins, esp. the voltage-dependent membrane proteins. That is because the charged particles in the amino acid of the membrane proteins and, in particular, the voltage-sensors in the voltage-dependent membrane proteins are vulnerable to the membrane potential. An intensive, brief elec. shock may induce electroconformational damage or denaturation in the membrane proteins. As a result, the cell functions are significantly reduced. This elec. field-induced denaturation in the membrane proteins strongly suggests a new underlying mechanism involved in elec. injury.
- 53Asano, T.; Ishizuka, T.; Morishima, K.; Yawo, H. Optogenetic Induction of Contractile Ability in Immature C2C12 Myotubes. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 8317, DOI: 10.1038/srep0831753https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXosVKnsbk%253D&md5=09d07e596b98dcba3b4b8456cf5e789aOptogenetic induction of contractile ability in immature C2C12 myotubesAsano, Toshifumi; Ishizuka, Toru; Morishima, Keisuke; Yawo, HiromuScientific Reports (2015), 5 (), 8317CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)Myoblasts can be differentiated into multinucleated myotubes, which provide a well-established and reproducible muscle cell model for skeletal myogenesis in vitro. However, under conventional differentiation conditions, each myotube rarely exhibits robust contraction as well as sarcomere arrangement. Here, we applied trains of optical stimulation (OS) to C2C12 myotubes, which were genetically engineered to express a channelrhodopsin variant, channelrhodopsin-green receiver (ChRGR), to investigate whether membrane depolarization facilitates the maturation of myotubes. We found that light pulses induced membrane depolarization and evoked action potentials in ChRGR-expressing myotubes. Regular alignments of sarcomeric proteins were patterned periodically after OS training. In contrast, untrained control myotubes rarely exhibited the striated patterns. OS-trained and untrained myotubes also differed in terms of their resting potential. OS training significantly increased the no. of contractile myotubes. Treatment with nifedipine during OS training significantly decreased the fraction of contractile myotubes, whereas tetrodotoxin was less effective. These results suggest that oscillations of membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ accompanied by OS promoted sarcomere assembly and the development of contractility during the myogenic process. These results also suggest that optogenetic techniques could be used to manipulate the activity-dependent process during myogenic development.
- 54Oyama, K.; Mizuno, A.; Shintani, S. A.; Itoh, H.; Serizawa, T.; Fukuda, N.; Suzuki, M.; Ishiwata, S. Microscopic Heat Pulses Induce Contraction of Cardiomyocytes without Calcium Transients. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 417 (1), 607– 612, DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.01554https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xos1yisQ%253D%253D&md5=9606ca284d2a099a15c15dbb680be6a8Microscopic heat pulses induce contraction of cardiomyocytes without calcium transientsOyama, Kotaro; Mizuno, Akari; Shintani, Seine A.; Itoh, Hideki; Serizawa, Takahiro; Fukuda, Norio; Suzuki, Madoka; Ishiwata, Shin-ichiBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (2012), 417 (1), 607-612CODEN: BBRCA9; ISSN:0006-291X. (Elsevier B.V.)It was recently demonstrated that laser irradn. can control the beating of cardiomyocytes and hearts, however, the precise mechanism remains to be clarified. Among the effects induced by laser irradn. on biol. tissues, temp. change is one possible effect which can alter physiol. functions. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism by which heat pulses, produced by infra-red laser light under an optical microscope, induce contractions of cardiomyocytes. Here we show that microscopic heat pulses induce contraction of rat adult cardiomyocytes. The temp. increase, ΔT, required for inducing contraction of cardiomyocytes was dependent upon the ambient temp.; i.e., ΔT at physiol. temp. was lower than that at room temp. Ca2+ transients, which are usually coupled to contraction, were not detected. We confirmed that the contractions of skinned cardiomyocytes were induced by the heat pulses even in free Ca2+ soln. This heat pulse-induced Ca2+-decoupled contraction technique has the potential to stimulate heart and skeletal muscles in a manner different from the conventional elec. stimulations.
- 55Tanaka, H.; Oosawa, F. The Effect of Temperature on the Interaction between F-Actin and Tropomyosin. BBA - Bioenerg. 1971, 253 (1), 274– 283, DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(71)90253-2There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Ishiwata, S. Studies on the F-Actin · Tropomyosin · Troponin Complex III. Effects of Troponin Components and Calcium Ion on the Binding Affinity between Tropomyosin and F-Actin. BBA - Protein Struct. 1978, 534 (2), 350– 357, DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90018-1There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 57Marino, A.; Arai, S.; Hou, Y.; Degl’Innocenti, A.; Cappello, V.; Mazzolai, B.; Chang, Y. T.; Mattoli, V.; Suzuki, M.; Ciofani, G. Gold Nanoshell-Mediated Remote Myotube Activation. ACS Nano 2017, 11 (3), 2494– 2505, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b0820257https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1ymt7k%253D&md5=6d6dca8f537aec2e9389a26c6211210bGold Nanoshell-Mediated Remote Myotube ActivationMarino, Attilio; Arai, Satoshi; Hou, Yanyan; Degl'Innocenti, Andrea; Cappello, Valentina; Mazzolai, Barbara; Chang, Young-Tae; Mattoli, Virgilio; Suzuki, Madoka; Ciofani, GianniACS Nano (2017), 11 (3), 2494-2508CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)Mild heat stimulation of muscle cells within the physiol. range represents an intriguing approach for the modulation of their functions. Here, photothermal conversion was exploited to remotely stimulate striated muscle cells by using gold nanoshells (NS) in combination with near-IR (NIR) radiation. Temp. increments of ∼5° were recorded by using an intracellular fluorescent mol. thermometer and were demonstrated to efficiently induce myotube contraction. The mechanism at the base of this phenomenon was thoroughly investigated and was obsd. to be a Ca2+-independent event directly involving actin-myosin interactions. Finally, chronic remote photothermal stimulations significantly increased the mRNA transcription of genes encoding heat-shock proteins (HPS) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a protein which in turn could induce mitochondrial biogenesis. Overall, the authors provide evidence that remote NIR + NS muscle excitation represents an effective wireless stimulation technique with great potential in the fields of muscle tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and bionics.
- 58Baffou, G.; Rigneault, H.; Marguet, D.; Jullien, L. A Critique of Methods for Temperature Imaging in Single Cells. Nat. Methods 2014, 11 (9), 899– 901, DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.307359https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhsVCrur7O&md5=9a93620596bcdb1778530427503af4e7A critique of methods for temperature imaging in single cellsBaffou, Guillaume; Rigneault, Herve; Marguet, Didier; Jullien, LudovicNature Methods (2014), 11 (9), 899-901CODEN: NMAEA3; ISSN:1548-7091. (Nature Publishing Group)A review. We argue that std. thermodn. considerations and scaling laws show that a single cell cannot substantially raise its temp. by endogenous thermogenesis. This statement seriously questions the interpretations of recent work reporting temp. heterogeneities measured in single living cells.
- 59Ferdinandus; Arai, S. The ABC Guide to Fluorescent Toolsets for the Development of Future Biomaterials. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019, 7, 5, DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.0000560https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3cjpvFKqtg%253D%253D&md5=249cf7c5dafd3581381c8581136c6209The ABC Guide to Fluorescent Toolsets for the Development of Future BiomaterialsFerdinandus; Arai Satoshi; Arai SatoshiFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology (2019), 7 (), 5 ISSN:2296-4185.In recent decades, diversified approaches using nanoparticles or nano-structured scaffolds have been applied to drug delivery and tissue engineering. Thanks to recent interdisciplinary studies, the materials developed have been intensively evaluated at animal level. Despite these efforts, less attention has been paid to what is really going on at the subcellular level during the interaction between a nanomaterial and a cell. As the proposed concept becomes more complex, the need for investigation of the dynamics of these materials at the cellular level becomes more prominent. For a deeper understanding of cellular events, fluorescent imaging techniques have been a powerful means whereby spatiotemporal information related to cellular events can be visualized as detectable fluorescent signals. To date, several excellent review papers have summarized the use of fluorescent imaging toolsets in cellular biology. However, applying these toolsets becomes a laborious process for those who are not familiar with imaging studies to engage with owing to the skills gap between them and cell biologists. This review aims to highlight the valuable essentials of fluorescent imaging as a tool for the development of effective biomaterials by introducing some cases including photothermal and photodynamic therapies. This distilled information will be a convenient short-cut for those who are keen to fabricate next generation biomaterials.
- 60Millen, J.; Deesuwan, T.; Barker, P.; Anders, J. Nanoscale Temperature Measurements Using Non-Equilibrium Brownian Dynamics of a Levitated Nanosphere. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9 (6), 425– 429, DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.8261https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXntlyisbc%253D&md5=cb57c5e0f643b09f752d0481ed9b4ed7Nanoscale temperature measurements using non-equilibrium Brownian dynamics of a levitated nanosphereMillen, J.; Deesuwan, T.; Barker, P.; Anders, J.Nature Nanotechnology (2014), 9 (6), 425-429CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)Einstein realized that the fluctuations of a Brownian particle can be used to ascertain the properties of its environment. A large no. of expts. have since exploited the Brownian motion of colloidal particles for studies of dissipative processes, providing insight into soft matter physics and leading to applications from energy harvesting to medical imaging. Here, the authors use heated optically levitated nanospheres to study the nonequil. properties of the gas surrounding them. Analyzing the sphere's Brownian motion allows the authors to det. the temp. of the center-of-mass motion of the sphere, its surface temp. and the heated gas temp. in two spatial dimensions. The authors observe asym. heating of the sphere and gas, with temps. reaching the m.p. of the material. This method offers opportunities for accurate temp. measurements with spatial resoln. on the nanoscale, and provides a means for testing nonequil. thermodn.
- 61Liu, S.; Pan, X.; Liu, H. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photothermal Therapy. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 5890– 5900, DOI: 10.1002/anie.20191147762https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitFCmurc%253D&md5=e30bd74514362dc81dbd3b7bdf0f036aTwo-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photothermal TherapyLiu, Shuang; Pan, Xueting; Liu, HuiyuAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2020), 59 (15), 5890-5900CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A review. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are currently explored as novel photothermal agents because of their ultrathin structure, high sp. surface area, and unique optoelectronic properties. In addn. to single photothermal therapy (PTT), 2D nanomaterials have demonstrated significant potential in PTT-based synergistic therapies. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent progress in 2D nanomaterials for enhanced photothermal cancer therapy over the last five years. Their unique optical properties, typical synthesis methods, and surface modification are also covered. Emphasis is placed on their PTT and PTT-synergized chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. The major challenges of 2D photothermal agents are addressed and the promising prospects are also presented.
- 62Ito, A.; Honda, H.; Kobayashi, T. Cancer Immunotherapy Based on Intracellular Hyperthermia Using Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Novel Concept of “Heat-Controlled Necrosis” with Heat Shock Protein Expression. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2006, 55 (3), 320– 328, DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0049-y63https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2MnivFSisA%253D%253D&md5=139710bf8470ec4c9f5cc838b87d2878Cancer immunotherapy based on intracellular hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles: a novel concept of "heat-controlled necrosis" with heat shock protein expressionIto Akira; Honda Hiroyuki; Kobayashi TakeshiCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII (2006), 55 (3), 320-8 ISSN:0340-7004.Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved proteins whose syntheses are induced by a variety of stresses, including heat stress. Since the expression of HSPs, including HSP70, protects cells from heat-induced apoptosis, HSP expression has been considered to be a complicating factor in hyperthermia. On the other hand, recent reports have shown the importance of HSPs, such as HSP70, HSP90 and glucose-regulated protein 96 (gp96), in immune reactions. If HSP expression induced by hyperthermia is involved in tumor immunity, novel cancer immunotherapy based on this novel concept can be developed. In such a strategy, a tumor-specific hyperthermia system, which can heat the local tumor region to the intended temperature without damaging normal tissue, would be highly advantageous. To achieve tumor-specific hyperthermia, we have developed an intracellular hyperthermia system using magnetite nanoparticles. This novel hyperthermia system can induce necrotic cell death via HSP expression, which induces antitumor immunity. In the present article, cancer immunology and immunotherapy based on hyperthermia, and HSP expression are reviewed and discussed.
- 63Galluzzi, L. Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018. Cell Death Differ. 2018, 25 (3), 486– 541, DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0012-464https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MvjsFKgug%253D%253D&md5=4f2b2e5757ae4448c16f7114cd494a7cMolecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018Galluzzi Lorenzo; Galluzzi Lorenzo; Cubillos-Ruiz Juan R; Galluzzi Lorenzo; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Vitale Ilio; Campanella Michelangelo; Cecconi Francesco; Manic Gwenola; Piacentini Mauro; Vitale Ilio; Campanella Michelangelo; Manic Gwenola; Aaronson Stuart A; Chipuk Jerry E; Abrams John M; Adam Dieter; Agostinis Patrizia; Garg Abhishek D; Alnemri Emad S; Altucci Lucia; Amelio Ivano; Antonov Alexey V; Knight Richard A; MacFarlane Marion; Malewicz Michal; Melino Gerry; Andrews David W; Andrews David W; Andrews David W; Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli Margherita; Candi Eleonora; Arama Eli; Kimchi Adi; Baehrecke Eric H; Barlev Nickolai A; Bazan Nicolas G; Bernassola Francesca; Candi Eleonora; Melino Gerry; Bertrand Mathieu J M; Vanden Berghe Tom; Vandenabeele Peter; Bertrand Mathieu J M; Vanden Berghe Tom; Vandenabeele Peter; Bianchi Katiuscia; Blagosklonny Mikhail V; Blomgren Klas; Kroemer Guido; Blomgren Klas; Borner Christoph; Borner Christoph; Boya Patricia; Brenner Catherine; Brenner Catherine; Campanella Michelangelo; Campanella Michelangelo; Carmona-Gutierrez Didac; Madeo Frank; Cecconi Francesco; Cecconi Francesco; Chan Francis K-M; Chandel Navdeep S; Cheng Emily H; Cidlowski John A; Ciechanover Aaron; Gottlieb Eyal; Cohen Gerald M; Conrad Marcus; Cubillos-Ruiz Juan R; Czabotar Peter E; Strasser Andreas; Czabotar Peter E; Silke John; D'Angiolella Vincenzo; Dawson Ted M; Dawson Valina L; Dawson Ted M; Dawson Valina L; Dawson Ted M; Dawson Ted M; Dawson Valina L; Dawson Valina L; De Laurenzi Vincenzo; De Maria Ruggero; Sistigu Antonella; Debatin Klaus-Michael; DeBerardinis Ralph J; Deshmukh Mohanish; Di Daniele Nicola; Di Virgilio Francesco; Pinton Paolo; Dixit Vishva M; Dixon Scott J; Duckett Colin S; Dynlacht Brian D; Dynlacht Brian D; Pagano Michele; El-Deiry Wafik S; El-Deiry Wafik S; Elrod John W; Fimia Gian Maria; Piacentini Mauro; Fimia Gian Maria; Fulda Simone; Fulda Simone; Fulda Simone; Garcia-Saez Ana J; Garrido Carmen; Garrido Carmen; Garrido Carmen; Gavathiotis Evripidis; Gavathiotis Evripidis; Kitsis Richard N; Gavathiotis Evripidis; Kitsis Richard N; Gavathiotis Evripidis; Kitsis Richard N; Golstein Pierre; Gottlieb Eyal; Ryan Kevin M; Tait Stephen W G; Green Douglas R; Greene Lloyd A; Gronemeyer Hinrich; Gronemeyer Hinrich; Gronemeyer Hinrich; Gronemeyer Hinrich; Gross Atan; Hajnoczky Gyorgy; Hardwick J Marie; Harris Isaac S; Yuan Junying; Hengartner Michael O; Hetz Claudio; Hetz Claudio; Hetz Claudio; Ichijo Hidenori; Jaattela Marja; Joseph Bertrand; Zhivotovsky Boris; Jost Philipp J; Juin Philippe P; Juin Philippe P; Juin Philippe P; Juin Philippe P; Kaiser William J; Karin Michael; Karin Michael; Karin Michael; Karin Michael; Kaufmann Thomas; Simon Hans-Uwe; Kepp Oliver; Zitvogel Laurence; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Kepp Oliver; Kroemer Guido; Kitsis Richard N; Kitsis Richard N; Klionsky Daniel J; Klionsky Daniel J; Kumar Sharad; Lee Sam W; Lemasters John J; Lemasters John J; Levine Beth; Levine Beth; Levine Beth; Linkermann Andreas; Lipton Stuart A; Lipton Stuart A; Lipton Stuart A; Lockshin Richard A; Lockshin Richard A; Lopez-Otin Carlos; Lowe Scott W; Lowe Scott W; Luedde Tom; Lugli Enrico; Lugli Enrico; Madeo Frank; Malorni Walter; Marine Jean-Christophe; Marine Jean-Christophe; Martin Seamus J; Martinou Jean-Claude; Medema Jan Paul; Medema Jan Paul; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Mehlen Patrick; Meier Pascal; Melino Sonia; Miao Edward A; Miao Edward A; Miao Edward A; Molkentin Jeffery D; Moll Ute M; Munoz-Pinedo Cristina; Nagata Shigekazu; Nunez Gabriel; Nunez Gabriel; Oberst Andrew; Oberst Andrew; Oren Moshe; Overholtzer Michael; Pagano Michele; Pagano Michele; Panaretakis Theocharis; Panaretakis Theocharis; Pasparakis Manolis; Pasparakis Manolis; Penninger Josef M; Pereira David M; Pervaiz Shazib; Pervaiz Shazib; Pervaiz Shazib; Peter Marcus E; Peter Marcus E; Pinton Paolo; Pinton Paolo; Prehn Jochen H M; Puthalakath Hamsa; Rabinovich Gabriel A; Rabinovich Gabriel A; Rehm Markus; Rehm Markus; Rizzuto Rosario; Szabadkai Gyorgy; Rodrigues Cecilia M P; Rubinsztein David C; Rudel Thomas; Sayan Emre; Scorrano Luca; Scorrano Luca; Shao Feng; Shi Yufang; Shi Yufang; Shi Yufang; Silke John; Sistigu Antonella; Stockwell Brent R; Stockwell Brent R; Szabadkai Gyorgy; Szabadkai Gyorgy; Vousden Karen H; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tang Daolin; Tavernarakis Nektarios; Thorburn Andrew; Tsujimoto Yoshihide; Turk Boris; Turk Boris; Vander Heiden Matthew G; Vander Heiden Matthew G; Vander Heiden Matthew G; Villunger Andreas; Virgin Herbert W; Vucic Domagoj; Wagner Erwin F; Walczak Henning; Wallach David; Wang Ying; Wells James A; Wood Will; Yuan Junying; Zakeri Zahra; Zhivotovsky Boris; Zitvogel Laurence; Zitvogel Laurence; Zitvogel Laurence; Kroemer GuidoCell death and differentiation (2018), 25 (3), 486-541 ISSN:.Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field.
- 64Lin, Y. C.; Chipot, C.; Scheuring, S. Annexin-V Stabilizes Membrane Defects by Inducing Lipid Phase Transition. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 230, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14045-w65https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtFegsLs%253D&md5=761a2760489623b83af7dc77722a2ca5Annexin-V stabilizes membrane defects by inducing lipid phase transitionLin, Yi-Chih; Chipot, Christophe; Scheuring, SimonNature Communications (2020), 11 (1), 230CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Research)Annexins are abundant cytoplasmic proteins, which bind to membranes that expose neg. charged phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner. During cell injuries, the entry of extracellular Ca2+ activates the annexin membrane-binding ability, subsequently initiating membrane repair processes. However, the mechanistic action of annexins in membrane repair remains largely unknown. Here, we use high-speed at. force microscopy (HS-AFM), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and mol. dynamics simulations (MDSs) to analyze how annexin-V (A5) binds to phosphatidylserine (PS)-rich membranes leading to high Ca2+-concns. at membrane, and then to changes in the dynamics and organization of lipids, eventually to a membrane phase transition. A5 self-assembly into lattices further stabilizes and likely structures the membrane into a gel phase. Our findings are compatible with the patch resealing through vesicle fusion mechanism in membrane repair and indicate that A5 retains neg. charged lipids in the inner leaflet in an injured cell.
- 65Milleron, R. S.; Bratton, S. B. Heat Shock Induces Apoptosis Independently of Any Known Initiator Caspase-Activating Complex. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281 (25), 16991– 17000, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M51275420066https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XlvVGks7g%253D&md5=6ee4657b9d7e529346b30bd9ba1d677dHeat Shock Induces Apoptosis Independently of Any Known Initiator Caspase-activating ComplexMilleron, Rania S.; Bratton, Shawn B.Journal of Biological Chemistry (2006), 281 (25), 16991-17000CODEN: JBCHA3; ISSN:0021-9258. (American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)Adaptive responses to mild heat shock are among the most widely conserved and studied in nature. More intense heat shock, however, induces apoptosis through mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Herein, we present evidence that heat shock activates an apical protease that stimulates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and processing of the effector caspase-3 in a benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD-fluoromethyl ketone (polycaspase inhibitor)- and Bcl-2-inhibitable manner. Surprisingly, however, neither FADD·caspase-8 nor RAIDD·caspase-2 PIDDosome (p53-induced protein with a death domain) complexes were detected in dying cells, and neither of these initiator caspases nor the endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated caspases-4/12 were required for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Similarly, although cytochrome c was released from mitochondria following heat shock, functional Apaf-1·caspase-9 apoptosome complexes were not formed, and caspase-9 was not essential for the activation of caspase-3 or the induction of apoptosis. Thus, heat shock does not require any of the known initiator caspases or their activating complexes to promote apoptotic cell death but instead relies upon the activation of an apparently novel apical protease with caspase-like activity.
- 66Xu, M.; Wright, W. D.; Higashikubo, R.; Roti Roti, J. L. Chronic Thermotolerance with Continued Cell Proliferation. Int. J. Hyperth. 1996, 12 (5), 645– 660, DOI: 10.3109/0265673960902767267https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaK2s%252FktFKhsg%253D%253D&md5=db15214c67d59c92b52b7b07fc05560bChronic thermotolerance with continued cell proliferationXu M; Wright W D; Higashikubo R; Roti J LInternational journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group (1996), 12 (5), 645-60; discussion 661-2 ISSN:0265-6736.The human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, NSY42129, is capable of proliferation at 41.1 degrees C. This ability appears to be due to a type of chronic thermotolerance, as opposed to selection or adaptation, that allows these cells to traverse S phase at elevated temperatures. Four other human cell lines were studied for their ability to proliferate at 41.1 degrees C. Of those only one, also a colon adenocarcinoma, showed the ability to sustain proliferation at 41.1 degrees C. While all the cell lines examined showed increased levels of the major heat shock proteins at 41.1 degrees C, the cellular amounts of these proteins did not correlate with their ability to proliferate at 41.1 degrees C. However, the ability of the cells to proliferate at 41.1 degrees C did correlate with their ability to sustain elevated rates of synthesis of hsp70 and hsp90. These results could have implications in the clinical application of hyperthermia, particularly the use of long duration moderate hyperthermia.
- 67Keston, A. S.; Brandt, R. The Fluorometric Analysis of Ultramicro Quantities of Hydrogen Peroxide. Anal. Biochem. 1965, 11 (1), 1– 5, DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(65)90034-568https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaF2MXkt1Grtr8%253D&md5=3a778c4356641fd428af245a70956de8Fluorometric analysis of ultramicro quantities of H2O2Keston, Albert S.; Brandt, RichardAnalytical Biochemistry (1965), 11 (1), 1-5CODEN: ANBCA2; ISSN:0003-2697.H2O2 in the range of 10-11 mole/mL. was analyzed on the basis of oxidn. of nonfluorescent diacetyldichlorofluorescin (I) to a fluorescent compd. by H2O2 and peroxidase. I was dild., in a buffer contg. ZnSO4, to 2 × 10-6M and 0.001 to 0.006 mg. of peroxidase/mL.; 3-mL. aliquots were pipetted directly to a cuvette and 0.2 mL. of a H2O2 soln. was added. The increase in fluorescence vs. time was recorded at room temp. (26°). The blank value is the fluorescence of the reagent and 0.2 mL. of H2O measured at the same time as the reaction. Diacetyldichlorofluorescein (II) was prepd. as was the I and contained 0.001 mg. of peroxidase/mL. The reaction was initiated by the addn. of H2O2, and heated at 42°. Fluorescence was then measured. Max. fluorescence was proportional to the amt. of H2O2 present. For anal. of amts. of H2O2 < 5 × lO-11 M, a procedure with 0.001 mg. of peroxidase/mL. and 2 × 10-7 M I was used.
- 68Aioub, M.; Panikkanvalappil, S. R.; El-Sayed, M. A. Platinum-Coated Gold Nanorods: Efficient Reactive Oxygen Scavengers That Prevent Oxidative Damage toward Healthy, Untreated Cells during Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy. ACS Nano 2017, 11 (1), 579– 586, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b0665169https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitFOiur3L&md5=8440e6b09f5afe9796f95760a378c58ePlatinum-Coated Gold Nanorods: Efficient Reactive Oxygen Scavengers That Prevent Oxidative Damage toward Healthy, Untreated Cells during Plasmonic Photothermal TherapyAioub, Mena; Panikkanvalappil, Sajanlal R.; El-Sayed, Mostafa A.ACS Nano (2017), 11 (1), 579-586CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)As a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy, gold nanorod (AuNR)-based plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPT) has shown significant promise for the selective ablation of cancer cells. However, the heat stress experienced by cells during the PPT treatment produces significant amts. of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could harm healthy, untreated tissue near the point of care by inducing irreversible damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins, potentially causing cellular dysfunction or mutation. In this study, we utilized biocompatible Pt-coated AuNRs (PtAuNRs) with different platinum shell thicknesses as an alternative to AuNRs often used for the treatment. We show that the PtAuNRs maintain the efficacy of traditional AuNRs for inducing cell death while scavenging the ROS formed as a byproduct during PPT treatment, thereby protecting healthy, untreated cells from indirect death resulting from ROS formation. The synergistic effect of PtAuNRs in effectively killing cancer cells through hyperthermia with the simultaneous removal of heat stress induced ROS during PPT was validated in vitro using cell viability and fluorescence assays. Our results suggest that the high photothermal efficiency and ROS-scavenging activity of PtAuNRs makes them ideal candidates to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PPT treatment while reducing the risk of undesired side effects due to heat-stress-induced ROS formation.
- 69Drobczyński, S.; Prorok, K.; Tamarov, K.; Duś-Szachniewicz, K.; Lehto, V.-P.; Bednarkiewicz, A. Towards Controlled Photothermal Treatment of Single Cell: Optically Induced Heating and Remote Temperature Monitoring in-Vitro through Double Wavelength Optical Tweezers. ACS Photonics 2017, 4 (8), 1993– 2002, DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b0037570https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFSqsrfI&md5=5ed032638497135230a02a3b4581be51Toward Controlled Photothermal Treatment of Single Cell: Optically Induced Heating and Remote Temperature Monitoring In Vitro through Double Wavelength Optical TweezersDrobczynski, Slawomir; Prorok, Katarzyna; Tamarov, Konstantin; Dus-Szachniewicz, Kamila; Lehto, Vesa-Pekka; Bednarkiewicz, ArturACS Photonics (2017), 4 (8), 1993-2002CODEN: APCHD5; ISSN:2330-4022. (American Chemical Society)Cancer treatment based on hyperthermia (HT) relies on exposing the malignant cells to elevated local temp. Although the procedure has been successfully applied in clinics, the fundamental aspects of HT are not yet fully understood. In order to verify the susceptibility of single cells in vitro to raised temp., we have developed novel nano- and microtools. In particular, an optical double-trap system utilizing combined galvano-mirror scanning and spatial light phase modulator was devised to manipulate several micron-sized objects simultaneously. The manipulation comprised both optical trapping and translocating, on demand photoactivated heating, and simultaneous remote temp. readout of living cells, IR activated heaters and optical thermometers, resp. Mesoporous silicon microparticles were used as an IR absorber to generate an increased temp. of about 100 °C with 0.4 W laser power. The optical micron-sized thermometer was based on up-converting Yb-Er codoped nanocryst. particles encapsulated in amorphous silica shells produced with yeast cells as the templates. These hybrid particles displayed a relative sensitivity of 0.28%/K, an accuracy of 0.1 °C (at 32 °C), spatial resoln. of <10 μm, and a temporal response of 50 ms/acquisition to record the temp. changes in specified areas in real time. The system was utilized in monitoring the stepwise cell death of individual diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells due to locally induced excessive heating induced by the absorber localized in the vicinity of the cell.
- 70Odaka, H.; Arai, S.; Inoue, T.; Kitaguchi, T. Genetically-Encoded Yellow Fluorescent cAMP Indicator with an Expanded Dynamic Range for Dual-Color Imaging. PLoS One 2014, 9 (6), e100252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.010025271https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhs1antr3I&md5=1d5ada43c7dccb086da40df632776504Genetically-encoded yellow fluorescent cAMP indicator with an expanded dynamic range for dual-color imagingOdaka, Haruki; Arai, Satoshi; Inoue, Takafumi; Kitaguchi, TetsuyaPLoS One (2014), 9 (6), e100252/1-e100252/7, 7 pp.CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)CAMP is a ubiquitous second messenger, which mediates many cellular responses mainly initiated by activation of cell surface receptors. Various Forster resonance energy transfer-based ratiometric cAMP indicators have been created for monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of cAMP at the single-cell level. However, single fluorescent protein-based cAMP indicators have been poorly developed, with improvement required for dynamic range and brightness. Based on our previous yellow fluorescent protein-based cAMP indicator, Flamindo, we developed an improved yellow fluorescent cAMP indicator named Flamindo2. Flamindo2 has a 2-fold expanded dynamic range and 8-fold increased brightness compared with Flamindo by optimization of linker peptides in the vicinity of the chromophore. We found that fluorescence intensity of Flamindo2 was decreased to 25% in response to cAMP. Live-cell cAMP imaging of the cytosol and nucleus in COS7 cells using Flamindo2 and nlsFlamindo2, resp., showed that forskolin elevated cAMP levels in each compartment with different kinetics. Furthermore, dual-color imaging of cAMP and Ca2+ with Flamindo2 and a red fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, R-GECO, showed that cAMP and Ca2+ elevation were induced by noradrenaline in single HeLa cells. Our study shows that Flamindo2, which is feasible for multi-color imaging with other intracellular signaling mols., is useful and is an alternative tool for live-cell imaging of intracellular cAMP dynamics.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.2c00285.
Supplementary Movie 1. Lysosomal escape of nanoHT (AVI)
Supplementary Movie 2. Subcellular muscle contraction by nanoHT (AVI)
Characterization of nanoHT by TEM; evaluation of ROS generation by nanoHT (in test tube and live HeLa); sensitivity to other elements (pH, ionic strength, and viscosity); stability of nanoHT (including a bunch of nanoHT); cell viability test; colocalization test of nanoHT; BFP calibration curve (temperature sensitivity); imaging with Apopxin and mitochondrial ATP; fluorescence intensity analysis of nanoHT in the dish and HeLa; AFM studies (PDF)
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