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Graphene Tunable Transparency to Tunneling Electrons: A Direct Tool To Measure the Local Coupling

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† Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
‡ Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
§ Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
∥ Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV-EHU) and Materials Physics Center (MPC), Manuel Lardizábal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
⊥ II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
# CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
∇ Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
○ Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
*E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: ACS Nano 2016, 10, 5, 5131–5144
Publication Date (Web):April 25, 2016
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b00322
Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    The local interaction between graphene and a host substrate strongly determines the actual properties of the graphene layer. Here we show that scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) can selectively help to visualize either the graphene layer or the substrate underneath, or even both at the same time, providing a comprehensive picture of this coupling with atomic precision and high energy resolution. We demonstrate this for graphene on Cu(111). Our spectroscopic data show that, in the vicinity of the Fermi level, graphene π bands are well preserved presenting a small n-doping induced by Cu(111) surface state electrons. Such results are corroborated by Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectra (ARPES) and Density Functional Theory with van der Waals (DFT + vdW) calculations. Graphene tunable transparency also allows the investigation of the interaction between the substrate and foreign species (such as atomic H or C vacancies) on the graphene layer. Our calculations explain graphene tunable transparency in terms of the rather different decay lengths of the graphene Dirac π states and the metal surface state, suggesting that it should apply to a good number of graphene/substrate systems.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00322.

    • STM characterization of the general morphology of the graphene/Cu(111) samples, STM characterization of 2D electronic states, large view of STM/STS data, STM/STS measurements of the graphene electron doping, theoretical description of the dispersive (van der Waals) interactions, charge transfer and level alignment, simulation results of the √57 × √57 moiré pattern, further details of the explanation of graphene tunable transparency, Figures S1–S12 (PDF)

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    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

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