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In Situ Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Dots/Polyelectrolyte Nanocomposite Microcapsules with Reduced Permeability and Ultrasound Sensitivity

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† †Materials Research Institute, School of Engineering and Materials Science, and ‡Centre for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
*E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: ACS Nano 2016, 10, 10, 9608–9615
Publication Date (Web):September 29, 2016
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b05088
Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Designing and fabricating multifunctional nanocomposite microcapsules are considerable interests in both academic and industrial research aspects. This work first reports an innovative approach to in situ synthesize and assemble fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) into polyelectrolyte microcapsules, obtaining highly biocompatible nanocomposite microcapsules with excellent luminescence that facilitate imaging and identification in vitro, yet with the feasibility to load small molecules and ultrasound responsiveness to trigger their release. CDs are produced in situ in (PAH/PSS)4 microcapsule shells by carbonization of dextran molecules under relatively mild hydrothermal treatment. Compared with the collapsed and film-like (PAH/PSS)4 microcapsules, the novel composite microcapsules show a free-standing structure, smaller size, and thicker shell. CDs are proven to be fabricated and embedded in PAH/PSS multilayers, and the formed PAH/PSS/CD microcapsules are endowed with strong luminescence, as verified by the transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence spectra, and confocal laser scanning microscopy results. The in situ formation of CDs in capsule shells also empowers these capsules with ultrasound responsiveness and reduced permeability. The feasibility of encapsulation of small molecules (rhodamine B) and ultrasound-triggered release is also shown. Most importantly, due to the intrinsic biocompatible property and photostability of CDs, these fluorescent PAH/PSS/CD microcapsules show negligible cell toxicity and low photobleaching, which are impossible for capsules composited with conventional organic dyes and semiconductor quantum dots.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05088.

    • Color change of microcapsule suspensions and precipitations before and after heating with dextran; FTIR profiles of CDs and microcapsules with and without CDs; TEM, UV–vis, and ζ-potential characterization of pure CDs; morphology and structure characterization (SEM and TEM) of PE capsules heated in H2O; photoluminescence emission data of PAH/PSS/CD microcapsules and that of CDs from dextran and glucose; photostability characterization of PAH/PSS/CD capsules; CLSM images of PAH/PSS/CD films; cell viability data of CDs, pure PAH/PSS capsules, and heated PAH/PSS capsules without CDs; cell uptake images of PAH/PSS/CD capsules and their quantitative uptake data; cell uptake images of CDs; long-time release data of RhB from PAH/PSS/CD microcapsules; CLSM image of PAH/PSS spheres with RhB encapsulated inside; ultrasound-triggered release of RhB from the PAH/PSS spheres; SEM images of PAH/PSS spheres upon different ultrasonication time (PDF)

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