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Identification of Organic Matter Dispersions Based on Light Scattering Matrices Focusing on Soil Organic Matter ManagementClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Nikolai F. BunkinNikolai F. BunkinBauman Moscow State Technical University, 5 2nd Baumanskaya St., Moscow 105005, RussiaProkhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, Moscow 119991, RussiaMore by Nikolai F. Bunkin
- Alexey P. GlinushkinAlexey P. GlinushkinAll-Russia Research Institute for Phytopathology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Big Vyazyomy, Moscow Region 143050, RussiaMore by Alexey P. Glinushkin
- Alexey V. ShkirinAlexey V. ShkirinProkhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, Moscow 119991, RussiaMore by Alexey V. Shkirin
- Dmitriy N. IgnatenkoDmitriy N. IgnatenkoProkhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, Moscow 119991, RussiaMore by Dmitriy N. Ignatenko
- Sergey N. ChirikovSergey N. ChirikovNational Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 31 Kashirskoe sh., Moscow 115409, RussiaMore by Sergey N. Chirikov
- Ivan V. SavchenkoIvan V. SavchenkoAll-Russia Research Institute for Phytopathology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Big Vyazyomy, Moscow Region 143050, RussiaMore by Ivan V. Savchenko
- Valery P. MeshalkinValery P. MeshalkinD. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya square, Moscow 125047, RussiaMore by Valery P. Meshalkin
- Gennady N. SamarinGennady N. SamarinFederal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 5 First Institutskiy pr-d, Moscow 109428, RussiaMore by Gennady N. Samarin
- Alireza MalekiAlireza MalekiInstitute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, AustraliaMore by Alireza Maleki
- Valery P. Kalinitchenko*Valery P. Kalinitchenko*Email: [email protected]All-Russia Research Institute for Phytopathology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Big Vyazyomy, Moscow Region 143050, RussiaInstitute of Fertility of Soils of South Russia, 2 Krivoshlykova St., Persianovka 346493, RussiaMore by Valery P. Kalinitchenko
Abstract
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The origin of organic matter, its spread, scattering, and functioning are influenced by the physical structure of liquid or dispersed media of organic matter. Refractive indices of fodder yeast grown on paraffin oil (paprin) and natural gas (gaprin) as well as Lycoperdon spore and organelles were measured by laser phase microscopy. The scattering matrices of aqueous suspensions of paprin, gaprin, and Lycoperdon spores were measured using a laser polarimeter with the scattering angle ranging from 20 to 150°. The experimentally measured scattering matrices have been approximated by the weighted sum of theoretically calculated scattering matrices using the T-matrix code developed by Mishchenko. Most of the particle radii in the filtered fraction of paprin and gaprin were within the range of about 0.05–0.12 μm. Particle radii of the Lycoperdon spore suspension were within the range of 0.4–2.4 μm, which corresponded to both whole spores and their separate organelles. A possibility of identifying a suspension by its scattering matrices was shown for a small difference in the real parts of the refractive index in the example of paprin and gaprin. The measurements of the light scattering matrix showed that for a small size parameter of about 1, the identification of paprin and gaprin can be based only on a difference in the particle shape. Refractive index difference is manifested for the size parameter values higher than 3. An example of a suspension consisting of micron-sized spores and their submicron organelles shows high sensitivity of the scattering matrix to the composition of the dispersed material. The presented data and models help to extrapolate the results of the light scattering matrix study to a vast spectrum of media of organic matter origin and functioning. This study focused on the Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) transcendental methodology to manage soil as an arena of biodegradation and organic synthesis. A BGT*-based robotic system for intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete water and matter supply directly into the dispersed–aggregated physical structure of the soil media was developed. The system enables transformation of soil into a stable highly productive organic chemical bioreactor for better controlled nanoparticle biomolecular interactions and adsorption by biological and mineral media. The scattering matrix measurement unit is supposed to be used in the robotic system as a diagnostic tool for the dispersion composition of soil organic components.
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society
1. Introduction
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The physical structure of liquid and solid media influences the origin, spread, scattering, and functioning of organic matter as dispersed media. Soil is an important dispersed and aggregated media for biological processes. The challenge is to understand the drivers of organic and mineral phase interactions, to control the process of organic matter synthesis and optimize the trophic chains in the soil as in a large organic chemistry reactor. (1) Recognition (identification) of dispersed media and organic matter by their scattering matrices is of great fundamental and applied importance. (2−5) Studies on dispersed media are linked to the new technologies of production of artificial mineral and organic matter. Different techniques and models are used for the quantitative characterization of dispersed media. (6−16) New technological conditions are promising for increased target product output. Characteristics of the natural and artificial organic chemistry products depend on both the properties of production medium and the medium of organic matter application. The properties of organic matter applied to the soil influence the phytopathological status of agrocenosis and a quality of yield. Organic substances applied to the soil provide a higher plant resistance to pathogens. Hence, it is highly important to obtain all possible information about newly invented unnatural products, especially the organic synthesis products. The importance of the new approaches in a multifaceted study of organic products becomes even higher in the example of soil organic matter (SOM), which is crucial for the pedosphere as an indispensable agent for full-scale functioning of the biosphere. (17) SOM in the field of soil science was previously characterized by the humus content. The traditional humus study methodology is focused on C content determination. The presumption of the humus methodology was based on the resemblance of the natural SOM synthesis process in different soils. (18) Humus content comparison has been accepted as a reliable method to compare different soils and assess which soil has highly productivity. Currently, increased technological influence on soil distorts an acceptability of the humus criterion. The C content of soil can be increased artificially in the current standard technology framework. But this is not a reliable basis for the subsequent assessment of the soil fertility because the standard technologies lead to uncertain consequences in the soil system. (19) On the contrary, the up-to-date soil management technology based on the new Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) methodology can provide a higher level of certainty of the soil system and lead to higher soil productivity even with a small increment in the humus content. (19−25) In this case, the use of the standard data on the soil C content leads to the underestimation of soil productivity. Agrophysical assessment of alluvial calcareous soil of the Cumra Region of Central Anatolia in Turkey showed that this soil is highly fertile, but the soil humus content is less than 2%. The latest humic substance studies are based on the up-to-date high tech equipment for SOM molecular composition research. The corresponding high-level software is used. (26−28) The methodology helps to characterize humic substances in more detail.
Currently, SOM manifestations in the soil are very modest compared to the strictly coordinated structural polymicrobial biofilms present in the colon of a live organism. (29−31) Soil and human (or soil and animal) microbiomes are closely interrelated, and it is highly probable that they are driven by analogous mechanisms and similar organized consortia. (32,33) There are no reliable data on the occurrence of polymicrobial communities and the structure and composition of polymicrobial biofilms in soil. (29) Current studies reveal new uncertainties in organic matter and soil health understanding. A need for new findings in this area of research is becoming obvious. (34−37) In particular, this will motivate studies on higher resistivity of plants to pathogens and pathogen suppression. (38) In soil science, a physical research methodology is important for the correct interpretation of different organic chemistry applications taking into account the long-term biogeochemical changes. (39) The wider use of physical methods is promising for the multifaceted study of organic matter. This is linked to different media, different chemical production strata, and diverse biogeochemical regimes.
The scattering matrix element values depend on the properties of dispersed particle. The determination of the physical parameters of particles is currently possible only for a limited set of dispersed media. This is an additional inspiration for new studies concerning the measurement of multilevel continuum–individual organic-mineral aggregates in soil and/or biofilm structure and dimensions.
This work aimed at determining the effect of the microphysical parameters of dispersed organic matter for its identification via light scattering matrix measurements in the example of protein–vitamin concentrates (PVCs)—paprin and gaprin. Another aim was to extrapolate the result of the light scattering matrix study to a vast spectrum of media of the organic matter, focusing on the application of the BGT* transcendental methodology to soil as an arena of biodegradation and organic synthesis. (24,25,40)
2. Results and Discussion
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2.1. Theory/Calculation
2.1.1. Theory
Scattering matrices of dispersed media are important for organic matter identification. The current approach for the characterization of organic matter (in particular SOM) is a preliminary study of its molecular composition. This approach is insufficient for the coordinated organic-mineral structures of multilevel architecture in soil. Physical methods are crucial for studying soil as the most complicated chemical reactor of vital importance. Soil as a continuum of the most complex biomaterial on the earth is important for the proper management of the environment. (17)
The application of the humic substances (HS) to the soil is an attempt to increase the SOM content. (28) The merit of the HS methodology in this case is its advantageous ability to characterize the SOM molecular composition as a whole, both concerning natural or artificial organic substances. (18,26−31) A chemical methodology of organic matter selection or synthesis underestimates the fact that the physical structure of organic molecules depends on the properties of the synthesis medium, in particular, its multilevel architecture. The interrelation of the physical and chemical methods decides the result of organic matter production as well as the subsequent successful application of the new organic matter. In this context, a quantitative physical methodology for characterization of organic matter is of high importance. This methodology, together with chemical and biological methods, provides an adequate description of the form of the studied object and its structure and coordination in the surrounding liquid and/or solid space.
An understanding of the organic matter uncertainties requires new findings. A physical research methodology is vital for correct interpretation of the nature of the organic-mineral product. In our research, physical methods were used for obtaining reliable quantitative data on the size distribution parameters of organic matter in a rather narrow field of PVC synthesis and its control. Theoretical interpretation of the results obtained is promising for a wider range of organic matter production and application media, including soil. A feature of the system under study is the fact that suspensions of protein-containing substances are characterized by relative refractive index values that are closer to unity. (2) When analyzing the recognition conditions, it is assumed that the preparation procedure of the suspension samples is the same and provides approximately equal average size of suspended particles with the smallest possible particle size deviation. In addition, the used concentration of suspended particles, on the one hand, provides a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio during the detection of the scattered radiation and, on the other hand, ensures single scattering.
The values of the scattering matrix elements depend on the size of the dispersed particles. The type of their size distribution, their shape and structure, orientation, degree and nature of the agglomeration, complex refractive index (n + ik), and scattering angle (θ) are important. This requires a refined methodological approach for the measurement of the structure and dimensions of the multilevel continuum dispersed media. Due to a large number of factors affecting the scattering matrix, its recognition is possible within a limited set of properties of dispersed media.
We studied a rather simple organic matter system consisting of protein–vitamin concentrates (PVCs) and Lycoperdon spores suspended in water. Our aim was to determine the difference in the microphysical parameters of organic matter to achieve scattering matrix identification in paprin, gaprin, and Lycoperdon spore aqueous suspensions.
The scattering matrix describes a transformation of incident radiation polarization state in a medium. For a macroscopically isotropic medium containing the same number of randomly oriented scatterers and their mirror-symmetric counterparts, the scattering matrix F(4 × 4) has a block-diagonal form. (41) In this case, the elements F14, F41, F24, F42, F31, F32, F13, and F23 are zero, and F12 = F21 and F34 = −F43. The dependence of the element F11 on the scattering angle θ describes the scattering indicatrix of unpolarized radiation. For spherical particles, F22 = F11 and F33 = F44 in the whole range of the scattering angles.
The scattering matrices of the PVC (paprin and gaprin) suspension have been theoretically simulated using a program developed by Mishchenko. (41) The program implements the T-matrix method for a randomly oriented spheroid (ellipsoid of revolution) ensemble. The scattering matrices were modeled for the particle size parameter from 3 to 30.
This research was focused on the application of the BGT* methodology in the field of organic matter degradation and synthesis, humic substances, and polymicrobial biofilms present in multilevel dispersed and aggregated physical systems, including soil as the most complicated system of the biosphere.
The up-to-date soil management technology based on the BGT* methodology leads to higher soil productivity. (25) The physical methods are promising for studying the organic matter multifaceted manifestations in organic matter synthesis in different media, including soil as an arena of biodegradation and organic synthesis. The BGT* methodology ensures the long-term control of the soil structure, architecture, and soil moisture. (17,38) The BGT* design of soil continuum provides highly intensive degradation of organic matter and synthesis to transform soil into a highly productive organic chemical bioreactor for stable rhizosphere and plant development. (42)
2.1.2. Calculation
The size distribution of the dispersed particle ensemble is determined by the effective size parameter xeff = 2πreff/λ and effective width veff (41)
where p(r) is the density of distribution of probability. The shape-determining parameter is also important in the model of spheroidal particles ε = a/b, where a and b are the semiaxes of the ellipsoid.
(1)
The scattering matrices were modeled for the particle size parameter from 3 to 30. Correspondingly, the particle distribution width was veff = 0.1–0.3. The imaginary part of the refractive index (k) was within the range from 0 to 0.1. The latter is a standard characteristic of proteins. (43) It is important to note that if the relative refractive index value of suspended particles is close to unity, the change of distribution width leads to a small change in the dependences F11(θ), f12(θ), and f44(θ), and the matrix element values change correspondingly. The increase of the imaginary part of the refractive index leads to a shift of the dependence f44(θ). In turn, the maximum of dependence f12(θ) for the size parameter xeff ≤ 30 shifts toward a smaller θ value. In addition, our calculations indicated that the manifestation of absorption reduces the difference in the matrix element values, and thereby the scattering media recognition procedure becomes less effective.
To determine the dispersed composition, the experimentally measured scattering matrix was approximated by a commonly used weighted sum of the theoretically calculated scattering matrices of model particles of various sizes (grades)
where θk is the scattering angle, αp is the contribution of the corresponding particle type to the scattering matrix form, Cpsca is the scattering cross-section, and Fijp are the matrix elements of the pth type of particles calculated in the model of spheroidal scatterers.
(2)
Corresponding weight values providing the minimum mean square deviation of the theoretical and experimental data determined the particle size distribution. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was used for the optimization procedure.
2.2. Experimental Study of the Organic Matter Dispersion in an Example of Paprin, Gaprin, and Mushroom Spores Based on Laser Diagnostic Methods
The particles of PVC powder and Lycoperdon spores on a substrate in air are shown in the white light microphotographs (Figure 1). The particles of PVC powder and Lycoperdon spores were imaged by a laser phase microscope. (44)
Figure 1
Figure 1. White light microphotographs of paprin (a) and gaprin (b) powder and Lycoperdon spores (c) on a substrate in air. The size of the white frame is 8 μm × 8 μm.
The micrographic data (Figure 1) suggest that the particle shape was close to spherical, as the ratio of the longitudinal size to the transverse size of the particle was about 0.5–2.
Two-dimensional (2D) distribution of the optical path difference (OPD) in the vicinity of PVC particles on a substrate in air is shown in Figure 2. Measurements carried out using a laser phase microscope showed (Figure 2) that the real part of the refractive index for paprin and gaprin was 1.46 and 1.52, respectively. These values agree with the relative refractive index in water nr = 1.1–1.14 (Figure 3). The imaginary part of the refractive index of proteins, depending on the light wavelength, is limited in the visible range to the value about 0−0.1. (43)
Figure 2
Figure 2. Laser interferograms displaying 2D distribution of the OPD in the vicinity of a single particle: paprin (a), gaprin (b), Lycoperdon spores (c), and spore organelles (d).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Scattering matrix elements as a function of scattering angle θ (fij = Fij/F11), calculated for nonabsorbing spherical particles with different relative refractive indices nr in two cases of the size distribution parameters xeff, veff: xeff = 3, veff = 0.3 (nr = 1.05—red solid line, nr = 1.2—blue solid line, nr = 1.35—green solid line); xeff = 30, veff = 0.3 (nr = 1.05—red dashed line, nr = 1.2—blue dashed line, nr = 1.35—green dashed line).
The OPD distribution of Lycoperdon spores most likely shows the topography of the spore wall, so that the average refractive index of the spore as a whole is difficult to estimate. The real part of the refractive index of the spore organelle was estimated to be 1.37.
In Figure 3, the effect of the particle refractive index on the angular dependence of the scattering matrix elements of nonabsorbing spherical particles, calculated for two values of the size parameter, is theoretically revealed. It is obvious that an increase in the refractive index leads to a shift of zero f44(θ) and maximum f12(θ) toward higher values of θ, as well as to a change in the shape of f12(θ). A change in the refractive index has little effect on the dependence of F11(θ) at the size parameter of 0.3. The maximum values of f34(θ) increase with the increasing refractive index.
The possibility of identifying substances with a small difference in refractive indices was analyzed from the dependence of the scattering matrix on the scattering angle θ (Figure 4). The calculations were done using the model of spheroidal scatterers for two fractions of nonabsorbing particles: fine (xeff = 3) and large (xeff = 30). The following regularities were revealed. Fine particle identification by the dependences of f12(θ) and f44(θ) is reliable for no or weak radiation absorption by PVC particles (k ≪ 0.1). In the absence of absorption, the identification of a larger fraction of particles can be done by the dependences of F11(θ), f12(θ), f44(θ), and f34(θ). Radiation absorption by the particles of suspensions (k ≈ 0.1) significantly impaired the procedure of scattering matrix identification. (5)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Scattering matrix elements as a function of scattering angle θ (fij = Fij/F11), calculated for nonabsorbing particles with close relative refractive indices nr in two cases of the size distribution parameters xeff, veff: xeff = 3, veff = 0.3 (nr = 1.1—orange line, nr = 1.14—cyan line); xeff = 30, veff = 0.3 (nr = 1.1—purple line, nr = 1.14—blue line). The shaded areas correspond to variations in the ratio of the transverse particle size to the longitudinal particle size (shape parameter) in the range from 0.7 to 1.
The experimental dependences of matrix elements on the scattering angle of paprin, gaprin, and Lycoperdon spore suspensions are shown in Figure 5. By fij, we mean the matrix elements Fij normalized to F11 (fij = Fij/F11). The measurement error of F11(θ) fij lay within the limits specified in the Experimental Section and Computational Methods section.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Scattering matrix elements F11(θ), f12(θ), and f44(θ) of aqueous suspensions of paprin of paprin (red dots), gaprin (blue dots), and Lycoperdon spore (black dots) depending on the scattering angle θ.
The data on the size distribution of paprin and gaprin particles indicated identification of distribution for both suspensions (Figure 6). Nevertheless, differences in the f12(θ) values were observed even for suspensions characterized by a size parameter xeff ≈ 1. Such differences can be explained by the difference in the particle shape from the spheroidal one. Differences include the flat faces, edges, sharp edges, surface roughness, and asymmetry of shapes.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Particle size distribution histograms of aqueous suspensions of paprin (red bars), gaprin (blue bars), and Lycoperdon spores (black bars).
The data showed that the small surface irregularity in the value ≪λ does not lead to a noticeable change in the matrix element. (45,46) The scattering matrices of polyhedral straight prisms with 4–7 side faces are largely similar. (47) A change in the number of prism faces and the ratio of the prism height to length or height to base side exhibited a weak effect on the matrix element dependence on the scattering angle. Moreover, the irregular aerosol particle scattering properties (for example, feldspar), which have flat faces and sharp edges, are better described in the spheroidal scatterer model than in the model of regular prisms. (47) Therefore, the mere presence of flat faces and edges does not explain the difference between experimental and calculated data.
For nonabsorbing dispersed media, asymmetric scatterers models (asymmetric hexahedrons), and Gaussian spheres describe the experimentally measured scattering matrices better than the spheroid model. (48,49) This is mainly because the abovementioned models give lower values of the f34(θ) and |f12(θ)| elements for the same set of size parameters. In this case, the dependences of f34(θ) and f44(θ) for asymmetric and symmetric scatterers (spheroids) are almost similar. The dependence of f22(θ) is similar for asymmetric and symmetric scatterers but differ by a small shift of the minima (≈10°). In the Gaussian sphere case, the difference is caused by a smaller f22(θ) minimum value. The discussed peculiarities allow us to consider the particle asymmetry of the dispersed medium as the main cause of the difference between experimental dependences of fij(θ) and those calculated for spheroids.
According to Liu et al., (50) the asymmetry of the dispersed particles does not affect the matrix element values at xeff = 0.1 or less. In the case considered, the difference in the f12(θ) value of studied suspensions within the Gaussian sphere model framework is explained by the large value of the particle deformation parameter for gaprin. (49)
The smaller f12 values and the larger f44 values for Lycoperdon spores as compared to PVC are explained by the large average particle size.
The distributions of particle size of paprin, gaprin, and spores in the suspensions (Figure 6) have been restored using the obtained scattering matrix data (Figure 5). We used a model of elongated ellipsoid of revolution to describe the size of PVC particles (ε(ε = 0.7). Most of the particle sizes are in the range from 0.05 to 0.12 μm. Relative contribution of the coarse particle fraction of paprin and gaprin was about 10–4–10–5 in the range from 0.35 to 1.0 μm (not shown in Figure 6).
The particle fraction distribution restored for the spore suspension indicates its multicomponent nature with a predominance of individual organelles, which apparently formed as a result of ultrasonic treatment. It can be concluded that a relatively small number of large particles (whole spores) against the background of small particles (organelles) significantly disturb the scattering matrix. In this case (in contrast to paprin and gaprin), the product of the fraction of large particles by their scattering cross-section becomes comparable to the analogous product for the small particles.
2.3. Prospects of the Organic Matter Study Using Physical Methods Focusing of the BGT* Methodology
The data on organic particles can be extrapolated to the framework of the BGT* transcendental methodology. The BGT* synthesizes soil geophysical micro- and macro-aggregate multilevel architectures via intra-soil milling. Focusing on soil organic matter management, the BGT* chemical soil engineering addresses environmental safety concerns of ecosphere management. (25) BGT* includes intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete soil watering, intra-soil waste recycling, intra-soil milling, and other technical and technological possibilities. The BGT* methodology ensures a well-dosed intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete water and matter supply directly to the rhizosphere. (51) This kind of watering of the soil is sufficient for plant and biota nutrition. The well-controlled and rather low-dosage watering excludes the over-moistening stage of soil, which is typical for both standard rainfed agriculture and irrigation. In the case of standard technology, the soil water regime is closely related to the plant organogenesis. At the same time, the soil continuum remains stable under the intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete watering in the absence of over-moistening. Moreover, intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete watering is safe and improves the soil structure and architecture. Natural aggregates and newly formed quasi-crystals and the corresponding quasi-aggregates in soil are not degraded. Soil quasi-crystals are a product of the freshly synthesized organic matter and soil mineral–matter interactions. (52) The soil structure and architecture provided by the BGT* method suits plant organogenesis. Low water supply to the soil helps achieving the goal of overcoming global water scarcity. (35) The BGT* methodology ensures environmentally safe organic and mineral waste recycling. (53,54) It is also capable of transforming the soil into a more stable highly productive organic chemical bioreactor, providing the soil regime and evolution conditions closer to those required for the functioning of the colon of a living organism. (25,29) BGT* ensures higher efficacy of HS and nanoparticles, and higher certainty of nanoparticle biomolecular interactions and adsorption in complex biological media. (9,10,22,23,28,29,42,55)
A robotic system for intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete water and matter supply directly to the rhizosphere has been developed (Figure 7). (51,55) The goal was to transform the soil into a more stable highly productive chemical organic bioreactor to ensure the interaction of nanoparticles and biomolecules and adsorption and functioning of the organic matter in the complex geophysical multilevel dispersed–aggregated biological media of the soil. The scattering matrix measuring block is a diagnostic tool of the robotic system for providing control of its operation.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete water and matter supply robotic system.
The use of the physical methods in our research provided reliable quantitative data on the size distribution parameters of organic matter in a rather narrow field of PVC synthesis and its control. The obtained results are promising for the study of organic matter multifaceted manifestations in different media, as well as for organic matter synthesis and its subsequent application (Figure 6). The drawback of chemical methods for studying organic matter is that they lack the advantageous ability to characterize molecular composition. (17,27) The organic molecular physical structure depends on the properties of the synthesis media. (17,23,27) Synthesis media continuum alters the synthesis result to a great extent. The structure of the synthesized product differs even in a relatively simple case of rather homogeneous synthesis media as in the case of paraffin oil and natural gas. The paprin or gaprin molecular growth is not limited in a homogeneous synthesis medium. But the particle size distribution histograms of aqueous suspensions of paprin and gaprin are not the same even in the almost ideal synthesis media (Figure 6). The nature of organic matter differentiation is closely linked to the biological diversity tendency as a universal property of living matter. So the smallest difference in the synthesis conditions results in a great diversity of synthesized organic products. We would like to extrapolate the scattering matrix study of paprin, gaprin, and mushroom spores to organic matter functioning in a dispersed multilevel architecture soil system. There is a need for discussing the possibility of wider use of the presented results in an example of soil as the most important and most complicated arena of organic synthesis. Organic synthesis in the biosphere is closely linked to biodegradation. This is a fresh organic and mineral–matter source for soil biota and plants. Currently, the field of artificial humic substance synthesis is focused on the fresh active organic matter synthesis out of the soil and the subsequent application of the synthesized matter to soil for soil organic matter stimulation. (56) Functioning of the humic substances and other organic substances in soil is currently limited because the mechanical structure and architecture of soil is not suitable for organic chemical synthesis. The question of how the soil continuum is arranged as a zone of reactions between humic substances and the soil is not discussed, and this not a proper approach. Mechanical surrounding in standard soil strongly limits the field of soil organic matter synthesis. Thus, the influence of humic substances, directly and on stimulation, on the soil organic matter regime is not studied on a large scale. Soil organic matter synthesis restriction is linked to the high-level dead-end soil porosity of around 98–99%. (21) This phenomenon is inherent in the natural soil, especially in the agricultural soil. The dead-end soil porosity has been studied quantitatively by a direct physical method using Roentgen tomography. (20,21) The standard soil mechanical structure, architecture, and dead-end porosity lead to excessive irreversible organic matter particulation on the internal interface of the soil and into soil microaggregates. (57−60) In real soil, after precipitation or irrigation, the soil is excessively moisturized. The soil structure and architecture degrade. In this dispersed mass, the fresh organic matter freely enters the appropriate positions in organic and mineral–matter complexes and soil microaggregates. Thus, a fresh organic matter is excessively excluded from the soil biological process and is lost in vain. Current outdated agrarian technology restricts the soil organic matter turnover. The humic substances functioning in the soil are supposed to have an influence on the media as a chemical agent. Improved soil structure and architecture are important for a better effect of nanoparticles on crops and soil microbial communities as well for many other soil management applications. (61)
Physical methods for studying the longitudinal to transverse size ratio of organic matter particles in real soil is a promising field for better understanding of the ways of organic matter management into the multilevel mechanical carcass systems. (3,8,11−13,15) Important issues are the nanoparticle biomolecular interactions and adsorption in the soil, which provide uncertainty of complex biological media. (9,10)
Restrictions of organic matter synthesis in soil can be characterized by comparing the organic matter degradation in soil and in the colon of a living creature. The productivity of the biological process in the colon is manifold higher than that in soil. (29,30,33) Soil improvement is needed for organic matter degradation and synthesis. This will provide a higher organic matter turnover rate and higher soil biological production. This is important as a promising way to maintain the global biogeochemical cycle and obtain natural products originating via photosynthesis rather than the current organic matter synthesis in artificial media. There are promising methods to characterize soil biological processes in soil and other linked soil properties using the term “soil health”. But the number of soil health criteria is huge. Moreover, different authors propose different criteria. (36) We think that a quantitative physical approach will be highly productive for obtaining most valuable soil health criteria, focusing on the soil mechanical structure, architecture, and dead-end porosity as conditions for the soil organic matter structural physical characteristics and turnover. This approach is promising with a focus on the BGT* possibilities for soil structure, architecture, and dead-end porosity management and long-term control. (19,59) New design of the soil continuum ensures first highly intensive degradation of organic matter, followed by the synthesis of fresh organic matter. The BGT* robotic system ensures well-dosed intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete water and matter supply directly to the rhizosphere (Figure 6). (51) This kind of watering of the soil is sufficient for plant and biota nutrition. This well-controlled and rather low-dosage watering excludes the over-moistening stage of soil, which is typical for both standard rainfed agriculture and irrigation. In the case discussed, the soil water regime type is closely related to the plant organogenesis. At the same time, the soil continuum remains stable under the intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete watering in the absence of over-moistening. Moreover, intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete watering is safe and improves the soil structure and architecture. Natural aggregates and newly formed quasi-crystals and corresponding quasi-aggregates in soil are not degraded. Soil quasi-crystals are a product of the freshly synthesized organic matter and soil mineral–matter interactions. (52) The soil structure and architecture suits plant organogenesis. Low water supply to the soil helps achieving the goal of overcoming global water scarcity. (35) The BGT* methodology ensures environmentally safe organic and mineral waste recycling. (53,54) It is also capable of transforming the soil into a more stable highly productive organic chemical bioreactor, providing the soil regime and evolution conditions closer to those required for the functioning of the colon of a living organism. BGT* ensures higher efficacy of HS and nanoparticles and higher certainty of nanoparticle biomolecular interactions and adsorption in complex biological media. (9,10,22,23,28,29,42)
The BGT* approach (Figure 6) provides better prerequisites for the organogenesis and productivity of plant at a high rate. (24,25) We propose to use this condition as a soil health criterion. (33,35−37) There are possibilities of new physical studies of organic matter synthesis and evolution in the newly designed porous media soil continuum. This will help in overcoming the current conflict between the biosphere and agro-ecosystem. (62) A new possibility will be opened to study the higher resistivity of plants to pathogens and pathogen suppression. (38) The scattering matrix measuring block will be an important diagnostic and control tool for the robotic system operation. The system will provide control over the soil physical structure, which has an influence on the origin of the organic matter, its scattering, and proper functioning. (1)
3. Study Implications and Outlook
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Studies of aqueous suspensions of PVC (paprine and haprin) and mushroom spores, including experimental measurements and theoretical modeling of light scattering matrices, allowed us to conclude that two types of scattering matrix-based identification are possible for a dispersed organic medium.
First, with a known (controlled) dispersed composition of the suspension, particles of different matters can be reliably identified due to the difference in the refractive index by comparing the angular profiles of their scattering matrix elements (Figure 3), even when the refractive indices are close (Figure 4). Second, if the refractive indices of the particles that are supposed to be present in the suspension are known, then the angular dependences of the scattering matrix make it possible to determine the disperse composition (particle size distribution) with good accuracy, as shown in the example of multicomponent Lycoperdon spore suspension (Figure 6). Furthermore, the presence and number of particles of interest in the tested soil sample (transformed to a suspended form) can be identified by their characteristic size in the size distribution histogram. In this way, the presence of inorganic components such as nanoparticles added to the soil via BGT* methods can also be monitored. In addition, this technique can be used to detect agglomerates formed in the process of collective interaction of nanoparticles with bioorganic components in the soil. (63)
It should be noted that when the scattering matrix is detected directly from the soil, identification will be difficult (at least if the measurement is made at only one wavelength) due to non-single scattering. Therefore, the measurement procedure must include some sample preparation; in our case, it was the preparation of an aqueous suspension, in which the particles of interest were suspended at a concentration corresponding to a single scattering. In addition, to control the dispersed composition of the suspension, some filtration methods should obviously be applied.
The proposed diagnostic methodology of dispersed organic materials based on the scattering matrix can enhance the BGT* transcendental possibilities to ensure the suitability of soil as an arena of biodegradation and organic synthesis and a biological driver of the biosphere stability and climate system certainty. (64) A robotic system for intra-soil pulse continuous−discrete water and matter supply directly to the rhizosphere is capable of transforming the soil into a more stable highly productive organic chemical bioreactor, providing controlled nanoparticle biomolecular interactions and adsorption in complex biological media. Further studies on the scattering matrix as a tool for disperse composition determination in the framework of the BGT* methodology are of high importance.
4. Experimental Section and Computational Methods
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Quantitative techniques and models of the dispersed medium studies were considered in this research. (6−16,65,66)
Aqueous suspensions of fodder yeast (PVC), paprin (grown on paraffin oil), and gaprin (grown on natural gas), as well as mushroom spores, were studied by the following methodology. The PVC suspensions obtained after mixing of the powders with water were filtered through a paper filter. To obtain a uniform dispersion, the spores were mixed with water using ultrasonication, which in particular led to a significant increase in the number of individual spore organelles in the dispersion. White light microphotographs of the powders were made on a substrate in an air atmosphere. A laser phase microscope, which displays a 2D distribution of the OPD in a plane transverse to the laser beam, was used to measure the refractive index of dispersed submicron particles. (67)
The light scattering matrices of the suspensions were measured using a laser polarimeter in a scattering angle range from 20 to 150°. (68) A single-mode He–Ne laser with a wavelength of 0.63 μm and a power of 7 mW was used as a radiation source. Measurements could not be carried out at the scattering angles less than 20° and greater than 150° due to laser radiation blocking by the photo-receiving part of the setup. The reliability of the matrix element experimental dependence on the scattering angle θ was restricted by the measurement error of fij (i,j = 1,...,4), denoting the matrix elements Fij normalized to F11 (fij = Fij/F11). (45) The measurement error of F11(θ) was assessed as acceptable when its value was inside the experimental point size frame (Figure 4). The corresponding error was about 0.03 for the normalized matrix elements fij.
Author Information
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- Valery P. Kalinitchenko - All-Russia Research Institute for Phytopathology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Big Vyazyomy, Moscow Region 143050, Russia; Institute of Fertility of Soils of South Russia, 2 Krivoshlykova St., Persianovka 346493, Russia;
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217-4592;
- Nikolai F. Bunkin - Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5 2nd Baumanskaya St., Moscow 105005, Russia; Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia;http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6893-1739
Acknowledgments
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This work was supported by a grant of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for large scientific projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Registration number 2020-1902-01-222, subsidy identifier 075-15-2020-774) (A.V.S.) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant No. 18-29-25071.
References
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This article references 68 other publications.
- 1Erktan, A.; Or, D.; Scheu, S. The physical structure of soil: Determinant and consequence of trophic interactions (Review Paper). Soil Biol. Biochem. 2020, 148, 107876 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107876Google Scholar1https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlajsLzM&md5=ad11f1e62e7c6541b581870eb5e99211The physical structure of soil: Determinant and consequence of trophic interactionsErktan, Amandine; Or, Dani; Scheu, StefanSoil Biology & Biochemistry (2020), 148 (), 107876CODEN: SBIOAH; ISSN:0038-0717. (Elsevier B.V.)Trophic interactions play a vital role in soil functioning and are increasingly considered as important drivers of the soil microbiome and biogeochem. cycles. In the last decade, novel tools to decipher the structure of soil food webs have provided unprecedent advance in describing complex trophic interactions. Yet, the major challenge remains to understand the drivers of the trophic interactions. Evidence suggests that small scale soil phys. structure may offer a unifying framework for understanding the nature and patterns of trophic interactions in soils. Here, we review the current knowledge of how restrictions on soil organisms' ability to sense and access food resources/prey inherent to soil phys. structure essentially shape trophic interactions. We focus primarily on organisms unable to deform the soil and create pores themselves, such as bacteria, fungi, protists, nematodes and microarthropods, and consider pore geometry, connectivity and hydration status as main descriptors of the soil phys. structure. We point that the soil phys. structure appears to mostly limit the sensing and accessibility to food resources/prey, with neg. effects on bottom up controls. The main mechanisms are (i) the reduced transport of sensing mols., notably volatiles, through the soil matrix and (ii) the wide presence of refuges leading to pore size segregation of consumer/predators and food sources/prey in pores of contrasting size. In addn., variations in the connectivity of the soil pores and the water film is suggested as a central aspect driving encounter probability between consumers/predator and food source/prey and hence locally decrease or increase top-down controls. Constraints imposed by the soil phys. structure on trophic interactions are thought to be major drivers of the soil diversity and local community assemblage, notably by favoring a variety of adaptations to feed in this dark labyrinth (food specialists/flexible/generalists) and by limiting competitive exclusion through limited encounter probability of consumers. We conclude with possible future ways for an interdisciplinary and more quant. research merging soil physics and soil food web ecol.
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- 3Tymper, S. I.; Chirikov, S. N. Retrieval of particle size and shape distributions of TiO2 and BaTiO3 aqueous suspensions using measurement data on the scattering matrix. Opt. Spectrosc. 2015, 118, 460– 465, DOI: 10.1134/S0030400X15030224Google Scholar3https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXltVags7g%253D&md5=3afaba31a397b128bd8bc55afed960e6Retrieval of particle size and shape distributions of TiO2 and BaTiO3 aqueous suspensions using measurement data on the scattering matrixTymper, S. I.; Chirikov, S. N.Optics and Spectroscopy (2015), 118 (3), 460-465CODEN: OPSUA3; ISSN:0030-400X. (SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica)Results of retrieval of size and shape distributions of particles of a dispersive medium using measured data on the scattering matrix of aq. suspensions of titanium oxide and barium titanate are given. Retrieval of the distributions has been performed by solving the optimization problem for the sum of squared deviations of exptl. values of matrix elements and their values calcd. using the model of spheroidal scatterers. It has been shown that the particle size distribution is retrieved more accurately upon minimizing the sum of squared deviations for the sum of diagonal elements, while the more accurate shape distribution (ratio of dimensions) is obtained upon minimizing the sum of squared deviations only for the element F11.
- 4Chirikov, S. N.; Shkirin, A. V. Determination of the Disperse Composition of a PbO Suspension Containing Aggregates of Particles of Lamellar Shape by the Laser-Polarimetry Method. Opt. Spectrosc. 2018, 124, 575– 584, DOI: 10.1134/S0030400X18040057Google Scholar4https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVyktrvN&md5=3cb2f7b883ec2056617b029cf91d4d78Determination of the Disperse Composition of a PbO Suspension Containing Aggregates of Particles of Lamellar Shape by the Laser-Polarimetry MethodChirikov, S. N.; Shkirin, A. V.Optics and Spectroscopy (2018), 124 (4), 575-584CODEN: OPSUA3; ISSN:0030-400X. (Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.)The results of measurements of the scattering matrix at a wavelength of 0.63μm in the range of scattering angles of 10°-155° are presented for an aq. suspension of lead oxide contg. particles of plate form and their aggregates of monomers with dimensions of ∼5 nm. The results of the measurements are compared with the results of calcns. for axially sym. scatterers (ellipsoids of rotation, cylinders). It is shown that the presence of aggregates affects the scattering properties of such a medium. The results of reconstructing the distribution of particles of a disperse medium in sizes from the measurements data of the scattering matrix are presented. The reconstruction of the distributions was carried out by solving the problem of optimizing the sum of the squared deviations of the exptl. and calcd. values of matrix elements in the framework of the model of axially sym. scatterers. It is shown that the distribution of particles by sizes is more accurately reconstructed by minimizing the sum of the squares of the deviations for the sum of the diagonal elements. The obtained distribution is compared with the distribution measured by the method of dynamic light scattering.
- 5Chirikov, S.; Shkirin, A.; Savchenko, I.; Bunkin, N.; Diuldin, M. Assessment of the possibility of identifying aqueous suspensions of protein-containing particles by the light scattering matrix. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 390, 012030 DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/390/1/012030Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 6Wu, Y.; Gu, X.; Cheng, T.; Xie, D. The single scattering properties of the aerosol particles as aggregated spheres. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2012, 113, 1454– 1466, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.03.015Google Scholar6https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xls1Wms7s%253D&md5=67bae20fee6df30455cd52d61d0d954eThe single scattering properties of the aerosol particles as aggregated spheresWu, Y.; Gu, X.; Cheng, T.; Xie, D.; Yu, T.; Chen, H.; Guo, J.Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2012), 113 (12), 1454-1466CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)The light scattering and absorption properties of anthropogenic aerosol particles such as soot aggregates are complicated in the temporal and spatial distribution, which introduce uncertainty of radiative forcing on global climate change. In order to study the single scattering properties of anthorpogenic aerosol particles, the structures of these aerosols such as soot paticles and soot-contg. mixts. with the sulfate or org. matter, are simulated using the parallel diffusion limited aggregation algorithm (DLA) based on the transmission electron microscope images (TEM). Then, the single scattering properties of randomly oriented aerosols, such as scattering matrix, single scattering albedo (SSA), and asymmetry parameter (AP), are computed using the superposition T-matrix method. The comparisons of the single scattering properties of these specific types of clusters with different morphol. and chem. factors such as fractal parameters, aspect ratio, monomer radius, mixt. mode and refractive index, indicate that these different impact factors can resp. generate the significant influences on the single scattering properties of these aerosols. The results show that aspect ratio of circumscribed shape has relatively small effect on single scattering properties, for both differences of SSA and AP are less than 0.1. However, mixt. modes of soot clusters with larger sulfate particles have remarkably important effects on the scattering and absorption properties of aggregated spheres, and SSA of those soot-contg. mixts. are increased in proportion to the ratio of larger weakly absorbing attachments. Therefore, these complex aerosols come from man made pollution cannot be neglected in the aerosol retrievals. The study of the single scattering properties on these kinds of aggregated spheres is important and helpful in remote sensing observations and atm. radiation balance computations.
- 7Wu, Y.; Cheng, T.; Zheng, L.; Chen, H. Effect of morphology on the optical properties of soot aggregated with spheroidal monomers. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 2016, 168, 158– 169, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.09.017Google Scholar7https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1WltrzO&md5=cff37ec0bf94833fbea6553290c23b3dEffect of morphology on the optical properties of soot aggregated with spheroidal monomersWu, Yu; Cheng, Tianhai; Zheng, Lijuan; Chen, HaoJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2016), 168 (), 158-169CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)The monomers of fractal aggregated soot particles are usually considered to be std. spheres in simulations, but a no. of less regular shapes may be found in some burning conditions. In this paper, we simulated and investigated the optical properties of fresh dry soot particles as the aggregations of spheroidal monomers with different aspect ratios. Their optical properties were calcd. using the numerically exact discrete dipole approxn. (DDA) method. The simulated results indicated that the optical properties of soot aggregates composed of spheroidal monomers with highly nonspherical morphologies were considerably different from those composed of spherical monomers. The soot aggregates composed of the oblate spheroids with larger aspect ratios or the prolate spheroids with smaller aspect ratios may have led to larger cross sections of extinction, absorption and scattering. In extreme cases with Ra/Rb = 3 and Ra/Rb = 1/3 for the soot spheroidal monomers, the relative deviations compared to spherical monomers models reached up to 15% for the absorption cross sections, 10% for the single scattering albedo (SSA) and -25% for the asymmetry parameter (ASY). Moreover, by assuming a soot refractive index of 1.95+0.79i, a mass d. of 1.8 g/cm3 and a mean vol.-equiv. spherical monomer radius of 0.02 μm, the estd. mass absorption cross sections (MAC) of soot aggregates composed of the oblate spheroidal monomers with large aspect ratios (Ra/Rb = 3) reached up to 7.5 m2/g, which was closer to the measurements of 7.5±1.2 m2/g than the ∼6.5 m2/g detd. by the spherical monomers models. For future research with this type of small aggregated aerosol particles, it would be valuable to consider the monomer morphologies used in this paper for their optical simulations.
- 8Wu, Z.; Su, M.; Cai, X. Advances in Nanoparticle Sizing in Suspensions: Dynamic Light Scattering and Ultrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy. KONA Powder Part. J. 2017, 34, 168– 182, DOI: 10.14356/kona.2017022Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 9Dominguez-Medina, S.; Kisley, L.; Tauzin, L. J.; Hoggard, A.; Shuang, B.; D. S. Indrasekara, A. S.; Chen, S.; Wang, L.-Y.; Derry, P. J.; Liopo, A.; Zubarev, E. R.; Landes, C. F.; Link, S. Adsorption and Unfolding of a Single Protein Triggers Nanoparticle Aggregation. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 2103– 2112, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06439Google Scholar9https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XltlKrtg%253D%253D&md5=4caff8bcdacd6b8d818799f1d49dfc2aAdsorption and Unfolding of a Single Protein Triggers Nanoparticle AggregationDominguez-Medina, Sergio; Kisley, Lydia; Tauzin, Lawrence J.; Hoggard, Anneli; Shuang, Bo; Indrasekara, A. Swarnapali D. S.; Chen, Sishan; Wang, Lin-Yung; Derry, Paul J.; Liopo, Anton; Zubarev, Eugene R.; Landes, Christy F.; Link, StephanACS Nano (2016), 10 (2), 2103-2112CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)The response of living systems to nanoparticles is thought to depend on the protein corona, which forms shortly after exposure to physiol. fluids and which is linked to a wide array of pathophysiologies. A mechanistic understanding of the dynamic interaction between proteins and nanoparticles and thus the biol. fate of nanoparticles and assocd. proteins is, however, often missing mainly due to the inadequacies in current ensemble exptl. approaches. Through the application of a variety of single mol. and single particle spectroscopic techniques in combination with ensemble level characterization tools, we identified different interaction pathways between gold nanorods and bovine serum albumin depending on the protein concn. Overall, we found that local changes in protein concn. influence everything from cancer cell uptake to nanoparticle stability and even protein secondary structure. We envision that our findings and methods will lead to strategies to control the assocd. pathophysiol. of nanoparticle exposure in vivo.
- 10Lo Giudice, M.; Herda, L.; Polo, E.; Dawson, K. A. In situ characterization of nanoparticle biomolecular interactions in complex biological media by flow cytometry. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13475 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13475Google Scholar10https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvVygtrrP&md5=1f5a5fb2ce4eafccef4aa665ecc8d76bIn situ characterization of nanoparticle biomolecular interactions in complex biological media by flow cytometryLo Giudice, Maria Cristina; Herda, Luciana M.; Polo, Ester; Dawson, Kenneth A.Nature Communications (2016), 7 (), 13475CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Nanoparticles interacting with, or derived from, living organisms are almost invariably coated in a variety of biomols. presented in complex biol. milieu, which produce a bio-interface or 'biomol. corona' conferring a biol. identity to the particle. Biomols. at the surface of the nanoparticle-biomol. complex present mol. fragments that may be recognized by receptors of cells or biol. barriers, potentially engaging with different biol. pathways. Here we demonstrate that using intense fluorescent reporter binders, in this case antibodies bound to quantum dots, we can map out the availability of such recognition fragments, allowing for a rapid and meaningful biol. characterization. The application in microfluidic flow, in small detection vols., with appropriate thresholding of the detection allows the study of even complex nanoparticles in realistic biol. milieu, with the emerging prospect of making direct connection to conditions of cell level and in vivo expts.
- 11Loumaigne, M.; Midelet, C.; Doussineau, T.; Dugourd, Ph.; Antoine, R.; Stamboul, M.; Débarre, A.; Werts, M. H. V. Optical extinction and scattering cross sections of plasmonic nanoparticle dimers in aqueous suspension. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 6555– 6570, DOI: 10.1039/C6NR00918BGoogle Scholar11https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XjsFKhs7k%253D&md5=1e9af11988af768b67cbb6af56625b3bOptical extinction and scattering cross sections of plasmonic nanoparticle dimers in aqueous suspensionLoumaigne, Matthieu; Midelet, Clyde; Doussineau, Tristan; Dugourd, Philippe; Antoine, Rodolphe; Stamboul, Meriem; Debarre, Anne; Werts, Martinus H. V.Nanoscale (2016), 8 (12), 6555-6570CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Abs. extinction and scattering cross sections for gold nanoparticle dimers were detd. exptl. using a chemometric approach involving singular-value decompn. of the extinction and scattering spectra of slowly aggregating gold nanospheres in aq. suspension. Quant. spectroscopic data on plasmonic nanoparticle assemblies in liq. suspension are rare, in particular for particles larger than 40 nm, and in this work we demonstrate how such data can be obtained directly from the aggregating suspension. Our method can analyze, non invasively, the evolution of several sub-populations of nanoparticle assemblies. It may be applied to other self-assembling nanoparticle systems with an evolving optical response. The colloidal systems studied here are based on 20, 50 and 80 nm gold nanospheres in aq. solns. contg. sodium lipoate. In these systems, the reversible dimerization process can be controlled using pH and ionic strength, and this control is rationalised in terms of DLVO theory. The dimers were identified in suspension by their translational and rotational diffusion through scattering correlation spectroscopy. Moreover, their gigadalton mol. wt. was measured using electrospray charge-detection mass spectrometry, demonstrating that mass spectrometry can be used to study nanoparticles assemblies of very high mol. mass. The extinction and scattering cross sections calcd. in the discrete-dipole approxn. (DDA) agree very well with those obtained exptl. using our approach.
- 12Strojan, K.; Leonardi, A.; Bregar, V. B.; Križaj, I.; Svete, J.; Pavlin, M. Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Different Media Importantly Determines the Composition of Their Protein Corona. PLoS One 2017, 12, e0169552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169552Google Scholar12https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXnvVegt74%253D&md5=6ce529a808711fce8ecd1a664d8f9b05Dispersion of nanoparticles in different media importantly determines the composition of their protein coronaStrojan, Klemen; Leonardi, Adrijana; Bregar, Vladimir B.; KrizIaj, Igor; Svete, Jurij; Pavlin, MojcaPLoS One (2017), 12 (1), e0169552/1-e0169552/21CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)Protein corona of nanoparticles (NPs), which forms when these particles come in to contact with protein-contg. fluids, is considered as an overlooked factor in nanomedicine. Through numerous studies it has been becoming increasingly evident that it importantly dictates the interaction of NPs with their surroundings. Several factors that det. the compns. of NPs protein corona have been identified in recent years, but one has remained largely ignored-the compn. of media used for dispersion of NPs. Here, we detd. the effect of dispersion media on the compn. of protein corona of polyacrylic acid coated cobalt ferrite NPs (PAA NPs) and silica NPs. Our results confirmed some of the basic premises such as NPs type-dependent specificity of the protein corona. But more importantly, we demonstrated the effect of the dispersion media on the protein corona compn. The differences between constituents of the media used for dispersion of NPs, such as divalent ions and macromols. were responsible for the differences in protein corona compn. formed in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Our results suggest that the protein corona compn. is a complex function of the constituents present in the media used for dispersion of NPs. Regardless of the dispersion media and FBS concn., majority of proteins from either PAA NPs or silica NPs coronas were involved in the process of transport and hemostasis. Interestingly, corona of silica NPs contained three complement system related proteins: complement factor H, complement C3 and complement C4 while PAA NPs bound only one immune system related protein, α-2-glycoprotein. Importantly, relative abundance of complement C3 protein in corona of silica NPs was increased when NPs were dispersed in NaCl, which further implies the relevance of dispersion media used to prep. NPs.
- 13Demésy, G.; Auger, J.-C.; Stout, B. Scattering matrix of arbitrarily shaped objects: combining finite elements and vector partial waves. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2018, 35, 1401– 1409, DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.35.001401Google Scholar13https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3c7otlGntA%253D%253D&md5=c0e54e7b74f2c5d83742854851047292Scattering matrix of arbitrarily shaped objects: combining finite elements and vector partial wavesDemesy Guillaume; Auger Jean-Claude; Stout BrianJournal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision (2018), 35 (8), 1401-1409 ISSN:.We demonstrate the interest of combining finite element calculations with the vector partial wave formulation (used in T-matrix and Mie theory) in order to characterize the electromagnetic scattering properties of isolated individual scatterers. This method consists of individually feeding the finite element problem with incident vector partial waves in order to numerically determine the T-matrix elements of the scatterer. For a sphere and a spheroid, we demonstrate that this method determines the scattering matrix to high accuracy. Recurrence relations for a fast determination of the vector partial waves are given explicitly, and an open-source code allowing the retrieval of the presented numerical results is provided.
- 14Koestner, D.; Stramski, D.; Reynolds, R. A. Measurements of the Volume Scattering Function and the Degree of Linear Polarization of Light Scattered by Contrasting Natural Assemblages of Marine Particles. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2690, DOI: 10.3390/app8122690Google Scholar14https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitFKhtbjM&md5=1964f9ed8969fe92ce7fbf028dd6b164Measurements of the volume scattering function and the degree of linear polarization of light scattered by contrasting natural assemblages of marine particlesKoestner, Daniel; Stramski, Dariusz; Reynolds, Rick A.Applied Sciences (2018), 8 (12), 2690CODEN: ASPCC7; ISSN:2076-3417. (MDPI AG)The light scattering properties of seawater play important roles in radiative transfer in the ocean and optically-based methods for characterizing marine suspended particles from in situ and remote sensing measurements. The recently commercialized LISST-VSF instrument is capable of providing in situ or lab. measurements of the vol. scattering function, βp(ψ), and the degree of linear polarization, DoLPp(ψ), assocd. with particle scattering. These optical quantities of natural particle assemblages have not been measured routinely in past studies. To fully realize the potential of LISST-VSF measurements, we evaluated instrument performance, and developed calibration correction functions from lab. measurements and Mie scattering calcns. for std. polystyrene beads suspended in water. The correction functions were validated with independent measurements. The improved LISST-VSF protocol was applied to measurements of βp(ψ) and DoLPp(ψ) taken on 17 natural seawater samples from coastal and offshore marine environments characterized by contrasting assemblages of suspended particles. Both βp(ψ) and DoLPp(ψ) exhibited significant variations related to a broad range of compn. and size distribution of particulate assemblages. For example, neg. relational trends were obsd. between the particulate backscattering ratio derived from βp(ψ) and increasing proportions of org. particles or phytoplankton in the particulate assemblage. Our results also suggest a potential trend between the max. values of DoLPp(ψ) and particle size metrics, such that a decrease in the max. DoLPp(ψ) tends to be assocd. with particulate assemblages exhibiting a higher proportion of large-sized particles. Such results have the potential to advance optically-based applications that rely on an understanding of relationships between light scattering and particle properties of natural particulate assemblages.
- 15Bertrand, M.; Devilez, A.; Hugonin, J.-P.; Lalanne, Ph.; Vynck, K. Global polarizability matrix method for efficient modeling of light scattering by dense ensembles of non-spherical particles in stratified media. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 2020, 37, 70– 83, DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.37.000070Google Scholar15https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB387otFGquw%253D%253D&md5=1ef0852cd8f0f17b64eebbb9a43ef447Global polarizability matrix method for efficient modeling of light scattering by dense ensembles of non-spherical particles in stratified mediaBertrand Maxime; Devilez Alexis; Hugonin Jean-Paul; Lalanne Philippe; Vynck KevinJournal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision (2020), 37 (1), 70-83 ISSN:.We introduce a numerical method that enables efficient modeling of light scattering by large, disordered ensembles of non-spherical particles incorporated in stratified media, including when the particles are in close vicinity to each other, to planar interfaces, and/or to localized light sources. The method consists of finding a small set of fictitious polarizable elements-or numerical dipoles-that quantitatively reproduces the field scattered by an individual particle for any excitation and at an arbitrary distance from the particle surface. The set of numerical dipoles is described by a global polarizability matrix that is determined numerically by solving an inverse problem relying on fullwave simulations. The latter are classical and may be performed with any Maxwell's equations solver. Spatial non-locality is an important feature of the numerical dipoles set, providing additional degrees of freedom compared to classical coupled dipoles to reconstruct complex scattered fields. Once the polarizability matrix describing scattering by an individual particle is determined, the multiple scattering problem by ensembles of such particles in stratified media can be solved using a Green tensor formalism and only a few numerical dipoles, thereby with a low physical memory usage, even for dense systems in close vicinity to interfaces. The performance of the method is studied with the example of large high-aspect-ratio high-index dielectric cylinders. The method is easy to implement and may offer new possibilities for the study of complex nanostructured surfaces, which are becoming widespread in emerging photonic technologies.
- 16Soares, M. C. P.; Gomes, M. K.; Schenkel, E. A.; dos Santos Rodrigues, M.; Suzuki, C. K.; de la Torre, L. G.; Fujiwara, E. Evaluation of silica nanoparticle colloidal stability with a fiber optic quasi-elastic light scattering sensor. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2020, 36, 4, DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190364s20190042Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 17Masoom, H.; Courtier-Murias, D.; Farooq, H.; Soong, R.; Kelleher, B. P.; Zhang, C.; Maas, W. E.; Fey, M.; Kumar, R.; Monette, M.; Stronks, H. J.; Simpson, A. J. Soil Organic Matter in Its Native State: Unravelling the Most Complex Biomaterial on Earth. Environ. Sci. 2016, 50, 1670– 1680, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03410Google Scholar17https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XpsFehsA%253D%253D&md5=190fa17fd0d6850de878418f8e2e0f3fSoil Organic Matter in Its Native State: Unravelling the Most Complex Biomaterial on EarthMasoom, Hussain; Courtier-Murias, Denis; Farooq, Hashim; Soong, Ronald; Kelleher, Brian P.; Zhang, Chao; Maas, Werner E.; Fey, Michael; Kumar, Rajeev; Monette, Martine; Stronks, Henry J.; Simpson, Myrna J.; Simpson, Andre J.Environmental Science & Technology (2016), 50 (4), 1670-1680CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Since the isolation of soil org. matter in 1786, tens of thousands of publications have searched for its structure. NMR (NMR) spectroscopy has played a crit. role in defining soil org. matter but traditional approaches remove key information such as the distribution of components at the soil-water interface and conformational information. Here a novel form of NMR with capabilities to study all phys. phases termed Comprehensive Multiphase NMR, is applied to analyze soil in its natural swollen-state. The key structural components in soil org. matter are identified to be largely composed of macromol. inputs from degrading biomass. Polar lipid heads and carbohydrates dominate the soil-water interface while lignin and microbes are arranged in a more hydrophobic interior. Lignin domains cannot be penetrated by aq. solvents even at extreme pH indicating they are the most hydrophobic environment in soil and are ideal for sequestering hydrophobic contaminants. Here, for the first time, a complete range of phys. states of a whole soil can be studied. This provides a more detailed understanding of soil org. matter at the mol. level itself key to develop the most efficient soil remediation and agricultural techniques, and better predict carbon sequestration and climate change.
- 18Bezuglova, O. S. Soil classification. International Journal of Applied and Basic Research 2011, 7, 10Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Kalinichenko, V. P.; Sharshak, V. K.; Mironchenko, S. F.; Chernenko, V. V.; Ladan, E. P.; Genev, E. D.; Illarionov, V. V.; Udalov, A. V.; Udalov, V. V.; Kippel, E. V. Changes in the properties of soils in a solonetz soil complex thirty years after reclamation. Eurasian Soil Sci. 2014, 47, 319– 333, DOI: 10.1134/S1064229314040024Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 20Shein, E. V.; Erol, S. A.; Milanovskii, E. Y.; Verkhovtseva, N. V.; Mikayilov, F. D.; Ersahin, S. Agrophysical Assessment of Alluvial Calcareous Soils of the Cumra Region of Central Anatolia in Turkey. Eurasian Soil Sci. 2014, 47, 694– 698, DOI: 10.1134/S1064229314070114Google Scholar20https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1CltLfP&md5=72493e741525de4f68dcd595f06d000bAgrophysical assessment of alluvial calcareous soils of the Cumra region of Central Anatolia in TurkeyShein, E. V.; Erol, S. A.; Milanovskii, E. Yu.; Verkhovtseva, N. V.; Mikayilov, F. D.; Er, F.; Ersahin, S.Eurasian Soil Science (2014), 47 (7), 694-698CODEN: ESSCEY; ISSN:1064-2293. (SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica)Some phys. (d., coeff. of filtration, particle-size compn., etc.) and chem. (contents of carbonates, org. carbon, nitrogen, etc.) properties of an alluvial calcareous soil were studied in Central Anatolia (Konya province, Cumra region). These heavy-textured (medium clay) soils with a low content of org. carbon (less than 1%) have favorable agrophys. properties due to the stable structure of the pore space. The studies of the water regime of soils under drop irrigation confirm the favorable hydrol. properties of these soils. The use of the known agrophys. ests. (after Medvedev, the index of the optimal water regime, etc.) has revealed the high dispersal of the data related to the low humus content in these heavy-textured soils. The favorable structure of the pore space is suggested to be stipulated by the active activity of the numerous and diverse representatives of soil biota. Four phyla predominate in the microbio-logical compn. of the soils studied; among them, Actinobacteria is the dominant. The compn. of this phylum is dominated by the elevated no. of both higher (Streptomyces) and lower (three species of Rhodococcus) actinobacteria. The high biodiversity of bacteria against the background of their great total no. and the developed trophic interactions in the microbial community promote the well-balanced prodn. of specific metabolites, including gaseous ones (CO2, H2). This circumstance allows this clayey soil to function rather actively while protecting the pore space against compaction and maintaining the optimal d., porosity, and hydrol. properties.
- 21Shein, E. V.; Skvortsova, E. B.; Abrosimov, K. N. In Tomographic Studies of the Soil Pore Space in Swelling and Shrinkage Processes/Abstract Book, 9th International Soil Science Congress on “The Soul of Soil and Civilization” Soil Science of Turkey Cooperation with Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies. 2014; p 107.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 22Kalinitchenko, V. P. Status of the Earth’s geochemical cycle in the standard technologies and waste recycling, and the possibilities of its correction by Biogeosystem Technique method (problem-analytical review). Biogeosystem Tech. 2016, 8, 115– 144, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2016.8.115Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 23Gudkov, S. V.; Shafeev, G. A.; Glinushkin, A. P.; Shkirin, A. V.; Barmina, E. V.; Rakov, I. I.; Simakin, A. V.; Kislov, A. V.; Astashev, M. E.; Vodeneev, V. A.; Kalinitchenko, V. P. Production and Use of Selenium Nanoparticles as Fertilizers. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 17767– 17774, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02448Google Scholar23https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlGjtL7F&md5=372df323ab8ec45b38f0c14726319a1aProduction and Use of Selenium Nanoparticles as FertilizersGudkov, Sergey V.; Shafeev, Georgy A.; Glinushkin, Alexey P.; Shkirin, Alexey V.; Barmina, Ekaterina V.; Rakov, Ignat I.; Simakin, Alexander V.; Kislov, Anatoly V.; Astashev, Maxim E.; Vodeneev, Vladimir A.; Kalinitchenko, Valery P.ACS Omega (2020), 5 (28), 17767-17774CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)The synergy problem was discussed linking Se nanoparticles and different soil fertility agents. Se zero-valent-state nanoparticles were investigated as fertilizers and antioxidants. A technol. was proposed for producing Se zero-valent-state nanoparticles. Se nanoparticles were obtained by laser ablation of Se in water using a fiber ytterbium laser, with a wavelength between 1060 and 1070 nm, a pulse repetition rate of 20 kHz, a pulse duration of 80 ns, and an av. power of 20 W, and a copper vapor laser with wavelengths of 510.6 and 578.2 nm and an av. power of 8 W. The main particle mass part shifted from 800 nm to a size less than 100 nm, corresponding to the increase in the laser fragmentation time. The resulting nanoparticles were monodisperse in size and mass. The Se nanoparticle water suspension was introduced into the soil. The soil Se nanoparticle concns. were about 1, 5, 10, and 25μg kg-1. An expt. was carried out in a climate chamber in two series: (1) growing plants in soil imitating the std. organogenesis environment conditions such as illumination of 16 h per day, temp. of 22°C, soil humidity of 25% SDW, and an expt. duration of 30 days and (2) growing plants in soil under changing environmental conditions of organogenesis. The std. environmental conditions for the first 10 days are illumination of 16 h day-1, temp. of 22°C, and soil humidity of 25% SDW. The plant stress for 5 days is hyperthermia of 40°C. The std. environmental conditions for the next 15 days are illumination of 16 h day-1, temp. of 22°C, and soil humidity of 25% SDW. At std. organogenesis, the plant leaf plate surface area was 30 ± 2 cm2 in the control option, and the Se nanoparticle doses were correspondingly 1μg kg-1 for 32 ± 3 cm2, 5μg kg-1 for 37 ± 2 cm2, 10μg kg-1 for 38 ± 3 cm2, and 25μg kg-1 for 28 ± 4 cm2. Hyperthermia stressed plant growth was studied. The highest plant growth rate was in Se nanoparticle concns. of 5 and 10μg kg-1. The eggplant growth on the soil with the Se nanoparticle addn. at a concn. of 10μg kg-1 of leaf plate surface area was twice compared to the eggplant growth in untreated soil. The same was for tomato plants. The leaf plate surface area of the cucumber plant grown using Se nanoparticles was 50% higher compared to the control option. The Biogeosystem technique methodol. of 20-45 cm soil-layer intrasoil milling for soil multilevel aggregate system formation and intrasoil pulse continuous-discrete watering for soil water regime control was proposed for the Se nanoparticles for better function in the real soil, providing a synergy effect of soil mech. processing, nanoparticles, humic substances, and polymicrobial biofilms on soil fertility.
- 24Kalinitchenko, V. P.; Glinushkin, A. P.; Sokolov, M. S.; Sharshak, V. K.; Ladan, E. P.; Minkina, T. M.; Zinchenko, V. E.; Chernenko, V. V.; Makarenkov, D. A.; Rykhlik, A. E.; Larin, G. S. Nature-Based Technologies of Biogeosystem Technique. Agrochemistry 2020, 2, 61– 68, DOI: 10.31857/S0002188120020052Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 25Kalinitchenko, V. P.; Glinushkin, A. P.; Minkina, T. M.; Mandzhieva, S. S.; Sushkova, S. N.; Sukovatov, V. A.; Il’ina, L. P.; Makarenkov, D. A. Chemical soil-biological engineering theoretical foundations, technical means, and technology for environmentally safe intra-soil waste recycling and long-term higher soil productivity. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 17553– 17564, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02014Google Scholar25https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlWrsLrN&md5=7b3f074906a8590b0b21d21a159bbf20Chemical Soil-Biological Engineering Theoretical Foundations, Technical Means, and Technology for Safe Intrasoil Waste Recycling and Long-Term Higher Soil ProductivityKalinitchenko, Valery P.; Glinushkin, Alexey P.; Minkina, Tatiana M.; Mandzhieva, Saglara S.; Sushkova, Svetlana N.; Sukovatov, Vladimir A.; Il'ina, Ljudmila P.; Makarenkov, Dmitry A.ACS Omega (2020), 5 (28), 17553-17564CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)The amelioration and remediation technol. was developed on the basis of research of phosphogypsum and utilization in the Haplic Chernozem of South-European facies (Rostov Region). Phosphogypsum was utilized via dispersed application into a soil layer of 20-45 cm with intrasoil milling of this layer. The phosphogypsum utilization doses were 0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha-1. The Pb anal. content in soil soln. was studied in the model expt. The soil soln. Pb thermodn. forms were calcd. The math. chem.-thermodn. model ION-2 was developed to calc. the real soil soln. (water ext.) calcium-carbonate equil. (CCE) ion forms, considering the ion pair assocn. The assocd. ion pairs CaCO30, CaSO40, MgCO30, MgSO40, CaHCO3+, MgHCO3+, NaCO3-, NaSO4-, CaOH+, and MgOH+ were accounted for in soil soln. equil. macroion form calcn. The procedure for the microelement ion [including heavy metals (HMs)] equil. concn. in the soil soln. coeff. kas calcn. was proposed to account for the real soil soln. CCE, macroions, and HM (including Pb) assocn. The Pb2+ ion in soil soln. was mostly bound to assocs. PbOH+, Pb(OH)20, PbCO30, Pb(CO3)22-, and PbHCO3+. The calcn. of CCE and ion assocn. in soil soln. revealed 14.5-21.5 times HM passivation compared to HM water-sol. values. The calcd. HM activity in the soil soln. in the example of the Pb2+ ion was less than 4% after phosphogypsum application in the target amelioration layer of 20-45 cm. The studied phosphogypsum doses were substantiated as environmentally safe. This was because the real soil soln. CCE provided HM ion form assocn. and consequent passivation. The dry steppe soil remediation after phosphogypsum application was justified as highly probable. The intrasoil milling chem. soil-biol. engineering technol. was developed for simultaneous soil amelioration and remediation on the basis of the biogeosystem technique (BGT*) transcendental methodol. The BGT*-based technol. was tested in the long-term field expts. and is capable of ensuring the priority geophys. micro- and macroaggregate structure via intrasoil milling and mixing of soil illuvial and transitional horizons. This helps synthesize soil multilevel architecture, providing intrasoil-dispersed environmentally safe recycling of wastes of different origin. Addressing the environment safety concerns, a new decision of the intrasoil milling device was proposed for phosphogypsum and other substance application to soil.
- 26Nebbioso, A.; Piccolo, A. Basis of a Humeomics Science: Chemical Fractionation and Molecular Characterization of Humic Biosuprastructures. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 1187– 1199, DOI: 10.1021/bm101488eGoogle Scholar26https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXisFektrw%253D&md5=d615abacfd3d00543dc206d20dd7d68eBasis of a Humeomics Science: Chemical Fractionation and Molecular Characterization of Humic BiosuprastructuresNebbioso, Antonio; Piccolo, AlessandroBiomacromolecules (2011), 12 (4), 1187-1199CODEN: BOMAF6; ISSN:1525-7797. (American Chemical Society)We propose a mild stepwise fractionation of mol. components of a humic acid (HA) suprastructure and their structural identification by advanced anal. methods. This procedure may be the basis of a "Humeomics" approach to characterize natural humic mols. and clarify their relations with ecosystems functions. Sequential fractionation included: (1) org. solvent extn., (2) transesterification with boron trifluoride in methanol (BF3-CH3OH), (3) methanolic alk. hydrolysis (KOH-CH3OH), and (4) cleavage of ether and glycosidic bonds with HI. Structural identification of initial and final material, sepd. organo-sol. and hydrosol. fractions, and subfractions was conducted by GC-MS, HPSEC-ESI-MS (high-resoln., Orbitrap), and solid- and liq.-state NMR. GC-MS revealed in organosol. unbound fractions the presence of both satd. and unsatd., linear and branched, alkanoic, hydroxyalkanoic and alkandioic acids, n-alkanes, and n-alkanols. These components decreased progressively in fractions obtained after weak and strong ester cleavage. Unsubstituted alkanoic acids with variable chain length were ubiquitously detected in all fractions, thereby suggesting their fundamental function in the architecture of humic suprastructures. An important role in differentiating supramol. assocns. should also be attributed to substituted alkanoic acids that were detected in variable amts. in different fractions. The content of arom. acids and steroids was only noticed in the latter fractions. HPSEC-ESI-MS of initial and final solid fractions showed similar compds., as indicated by GC-MS, whereas the hydrosol. fraction after transesterification revealed fewer of these compds. but noticeable nitrogen-contg. acids. A large amt. of "cyclic" acids were identified by MS empirical formula in initial HA, and, to a lesser extent, in the final fractionation residue as well as in the hydrosol. fraction. The predominant alkyl NMR signals in organosol. exts. and those of CH-N, CH-O, and O-CH-O groups in hydrosol. fraction confirmed mass spectrometry results. Homo- and heterocorrelated liq.-state NMR spectra indicated spin systems interactions varying with sepd. fractions. Solid-state and dipolar-dephasing NMR spectra of final residue showed predominance of sp2 carbons, 66% of which were quaternary carbons, and a significant increase in conformational rigidity with respect to initial HA. Sepd. fractions accounted for 60% of initial HA wt., and losses were attributed to hydration water, liberated volatile compds., and decarboxylation. Quantization of analytes showed that the sum of compd. classes in sepd. fractions was greater than that for the initial HA, thereby showing that stepwise fractionation increased significantly the anal. identification of humic mols. Our results suggest this "Humeomics" approach as a valid path for mapping humic mol. compn. and assess humus origin and formation.
- 27Roth, V.; Lange, M.; Simon, C.; Hertkorn, N.; Bucher, S.; Goodall, T.; Griffiths, R. I.; Mellado-Vázquez, P. G.; Mommer, L.; Oram, N. J.; Weigelt, A.; Dittmarm, T.; Gleixner, G. Persistence of dissolved organic matter explained by molecular changes during its passage through soil. Nat. Geosci. 2019, 12, 755– 761, DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0417-4Google Scholar27https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsFWlt7nM&md5=db660c21fe956bd8a02932be5df1c1d0Persistence of dissolved organic matter explained by molecular changes during its passage through soilRoth, Vanessa-Nina; Lange, Markus; Simon, Carsten; Hertkorn, Norbert; Bucher, Sebastian; Goodall, Timothy; Griffiths, Robert I.; Mellado-Vazquez, Perla G.; Mommer, Liesje; Oram, Natalie J.; Weigelt, Alexandra; Dittmar, Thorsten; Gleixner, GerdNature Geoscience (2019), 12 (9), 755-761CODEN: NGAEBU; ISSN:1752-0894. (Nature Research)Dissolved org. matter affects fundamental biogeochem. processes in the soil such as nutrient cycling and org. matter storage. The current paradigm is that processing of dissolved org. matter converges to recalcitrant mols. (those that resist degrdn.) of low mol. mass and high mol. diversity through biotic and abiotic processes. Here we demonstrate that the mol. compn. and properties of dissolved org. matter continuously change during soil passage and propose that this reflects a continual shifting of its sources. Using ultrahigh-resoln. mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, we studied the mol. changes of dissolved org. matter from the soil surface to 60 cm depth in 20 temperate grassland communities in soil type Eutric Fluvisol. Applying a semi-quant. approach, we obsd. that plant-derived mols. were first broken down into mols. contg. a large proportion of low-mol.-mass compds. These low-mol.-mass compds. became less abundant during soil passage, whereas larger mols., depleted in plant-related ligno-cellulosic structures, became more abundant. These findings indicate that the small plant-derived mols. were preferentially consumed by microorganisms and transformed into larger microbial-derived mols. This suggests that dissolved org. matter is not intrinsically recalcitrant but instead persists in soil as a result of simultaneous consumption, transformation and formation.
- 28Volikov, A. B.; Ponomarenko, S. A.; Lasareva, E. V.; Parfyonova, A. M.; Perminova, I. V.; Kholodov, V. A.; Kulikova, N. A.; Philippova, O. I.; Hatfield, K. Silanized humic substances act as hydrophobic modifiers of soil separates inducing formation of water-stable aggregates in soils. Catena 2016, 137, 229– 236, DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2015.09.022Google Scholar28https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1ers7bN&md5=49be2a39d9c1d22d825f34f814613d75Silanized humic substances act as hydrophobic modifiers of soil separates inducing formation of water-stable aggregates in soilsVolikov, Alexander B.; Kholodov, Vladimir A.; Kulikova, Natalya A.; Philippova, Olga I.; Ponomarenko, Sergey A.; Lasareva, Elena V.; Parfyonova, Aksana M.; Hatfield, Kirk; Perminova, Irina V.Catena (2016), 137 (), 229-236CODEN: CIJPD3; ISSN:0341-8162. (Elsevier B.V.)In this study we successfully enhanced surface activity of natural humic substances (HS) with respect to mineral surfaces by functionalization with organosilanes. Of particular importance was that modification was conducted in water. Humates from coal and peat and 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used as starting materials. Atomic force microscopy showed silanized HS produced self-assembled adsorption monolayers at the water-solid interface. These adlayers caused an increase in the surface hydrophobicity with contact angles equaling 56°. Application of silanized HS for treatment of different soil compartments including mineral soil separates and soil aggregates revealed an efficacy with respect to both re-assembly of soil aggregates and restoration of their water stability. Furthermore, field trials on the treatments of native sod-podzolic soil with silanized HS indicated improvements in soil structure as compared to non-treated soil or treatment with the non-functionalized humate. Results demonstrating the use of silanized HS as ecol.-safe, nature-inspired soil conditioners were promising.
- 29Swidsinski, A. In The Colonic Bioreactor—A Forerunner Model for Future Biotechnology (Function, Role, Products & Management), Fifth International Conference of CIS IHSS on Humic Innovative Technologies “Humic substances and living systems”. October 19–23, 2019.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 30Swidsinski, A.; Dörffel, Y.; Loening-Baucke, V.; Gille, C.; Reißhauer, A.; Göktas, O.; Krüger, M.; Neuhaus, J.; Schrödl, W. Impact of humic acids on the colonic microbiome in healthy volunteers. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017. 23, , 885– 890 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i5.885 .Google Scholar30https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXivFWrsbY%253D&md5=56d410a638ca8d6e7e2e91b56a6f7addImpact of humic acids on the colonic microbiome in healthy volunteersSwidsinski, Alexander; Doerffel, Yvonne; Loening-Baucke, Vera; Gille, Christoph; Reisshauer, Anne; Goektas, Oender; Krueger, Monika; Neuhaus, Juergen; Schroedl, WielandWorld Journal of Gastroenterology (2017), 23 (5), 885-890CODEN: WJGAF2; ISSN:2219-2840. (Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.)AIM: To test the effects of humic acids on innate microbial communities of the colon. METHODS: We followed the effects of oral supplementation with humic acids (Activomin) on concns. and compn. of colonic microbiome in 14 healthy volunteers for 45 d. 3 × 800 mg Activomin were taken orally for 10 d followed by 3 × 400 mg for 35 d. Colonic microbiota were investigated using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of Carnoy fixated and paraffin embedded stool cylinders. Two stool samples were collected a week prior to therapy and one stool sample on days 10, 31 and 45. Forty- one FISH probes representing different bacterial groups were used. RESULTS: The sum concn. of colonic microbiota increased from 20% at day 10 to 30% by day 31 and remained stable until day 45 (32%) of humic acid supplementation (p < 0.001). The increase in the concns. in each person was due to growth of preexisting groups. The individual microbial profile of the patients remained unchanged. Similarly, the bacterial diversity remained stable. Concns. of 24 of the 35 substantial groups increased from 20% to 96%. Two bacterial groups detected with Bac303 (Bacteroides) and Myc657 (mycolic acid-contg. Actinomycetes ) FISH probes decreased (p > 0.05). The others remained unaffected. Bacterial groups with initially marginal concns. (< 0.1 × 109/mL) demonstrated no response to humic acids. The concns. of pioneer groups of Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium difficile increased but the obsd. differences were statistically not significant. CONCLUSION: Humic acids have a profound effect on healthy colonic microbiome and may be potentially interesting substances for the development of drugs that control the innate colonic microbiome.
- 31Røder, H. L.; Olsen, N. M. C.; Whiteley, M.; Burmølle, M. Unravelling interspecies interactions across heterogeneities in complex biofilm communities. Review. Environ. Microbiol. 2019, 22, 5– 16, DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14834Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Lisetskii, F.; Marinina, O.; Stolba, V. F. Indicators of agricultural soil genesis under varying conditions of land use, steppe Crimea. Geoderma 2015, 239–240, 304– 316, DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.006Google Scholar32https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvFWnsbvM&md5=0299f81ac54cf18b1a72435fb2e6c3a2Indicators of agricultural soil genesis under varying conditions of land use, Steppe CrimeaLisetskii, Fedor; Stolba, Vladimir F.; Marinina, OlgaGeoderma (2015), 239-240 (), 304-316CODEN: GEDMAB; ISSN:0016-7061. (Elsevier B.V.)This study investigates the effects of agricultural exploitation of soils of the north-western Crimea, the active and large-scale cultivation of which began with the Greek colonization of the area. In order to compare soils using a wide spectrum of phys. and chem. properties, the studied objects (virgin land, post-antique idle land, continually plowed land, modern-day plowed land, idle land of the modern era) have been grouped into a chronosequence. This makes it possible to apply the method of factor sequences of agrogenic transformations in soils, which takes into account different periods of human activities. The other factors involved in soil formation are considered to be relatively invariable. From the mass of physiochem. properties of these soils that have endured long-term agricultural stress, the most informative indicators of agrogenesis have been identified.The authors propose a procedure for calcg. an integral agrophys. soil indicator based on five parameters that can be used to det. the soil structure and cloddiness as well as water-stability, the amt. of water-stable aggregates and their mean mass-weighted diam. Based on the ests. of their agrophys. state, the following sequence has been detd. for the soils studied: Post-antique idle land < virgin land < idle land of the modern era < continuously plowed land < modern-day plowed land. It has been established that the previous practices of land use favorably affect the agrophys. properties of soils.The loss of org. carbon in continually plowed land is 51%, while in modern-day plowed and idle lands it amts. to 39% and 27-32% resp. The reprodn. of soil org. matter (SOM) and its quality, particularly of its labile content, which is responsible for the agrophys. properties of a plow horizon, is central to soil fertility management for sustainable agriculture. One obsd. effect of long-term agrogenic stresses in plowed horizons of Chernozems is a decrease in microelements such as Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, as well as phosphorus and potassium. It is estd. that the micronutrient content of plowed land is 5-6% lower than that of virgin soils.Even after 2280 years of renaturation, soils of post-antique idle lands preserve in their pedomemory the signs of agrogenesis. In terms of soil quality, the overall agrogenic transformation of soils cultivated during the recent period (the last 150-165 years) is 15% lower than that of the continually plowed lands. The fallowing regime provides conditions that allow soils to regenerate within a few decades. The use of renaturation effects that mimic the fallowing regime opens up new possibilities for resource-saving sustainable agriculture.This study, therefore, shows the informative potential of soils that have continuously, or with restorative periods, been subjected to long-term agrogenic impacts under different practices of land use. It also considers how this information may be actively employed to comprehend the long-term transformations of the material and energetic organization of soils.
- 33Swidsinski, A.; Loening-Baucke, V. Spatial Organization of Intestinal Microbiota in Health and Disease, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/spatial-organization-of-intestinal-microbiota-in-health-and-disease/print (accessed 11 March 2020).Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 34Keesstra, S. D.; Bouma, J.; Wallinga, J.; Tittonell, P.; Smith, P.; Cerdà, A.; Montanarella, L.; Quinton, J. N.; Pachepsky, Y.; van der Putten, W. H.; Bardgett, R. D.; Moolenaar, S.; Mol, G.; Jansen, B.; Fresco, L. O. The significance of soils and soil science towards realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Soil 2016, 2, 111– 128, DOI: 10.5194/soil-2-111-2016Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 35Kalinitchenko, V. P.; Glinushkin, A.; Sokolov, M.; Batukaev, A.; Minkina, T.; Zinchenko, V.; Chernenko, V.; Startsev, V.; Mandzhieva, S.; Sushkova, S.; Makarenkov, D.; Il’ina, L.; Larin, G.; Rykhlik, A. Biogeosystem Technique for Healthy Soil, Water and Environment, ACS Fall 2019 National Meeting and Exposition, Chemistry and Water, August 25–29, 2019. San Diego, CA.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Lehman, R. M.; Cambardella, C. A.; Stott, D. E.; Acosta-Martinez, V.; Manter, D. K.; Buyer, J. S.; Maul, J. E.; Smith, J. L.; Collins, H. P.; Halvorson, J. J.; Kremer, R. J.; Lundgren, J. G.; Ducey, T. F.; Jin, V. L.; Karlen, D. L. Understanding and Enhancing Soil Biological Health: The Solution for Reversing Soil Degradation. Sustainability 2015, 7, 988– 1027, DOI: 10.3390/su7010988Google Scholar36https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xlt12ntrs%253D&md5=224606a6eafd5b7874eb5866b76a98c1Understanding and enhancing soil biological health: the solution for reversing soil degradationLehman, R. Michael; Cambardella, Cynthia A.; Stott, Diane E.; Acosta-Martinez, Veronica; Manter, Daniel K.; Buyer, Jeffrey S.; Maul, Jude E.; Smith, Jeffrey L.; Collins, Harold P.; Halvorson, Jonathan J.; Kremer, Robert J.; Lundgren, Jonathan G.; Ducey, Tom F.; Jin, Virginia L.; Karlen, Douglas L.Sustainability (2015), 7 (1), 988-1027CODEN: SUSTDE; ISSN:2071-1050. (MDPI AG)Our objective is to provide an optimistic strategy for reversing soil degrdn. by increasing public and private research efforts to understand the role of soil biol., particularly microbiol., on the health of our world's soils. We begin by defining soil quality/soil health (which we consider to be interchangeable terms), characterizing healthy soil resources, and relating the significance of soil health to agroecosystems and their functions. We examine how soil biol. influences soil health and how biol. properties and processes contribute to sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services. We continue by examg. what can be done to manipulate soil biol. to: (i) increase nutrient availability for prodn. of high yielding, high quality crops; (ii) protect crops from pests, pathogens, weeds; and (iii) manage other factors limiting prodn., provision of ecosystem services, and resilience to stresses like droughts. Next we look to the future by asking what needs to be known about soil biol. that is not currently recognized or fully understood and how these needs could be addressed using emerging research tools. We conclude, based on our perceptions of how new knowledge regarding soil biol. will help make agriculture more sustainable and productive, by recommending research emphases that should receive first priority through enhanced public and private research in order to reverse the trajectory toward global soil degrdn.
- 37Semenov, A. M.; Sokolov, M. S.; Glinushkin, A. P.; Glazko, V. I. The health of soil ecosystem as self-maintenance and sustainable bioproductivity. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung. 2016, 51, 305, DOI: 10.1556/038.52.2017.004Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 38Glinushkin, A. P.; Kudeyarov, V. N.; Sokolov, M. S.; Zinchenko, V. E.; Chernenko, V. V. Nature-Similar Technologies of the Biogeosystem Technique in Solving a Global Social and Environmental Problem. Biogeosystem Tech. 2018, 5, 159– 196, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2018.2.159Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 39Lisetskii, F.; Zelenskaya, E.; Rodionova, M. Geochemical features of fallow land in ancient plots in the chora of Chersonesos. Geosciences 2018, 8, 410, DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8110410Google Scholar39https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitVOku7zL&md5=2c7a33580b0842693dec8b9299946bdfGeochemical features of fallow land in ancient plots in the chora of chersonesosLisetskii, Fedor; Zelenskaya, Eugenia; Rodionova, MariaGeosciences (Basel, Switzerland) (2018), 8 (11), 410CODEN: GBSEDA; ISSN:2076-3263. (MDPI AG)The ancient city of Chersonesos created an agricultural zone in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC (under the conditions of climate aridization); this zone was initially used for viticulture and the export of wine, and grain farming later developed at the distant chora (in North-Western (NW) Crimea). The purpose of our work was to verify whether the ampeloecol. conditions, esp. the geochem. features of the soil and rock, limited viticulture in NW Crimea. Fallow lands in 13 plots in the near and distant chora of Chersonesos were studied using ampelopedol.; specifically, we compared agrochem. properties and the concns. of macro- and trace elements in the renaturation soil horizon and in the parent rock. The main differences between the soils of the two regions were detd. by the accumulation of cinnamonic soils of Chersonesos Si, K, Fe, Al, P2O5; in the distant chora, there are specific elements, including V, Pb, Rb, Cr. The climate and the biogeochem. diversity of soils and rock could be significant factors causing the differences in wine quality in the two regions of western Crimea; these factors are still reflected in modern viticultural practices when using the concept of "terroir". These findings are consistent with the different roles of ancient viticulture in SW (South-Western) and NW (North-Western) Crimea (i.e., export and local consumption, resp.), which have been highlighted by historians.
- 40Kalinitchenko, V.; Batukaev, A.; Zarmaev, A.; Startsev, V.; Chernenko, V.; Dikaev, Z.; Sushkova, S. Biogeosystem technique as the way to certainty of soil, hydrosphere, environment and climate, EGU General Assembly. Vienna. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2016.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 41Mishchenko, M. I.; Travis, L. D.; Lacis, A. A. Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2002; 448p.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 42Kalinitchenko, V. P. Renewal of Energy and Life in the Biosphere. European J. Renewable Energy 2017, 2, 3– 28, DOI: 10.13187/ejore.2017.1.3Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Martensson, J.; Arwin, H. Interpretation of spectroscopic ellipsometry data on protein layers on gold including substrate–layer interactions. Langmuir 1995, 11, 963– 968, DOI: 10.1021/la00003a045Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 44Bunkin, N. F.; Lyakhov, G. A.; Shkirin, A. V.; Ignatiev, P. S.; Kobelev, A. V.; Penkov, N. V.; Fesenko, E. E., Jr. Mesodroplet Heterogeneity of Low-Concentration Aqueous Solutions of Polar Organic Compounds. Phys. Wave Phenom. 2019, 27, 91– 101, DOI: 10.3103/S1541308X19020031Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 45Kahnert, M.; Nousiainen, T.; Mauno, P. On the impact of non-sphericicty and small-scale surface roughness on the optical properties of hematite aerosols. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2011, 112, 1815– 1824, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2011.01.022Google Scholar45https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXntlSkurk%253D&md5=e412b7254594318d54076d510c5f0582On the impact of non-sphericity and small-scale surface roughness on the optical properties of hematite aerosolsKahnert, Michael; Nousiainen, Timo; Mauno, PaeiviJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2011), 112 (11), 1815-1824CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)We perform a comparative modeling study to investigate how different morphol. features influence the optical properties of hematite aerosols. We consider high-order Chebyshev particles as a proxy for aerosol with a small-scale surface roughness, and spheroids as a model for nonspherical aerosols with a smooth boundary surface. The modeling results are compared to those obtained for homogeneous spherical particles. It is found that for hematite particles with an absorption efficiency of order unity the difference in optical properties between spheres and spheroids disappears. For optically softer particles, such as ice particles at far-IR wavelengths, this effect can be obsd. for absorption efficiencies lower than unity. The convergence of the optical properties of spheres and spheroids is caused by absorption and quenching of internal resonances inside the particles, which depend both on the imaginary part of the refractive index and on the size parameter, and to some extent on the real part of the refractive index. By contrast, small-scale surface roughness becomes the dominant morphol. feature for large particles. This effect is likely to depend on the amplitude of the surface roughness, the relative significance of internal resonances, and possibly on the real part of the refractive index. The extinction cross section is rather insensitive to surface roughness, while the single-scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, and the Mueller matrix are strongly influenced. Small-scale surface roughness reduces the backscattering cross section by up to a factor of 2-3 as compared to size-equiv. particles with a smooth boundary surface. This can have important implications for the interpretation of lidar backscattering observations.
- 46Kahnert, M.; Nousiainen, T.; Thomas, M. A.; Tyynela, J. Light scattering by particles with small-scale surface roughness: Comparison of four classes of model geometries. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2012, 113, 2356– 2367, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.03.017Google Scholar46https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XkvVKjtL0%253D&md5=47a12872d28e3b147f621fd7f202e6beLight scattering by particles with small-scale surface roughness: Comparison of four classes of model geometriesKahnert, Michael; Nousiainen, Timo; Thomas, Manu Anna; Tyynelae, JaniJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2012), 113 (18), 2356-2367CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)We compare four different model geometries for particles with small-scale surface roughness. The geometries are based on regular and stochastic surface perturbations, as well as on 2D- and 3D-roughness models. We further compare T-matrix and discrete dipole computations. Particle size parameters of 5 and 50 are considered, as well as refractive indexes of 1.6+0.0005i and 3+0.1i. The effect of small-scale surface roughness on the intensity and polarisation of the scattered light strongly depends on the size parameter and refractive index. In general, 2D surface roughness models predict stronger effects than 3D models. Stochastic surface roughness models tend to predict the strongest depolarising effects, while regular surface roughness models can have a stronger effect on the angular distribution of the scattered intensity. Computations with the discrete dipole approxn. only cover a limited range of size parameters. T-matrix computations allow us to significantly extend that range, but at the price of restricting the model particles to sym. surface perturbations with small amplitudes.
- 47Nousiainen, T.; Kahnert, M.; Veihelmann, B. Light scattering modeling of small feldspar aerosol particles using polyhedral prisms and spheroids. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2006, 101, 471– 487, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.038Google Scholar47https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XkvVaru7k%253D&md5=f658b5fb784f04360463aaf465bd04c6Light scattering modeling of small feldspar aerosol particles using polyhedral prisms and spheroidsNousiainen, Timo; Kahnert, Michael; Veihelmann, BenJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2006), 101 (3), 471-487CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)The use of simplified particle shapes for modeling scattering by irregularly shaped mineral-dust particles is studied using polyhedral prisms and spheroids as model particles. Simulated phase matrixes averaged over shape and size distributions at wavelength 633 nm are compared with a lab.-measured phase matrix of feldspar particles with known size distribution with effective radius of 1.0 μm. When an equi-probable shape distribution is assumed, prisms and oblate spheroids agree with measurements to a similar degree, whereas prolate spheroids perform markedly better. Both spheroids and prisms perform much better than spheres. When an automatic fitting method is applied for finding optimal shape distributions, it is found that the most elongated spheroids are most important for good fits, whereas nearly-spherical spheroids are generally of very little importance. The phase matrixes for the different polyhedral prisms, on the other hand, are found to be similar, thus their shape-averaged phase matrixes are insensitive to the shape distribution assumed. For spheroids, a simple parameterization for the shape distribution, where wts. increase with increasing departure from spherical shape, is proposed and tested. This parameterization improves the fit of most phase matrix elements attained with an equi-probable shape distribution, and it performs particularly well for reproducing the measured phase function.
- 48Bi, L.; Yang, P.; Kattawar, G. W.; Kahn, R. Modeling optical properties of mineral aerosol particles by using nonsymmetric hexahedra. Appl. Opt. 2010, 49, 334– 342, DOI: 10.1364/AO.49.000334Google Scholar48https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3c%252Fks1KmsA%253D%253D&md5=968505dd1224200c5f1136dae85caa93Modeling optical properties of mineral aerosol particles by using nonsymmetric hexahedraBi Lei; Yang Ping; Kattawar George W; Kahn RalphApplied optics (2010), 49 (3), 334-42 ISSN:.We explore the use of nonsymmetric geometries to simulate the single-scattering properties of airborne dust particles with complicated morphologies. Specifically, the shapes of irregular dust particles are assumed to be nonsymmetric hexahedra defined by using the Monte Carlo method. A combination of the discrete dipole approximation method and an improved geometric optics method is employed to compute the single-scattering properties of dust particles for size parameters ranging from 0.5 to 3000. The primary optical effect of eliminating the geometric symmetry of regular hexahedra is to smooth the scattering features in the phase function and to decrease the backscatter. The optical properties of the nonsymmetric hexahedra are used to mimic the laboratory measurements. It is demonstrated that a relatively close agreement can be achieved by using only one shape of nonsymmetric hexahedra. The agreement between the theoretical results and their measurement counterparts can be further improved by using a mixture of nonsymmetric hexahedra. It is also shown that the hexahedron model is much more appropriate than the "equivalent sphere" model for simulating the optical properties of dust particles, particularly, in the case of the elements of the phase matrix that associated with the polarization state of scattered light.
- 49Veihelmann, B.; Nousiainen, T.; Kahnert, M.; Zande, W. J. Light scattering by small feldspar particles simulated using the Gaussian random sphere geometry. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2006, 100, 393– 405, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.11.053Google Scholar49https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XisFCgtLg%253D&md5=36d46536af29d4b97821b6eb067223d6Light scattering by small feldspar particles simulated using the Gaussian random sphere geometryVeihelmann, B.; Nousiainen, T.; Kahnert, M.; van der Zande, W. J.Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2006), 100 (1-3), 393-405CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier B.V.)The single-scattering properties of Gaussian random spheres were calcd. using the discrete dipole approxn. The ensemble of model particles is assumed to be representative for a feldspar dust sample that is characteristic for weakly absorbing irregularly shaped mineral aerosol. The morphol. of Gaussian random spheres is modeled based on a statistical shape anal. using microscope images of the dust sample. The size distribution of the dust sample is based on a particle sizing expt. The refractive index of feldspar is estd. using literature values. All input parameters used in the light scattering simulations are thus obtained in an objective way based on the true properties of the mineral sample. The orientation-averaged and ensemble-averaged scattering matrixes and cross sections of the Gaussian random spheres are compared with light scattering simulations using spheroidal shape models which were shown to be applicable to the feldspar sample. The Gaussian random sphere model and the spheroidal shape model are assessed using the measured scattering matrix of the feldspar dust sample as a ref. Generally, the spheroidal model with strongly elongated prolate and strongly flattened oblate shapes agrees better with the measurement than the Gaussian random sphere model. In contrast, some features that are characteristic for light scattering by truly irregular mineral dust particles are rendered best by the Gaussian random sphere model; these features include the flat shape of the phase function and a min. in the scattering matrix element F22/F11 as a function of the scattering angle.
- 50Liu, J.; Yang, P.; Muinonen, K. Dust-aerosol optical modeling with Gaussian spheres: Combined invariant-imbedding T-matrix and geometric-optics approach. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2015, 161, 136– 144, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.04.003Google Scholar50https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXntVajsrk%253D&md5=61fa714ede89272034edcdc4f51e1757Dust-aerosol optical modeling with Gaussian spheres: Combined invariant-imbedding T-matrix and geometric-optics approachLiu, Jianping; Yang, Ping; Muinonen, KarriJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2015), 161 (), 136-144CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)The Gaussian sphere has been widely used as a model to study light scattering by irregular particles; and, despite extensive numerical studies, the optical properties are not thoroughly understood. Based on Gaussian spheres and using a combination of the invariant imbedding T-matrix method and an improved geometric-optics method, the single-scattering properties (namely, the 4×4 phase matrix, extinction cross section, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor) are computed in the Rayleigh to geometric optics regimes. The simulations are performed with various degrees of irregularity, and the effects of particle irregularities are investigated over a wide range of particle sizes. Furthermore, the theor. simulations based on Gaussian spheres are used to fit the measured optical properties of feldspar particles from the well-known Amsterdam-Granada light scattering database. A mixt. of several shapes is shown to closely reproduce the measured phase matrixes. The results may be potentially useful for remote-sensing and radiative-transfer applications involving dust aerosol.
- 51Kalinichenko, V. P. Method of Intra-soil Pulse Discrete Irrigation. Patent RU23862432010.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Shein, E. V.; Kharitonova, G. V.; Amgalan, B.; Sambuu, G.; Krutikova, V. O.; Kharitonov, E. V. Salt Neoformations in Soils of Central Mongolia. Biogeosystem Tech. 2017, 4, 66– 81, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2017.1.66Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 53Kalinichenko, V. P. Biogeosystem Technique as a Paradigm of Non-waste Technology in the Biosphere. Biogeosystem Tech. 2015, 3, 4– 28, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2015.3.4Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 54Gontard, N.; Sonesson, U.; Birkved, M.; Majone, M.; Bolzonella, D.; Celli, A.; Angellier-Coussy, H.; Jang, G.-W.; Verniquet, A.; Broeze, J.; Schaer, B.; Batista, A. P.; Sebok, A. A research challenge vision regarding management of agricultural waste in a circular bio-based economy. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 48, 614– 654, DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2018.1471957Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 55Kalinitchenko, V. P. Optimizing the matter flow in biosphere and the climate of the Earth at the stage of technogenesis by methods of biogeosystem technique (problem-analytical review). Int. J. Environ. Probl. 2016, 4, 99– 130, DOI: 10.13187/ijep.2016.4.99Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Pukalchik, M. A.; Panova, M. I.; Karpukhin, M. M.; Yakimenko, O. S.; Kydralieva, K. A.; Terekhova, V. A. Using humic products as amendments to restore zn and pb polluted soil: a case study using rapid screening phytotest endpoint. J. Soils Sediments 2018, 18, 750– 761, DOI: 10.1007/s11368-017-1841-yGoogle Scholar56https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1WgtLjN&md5=fb9bfcf14a42b3d0f65eb319d7cd0bb2Using humic products as amendments to restore Zn and Pb polluted soil: a case study using rapid screening phytotest endpointPukalchik, Maria; Panova, Maria; Karpukhin, Mikhail; Yakimenko, Olga; Kydralieva, Kamila; Terekhova, VeraJournal of Soils and Sediments (2018), 18 (3), 750-761CODEN: JSSOAJ; ISSN:1439-0108. (Springer)Purpose: Heavy metal contamination is a priority issue affecting millions of ha of soil throughout the world. One of the most promising, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approaches to restore polluted soils could be applying org. amendments. We investigated the remediation potential of three types of humic products with regard to their effect on the bioavailability of Pb and Zn, content of nutrients, and the ability to mitigate acute phytotoxicity in contaminated soil. Materials and methods: Spodosol samples were spiked with Pb (550 mg kg-1) and Zn (880 mg kg-1). Then, two different com. humic products (from peat and lignosulfonate) and natural humic acids (from brown oxidized coal) were added in two doses to reach an equal content of carbon: a 10% increment and a 30% increment of the initial total org. carbon in the soil. After 30 days, the content of metals and nutrients (S, K, Na, Ca, Mn, P) was detd. by the sequential extn. (i-H2O, ii-NH4COOH pH 4.8, iii-CH3COOH). The effect of humic products on heavy metals bioavailability was evaluated using the calcd. partition indexes. Seed germination and root elongation of Sinapis alba were also detd. Chem. and biochem. variables were aggregated by the principal component anal. Results and discussion: Humic products reduced the amt. of bioavailable fractions of Pb and Zn in soils. The partition index, which quant. describes bioavailable fractions of the Zn and Pb in the soil, was 28-49% lower than in the spiked (Pb+Zn) control. The inhibition of root elongation and seed germination of mustard by Zn and Pb was significantly mitigated by humic products; in the soil test, the root length and seed germination were up to 36-87% higher than those of the Pb+Zn control and did not differ from those in the non-amended treatments. This effect may have been assocd. with the structural differences (H/C and O/C ratio) and content of nutrients (Na and K) in humic products. Conclusions: Com. humic products used in poor multi-contaminated soils can maintain plant growth by improving nutrient status due to heavy metals immobilization and can be a promising approach to remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals at extremely high concns.
- 57Lin, H. Understanding Soil Architecture and Its Functional Manifestation across Scales. Part I: Overviews and Fundamentals. In Hydropedology , 2012; Chapter 2, pp 41– 74.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 58Totsche, K. U.; Amelung, W.; Gerzabek, M. H.; Guggenberger, G.; Klumpp, E.; Knief, C.; Lehndorff, E.; Mikutta, R.; Peth, S.; Prechtel, A.; Ray, N.; Kögel-Knabner, I. Microaggregates in soils. Review Article. Special Issue: Methodological advances in studying the soil – plant – atmosphere gas exchange. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2018, 181, 104– 136, DOI: 10.1002/jpln.201600451Google Scholar58https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtlSgsb3M&md5=5459283bfbed093bcd09a750cc1a8a0fMicroaggregates in soilsTotsche, Kai Uwe; Amelung, Wulf; Gerzabek, Martin H.; Guggenberger, Georg; Klumpp, Erwin; Knief, Claudia; Lehndorff, Eva; Mikutta, Robert; Peth, Stephan; Prechtel, Alexander; Ray, Nadja; Koegel-Knabner, IngridJournal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science (2018), 181 (1), 104-136CODEN: JNSSFZ; ISSN:1436-8730. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A review. All soils harbor microaggregates, i.e., compd. soil structures smaller than 250 μm. These microaggregates are composed of diverse mineral, org. and biotic materials that are bound together during pedogenesis by various phys., chem. and biol. processes. Consequently, microaggregates can withstand strong mech. and physicochem. stresses and survive slaking in water, allowing them to persist in soils for several decades. Together with the physiochem. heterogeneity of their surfaces, the three-dimensional structure of microaggregates provides a large variety of ecol. niches that contribute to the vast biol. diversity found in soils. As reported for larger aggregate units, microaggregates are composed of smaller building units that become more complex with increasing size. In this context, organo-mineral assocns. can be considered structural units of soil aggregates and as nanoparticulate fractions of the microaggregates themselves. The mineral phases considered to be the most important as microaggregate forming materials are the clay minerals and Fe- and Al-(hydr)oxides. Within microaggregates, minerals are bound together primarily by physicochem. and chem. interactions involving cementing and gluing agents. The former comprise, among others, carbonates and the short-range ordered phases of Fe, Mn, and Al. The latter comprise org. materials of diverse origin and probably involve macromols. and macromol. mixts. Work on microaggregate structure and development has largely focused on org. matter stability and turnover. However, little is known concerning the role microaggregates play in the fate of elements like Si, Fe, Al, P, and S. More recently, the role of microaggregates in the formation of microhabitats and the biogeog. and diversity of microbial communities has been investigated. Little is known regarding how microaggregates and their properties change in time, which strongly limits our understanding of micro-scale soil structure dynamics. Similarly, only limited information is available on the mech. stability of microaggregates, while essentially nothing is known about the flow and transport of fluids and solutes within the micro- and nanoporous microaggregate systems. Any quant. approaches being developed for the modeling of formation, structure and properties of microaggregates are, therefore, in their infancy. We respond to the growing awareness of the importance of microaggregates for the structure, properties and functions of soils by reviewing what is currently known about the formation, compn. and turnover of microaggregates. We aim to provide a better understanding of their role in soil function, and to present the major unknowns in current microaggregate research. We propose a harmonized concept for aggregates in soils that explicitly considers the structure and build-up of microaggregates and the role of organo-mineral assocns. We call for expts., studies and modeling endeavors that will link information on aggregate forming materials with their functional properties across a range of scales in order to better understand microaggregate formation and turnover. Finally, we hope to inspire a novel cohort of soil scientists that they might focus their research on improving our understanding of the role of microaggregates within the system of aggregates and so help to develop a unified and quant. concept of aggregation processes in soils.
- 59Vogel, L. E.; Makowski, D.; Garnier, P.; Vieublé-Gonod, L.; Coquet, Y.; Raynaud, X.; Nunan, N.; Chenu, C.; Falconer, R.; Pot, V. Modeling the effect of soil meso-and macropores topology on the biodegradation of a soluble carbon substrate. Adv. Water Resour. 2015, 83, 123– 136, DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.05.020Google Scholar59https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVegsrjL&md5=f78b9eef8dcd7cce4736fa6bb3af8643Modeling the effect of soil meso- and macropores topology on the biodegradation of a soluble carbon substrateVogel, Laure E.; Makowski, David; Garnier, Patricia; Vieuble-Gonod, Laure; Coquet, Yves; Raynaud, Xavier; Nunan, Naoise; Chenu, Claire; Falconer, Ruth; Pot, ValerieAdvances in Water Resources (2015), 83 (), 123-136CODEN: AWREDI; ISSN:0309-1708. (Elsevier Ltd.)Soil structure and interactions between biotic and abiotic processes are increasingly recognized as important for explaining the large uncertainties in the outputs of macroscopic SOM decompn. models. We present a numerical anal. to assess the role of meso- and macropore topol. on the biodegrdn. of a sol. carbon substrate in variably water satd. and pure diffusion conditions . Our anal. was built as a complete factorial design and used a new 3D pore-scale model, LBioS, that couples a diffusion lattice-Boltzmann model and a compartmental biodegrdn. model. The scenarios combined contrasted modalities of four factors: meso- and macropore space geometry, water satn., bacterial distribution and physiol. A global sensitivity anal. of these factors highlighted the role of phys. factors in the biodegrdn. kinetics of our scenarios. Bacteria location explained 28% of the total variance in substrate concn. in all scenarios, while the interactions among location, satn. and geometry explained up to 51% of it.
- 60de Vries, E. T.; Raoof, A.; van Genuchten, M. T. h. Multiscale modeling of dual-porosity porous media; a computational pore-scale study for flow and solute transport. Adv. Water Resour. 2017, 105, 82– 95, DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.04.013Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 61Rajput, V. D.; Minkina, T.; Sushkova, S.; Tsitsuashvili, V.; Mandzhieva, S.; Gorovtsov, A.; Nevidomskyaya, D.; Gromakova, N. Effect of nanoparticles on crops and soil microbial communities. J. Soils Sediments 2018, 18, 2179– 2187, DOI: 10.1007/s11368-017-1793-2Google Scholar61https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1ygtrnI&md5=bdc166737eef4086be770cf1d276d2f1Effect of nanoparticles on crops and soil microbial communitiesRajput, Vishnu D.; Minkina, Tatiana; Sushkova, Svetlana; Tsitsuashvili, Viktoriia; Mandzhieva, Saglara; Gorovtsov, Andrey; Nevidomskyaya, Dina; Gromakova, NatalyaJournal of Soils and Sediments (2018), 18 (6), 2179-2187CODEN: JSSOAJ; ISSN:1439-0108. (Springer)Purpose: Nanoparticles (NPs) have received increased attention in recent past due to their unique distinct properties. Metal-based NPs are widely used in chem. and allied sector. Most of the research is directed to study the efficiency of NPs in medicine and agriculture. The aim of this review is to explore the possible threats posed by toxicity of various NPs on plants and microbial diversity. Materials and methods: First, major sources of NPs to the environment were analyzed. The effects of metal-based NPs on the microbiota and plants are presented in this review. The results obtained by the authors during last 12 years of research are used. Results and discussion: The exposure of soil to nanoparticles causes a decrease in soil microbial biomass and enzymic activity, which impacts microbial community compn. including yeasts, bacteria, fungi, and biol. diversity. The effects of NPs on plants result in various types of abnormalities. Nanoparticles can also pose risks to human health. Conclusions: Increased applications of NPs pose a threat to beneficial microbial communities as well as crops and soils. Thus, it is important to explore whether NPs could compromise crop yield, soil properties, soil organisms, and functional activities of soil.
- 62Glazko, V. I.; Glazko, T. T. Conflicts of biosphere and agroecosystems. Int. J. Environ. Probl. 2015, 1, 4– 16, DOI: 10.13187/ijep.2015.1.4Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 63Kirichenko, M. N.; Chaikov, L. L.; Shkirin, A. V.; Krasovskii, V. I.; Bulychev, N. A.; Kazaryan, M. A.; Krivokhizha, S. V.; Milovich, F. O.; Chirikov, S. N. General Features of Size Distributions and Internal Structure of Particles in Aqueous Nanosuspensions. Phys. Wave Phenom. 2020, 28, 140– 144, DOI: 10.3103/S1541308X20020077Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 64Kalinichenko, V. P. Biogeosystem technique as the method for Earth’s climate stabilizing. Biogeosystem Tech. 2015, 4, 104– 137, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2015.4.104Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 65Kuntman, M. A.; Kuntman, E.; Sancho-Parramon, J.; Arteaga, O. Light scattering by coupled oriented dipoles: Decomposition of the scattering matrix. Phys. Rev. B. 2018, 98, 045410 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.98.045410Google Scholar65https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXls1Wgtbc%253D&md5=64f442160c820263524219ea4af455cfLight scattering by coupled oriented dipoles: Decomposition of the scattering matrixKuntman, M. Ali; Kuntman, Ertan; Sancho-Parramon, Jordi; Arteaga, OriolPhysical Review B (2018), 98 (4), 045410CODEN: PRBHB7; ISSN:2469-9969. (American Physical Society)We study the optical response of two coupled oriented dipoles with the dimer axis perpendicular to the wave vector of light by analyzing how their scattering matrix can be decompd. The scattering matrix can be written as a linear combination of three terms with a clear phys. meaning: one for each particle and another that is responsible for the coupling and that vanishes for noninteracting or distant particles. We show that the interaction term may generate optical activity for certain scattering directions and that this effect manifests itself mostly in the near field. This simple and intuitive theory based on matrix and vector states of oriented dipoles also describes hybridization processes and Fano resonances. The decompn. method can be also formulated in terms of a hybrid basis that allows us to quant. det. the individual contribution of the in-phase and out-of-phase coupling modes to the overall intensity. Our method can help to understand the optical response of more complex nanostructures that can be decompd. into dipole terms. The results are illustrated in gold nanoantenna dimers which exhibit a strong dipolar resonance.
- 66Veghte, D. P.; Moore, J. E.; Jensen, L.; Freedman, M. A. Influence of shape on the optical properties of hematite aerosol. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2015, 120, 7025– 7039, DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023160Google Scholar66https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtlels7bM&md5=6166bab62d281e640b82118f0e254b08Influence of shape on the optical properties of hematite aerosolVeghte, Daniel P.; Moore, Justin E.; Jensen, Lasse; Freedman, Miriam ArakJournal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2015), 120 (14), 7025-7039CODEN: JGRDE3; ISSN:2169-8996. (Wiley-Blackwell)Mineral dust particles are the second highest emitted aerosol type by mass. Due to changes in particle size, compn., and shape that are caused by phys. processes and reactive chem., optical properties vary during transport, contributing uncertainty in the calcn. of radiative forcing. Hematite is the major absorbing species of mineral dust. In this study, we analyzed the extinction cross sections of nigrosin and hematite particles using cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectroscopy (CRD-AES) and have measured particle shape and size distributions using transmission electron microscopy. Nigrosin was also used in this study as a spherical std. for absorbing particles. The size-selected nigrosin particles have a narrow size distribution, with extinction cross sections that are described by Mie theory. In contrast, the size distribution of size-selected hematite particles is more polydisperse. The extinction cross sections were modeled using Mie theory and the discrete dipole approxn. (DDA). The DDA was used to model more complex shapes that account for the surface roughness and particle geometry. Of the four models used, Mie theory was the simplest to implement, but had significant error with a 26.1% difference from the CRD-AES results. By increasing the complexity of the models using the DDA, we detd. that spheroids had a 14.7% difference, roughened spheres a 12.8% difference, and roughened spheroids a 11.2% difference from the exptl. results. Using addnl. parameters that account for particle shape is necessary to model the optical properties of hematite particles and leads to improved extinction cross sections for modeling aerosol optical properties.
- 67Bunkin, N. F.; Lyakhov, G. A.; Shkirin, A. V.; Krivokhizha, S. V.; Afonin, A. A.; Kobelev, A. V.; Penkov, N. V.; Fesenko, E. E. Laser Diagnostics of the Mesoscale Heterogeneity of Aqueous Solutions of Polar Organic Compounds. Phys. Wave Phenom. 2018, 26, 21– 35, DOI: 10.3103/S1541308X18010041Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 68Ezhokin, E. N.; Tymper, S. I.; Chirikov, S. N. Effect of the uncertainty of the shape of a distribution on its parameters retrieval using the scattering matrix of quartz suspension. Opt. Spectrosc. 2012, 112, 122– 128, DOI: 10.1134/S0030400X12010079Google Scholar68https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xhtl2jurw%253D&md5=587384ece5b96fd82d1909ce5b1f2e85Effect of the uncertainty of the shape of a distribution on its parameters retrieval using the scattering matrix of quartz suspensionEzhokin, E. N.; Tymper, S. I.; Chirikov, S. N.Optics and Spectroscopy (2012), 112 (1), 122-128CODEN: OPSUA3; ISSN:0030-400X. (MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica)Scattering matrixes of an aq. suspension of quartz were measured at a wavelength of 0.63 μm in the scattering angle range of 10°-150°. The angular dependences of matrix elements were measured with a laser polarimeter the optical scheme of which contained two electro-optical modulators. The results of measurements were compared with the data of calcn. for scatterers having the shape of prolate ellipsoids. It was shown that, under conditions of wide distribution of particles by size and at a dimensional parameter value of 2.1, the uncertainty of the shape of the distribution leads to an increase in the error of the retrieval of the parameters of the suspension particle distribution.
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Abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1. White light microphotographs of paprin (a) and gaprin (b) powder and Lycoperdon spores (c) on a substrate in air. The size of the white frame is 8 μm × 8 μm.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Laser interferograms displaying 2D distribution of the OPD in the vicinity of a single particle: paprin (a), gaprin (b), Lycoperdon spores (c), and spore organelles (d).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Scattering matrix elements as a function of scattering angle θ (fij = Fij/F11), calculated for nonabsorbing spherical particles with different relative refractive indices nr in two cases of the size distribution parameters xeff, veff: xeff = 3, veff = 0.3 (nr = 1.05—red solid line, nr = 1.2—blue solid line, nr = 1.35—green solid line); xeff = 30, veff = 0.3 (nr = 1.05—red dashed line, nr = 1.2—blue dashed line, nr = 1.35—green dashed line).
Figure 4
Figure 4. Scattering matrix elements as a function of scattering angle θ (fij = Fij/F11), calculated for nonabsorbing particles with close relative refractive indices nr in two cases of the size distribution parameters xeff, veff: xeff = 3, veff = 0.3 (nr = 1.1—orange line, nr = 1.14—cyan line); xeff = 30, veff = 0.3 (nr = 1.1—purple line, nr = 1.14—blue line). The shaded areas correspond to variations in the ratio of the transverse particle size to the longitudinal particle size (shape parameter) in the range from 0.7 to 1.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Scattering matrix elements F11(θ), f12(θ), and f44(θ) of aqueous suspensions of paprin of paprin (red dots), gaprin (blue dots), and Lycoperdon spore (black dots) depending on the scattering angle θ.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Particle size distribution histograms of aqueous suspensions of paprin (red bars), gaprin (blue bars), and Lycoperdon spores (black bars).
Figure 7
Figure 7. Intra-soil pulse continuous–discrete water and matter supply robotic system.
References
This article references 68 other publications.
- 1Erktan, A.; Or, D.; Scheu, S. The physical structure of soil: Determinant and consequence of trophic interactions (Review Paper). Soil Biol. Biochem. 2020, 148, 107876 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.1078761https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlajsLzM&md5=ad11f1e62e7c6541b581870eb5e99211The physical structure of soil: Determinant and consequence of trophic interactionsErktan, Amandine; Or, Dani; Scheu, StefanSoil Biology & Biochemistry (2020), 148 (), 107876CODEN: SBIOAH; ISSN:0038-0717. (Elsevier B.V.)Trophic interactions play a vital role in soil functioning and are increasingly considered as important drivers of the soil microbiome and biogeochem. cycles. In the last decade, novel tools to decipher the structure of soil food webs have provided unprecedent advance in describing complex trophic interactions. Yet, the major challenge remains to understand the drivers of the trophic interactions. Evidence suggests that small scale soil phys. structure may offer a unifying framework for understanding the nature and patterns of trophic interactions in soils. Here, we review the current knowledge of how restrictions on soil organisms' ability to sense and access food resources/prey inherent to soil phys. structure essentially shape trophic interactions. We focus primarily on organisms unable to deform the soil and create pores themselves, such as bacteria, fungi, protists, nematodes and microarthropods, and consider pore geometry, connectivity and hydration status as main descriptors of the soil phys. structure. We point that the soil phys. structure appears to mostly limit the sensing and accessibility to food resources/prey, with neg. effects on bottom up controls. The main mechanisms are (i) the reduced transport of sensing mols., notably volatiles, through the soil matrix and (ii) the wide presence of refuges leading to pore size segregation of consumer/predators and food sources/prey in pores of contrasting size. In addn., variations in the connectivity of the soil pores and the water film is suggested as a central aspect driving encounter probability between consumers/predator and food source/prey and hence locally decrease or increase top-down controls. Constraints imposed by the soil phys. structure on trophic interactions are thought to be major drivers of the soil diversity and local community assemblage, notably by favoring a variety of adaptations to feed in this dark labyrinth (food specialists/flexible/generalists) and by limiting competitive exclusion through limited encounter probability of consumers. We conclude with possible future ways for an interdisciplinary and more quant. research merging soil physics and soil food web ecol.
- 2Hand, D. B. The refractivity of protein solutions. J. Biol. Chem. 1935, 108, 703– 7072https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaA2MXisFOqsw%253D%253D&md5=3005a512f19a98d173e94bb1e3013f0fRefractivity of protein solutionsHand, David B.Journal of Biological Chemistry (1935), 108 (), 703-7CODEN: JBCHA3; ISSN:0021-9258.By extrapolation of nps - ns. = a C to solns. contg. only protein values for np, the refractivity of the pure protein in the dissolved state, are calcd. These values are proposed as an empirical convenience for describing the rate with which the refraction of protein solns. changes with concn. when the refractivity of the solvent is taken into consideration, thus permitting comparison of one protein with another. The sp. refractive increment, a, is not characteristic of the protein, but varies with the refractivity of the solvent. Values for np are given for serum globulin, urease, serum albumin, horse hemoglobin, ovalbumin, edestin, gliadin, globin, salmine, ovomucoid, casein, paranuclein and ovovitellin.
- 3Tymper, S. I.; Chirikov, S. N. Retrieval of particle size and shape distributions of TiO2 and BaTiO3 aqueous suspensions using measurement data on the scattering matrix. Opt. Spectrosc. 2015, 118, 460– 465, DOI: 10.1134/S0030400X150302243https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXltVags7g%253D&md5=3afaba31a397b128bd8bc55afed960e6Retrieval of particle size and shape distributions of TiO2 and BaTiO3 aqueous suspensions using measurement data on the scattering matrixTymper, S. I.; Chirikov, S. N.Optics and Spectroscopy (2015), 118 (3), 460-465CODEN: OPSUA3; ISSN:0030-400X. (SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica)Results of retrieval of size and shape distributions of particles of a dispersive medium using measured data on the scattering matrix of aq. suspensions of titanium oxide and barium titanate are given. Retrieval of the distributions has been performed by solving the optimization problem for the sum of squared deviations of exptl. values of matrix elements and their values calcd. using the model of spheroidal scatterers. It has been shown that the particle size distribution is retrieved more accurately upon minimizing the sum of squared deviations for the sum of diagonal elements, while the more accurate shape distribution (ratio of dimensions) is obtained upon minimizing the sum of squared deviations only for the element F11.
- 4Chirikov, S. N.; Shkirin, A. V. Determination of the Disperse Composition of a PbO Suspension Containing Aggregates of Particles of Lamellar Shape by the Laser-Polarimetry Method. Opt. Spectrosc. 2018, 124, 575– 584, DOI: 10.1134/S0030400X180400574https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVyktrvN&md5=3cb2f7b883ec2056617b029cf91d4d78Determination of the Disperse Composition of a PbO Suspension Containing Aggregates of Particles of Lamellar Shape by the Laser-Polarimetry MethodChirikov, S. N.; Shkirin, A. V.Optics and Spectroscopy (2018), 124 (4), 575-584CODEN: OPSUA3; ISSN:0030-400X. (Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.)The results of measurements of the scattering matrix at a wavelength of 0.63μm in the range of scattering angles of 10°-155° are presented for an aq. suspension of lead oxide contg. particles of plate form and their aggregates of monomers with dimensions of ∼5 nm. The results of the measurements are compared with the results of calcns. for axially sym. scatterers (ellipsoids of rotation, cylinders). It is shown that the presence of aggregates affects the scattering properties of such a medium. The results of reconstructing the distribution of particles of a disperse medium in sizes from the measurements data of the scattering matrix are presented. The reconstruction of the distributions was carried out by solving the problem of optimizing the sum of the squared deviations of the exptl. and calcd. values of matrix elements in the framework of the model of axially sym. scatterers. It is shown that the distribution of particles by sizes is more accurately reconstructed by minimizing the sum of the squares of the deviations for the sum of the diagonal elements. The obtained distribution is compared with the distribution measured by the method of dynamic light scattering.
- 5Chirikov, S.; Shkirin, A.; Savchenko, I.; Bunkin, N.; Diuldin, M. Assessment of the possibility of identifying aqueous suspensions of protein-containing particles by the light scattering matrix. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 390, 012030 DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/390/1/012030There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 6Wu, Y.; Gu, X.; Cheng, T.; Xie, D. The single scattering properties of the aerosol particles as aggregated spheres. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2012, 113, 1454– 1466, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.03.0156https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xls1Wms7s%253D&md5=67bae20fee6df30455cd52d61d0d954eThe single scattering properties of the aerosol particles as aggregated spheresWu, Y.; Gu, X.; Cheng, T.; Xie, D.; Yu, T.; Chen, H.; Guo, J.Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2012), 113 (12), 1454-1466CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)The light scattering and absorption properties of anthropogenic aerosol particles such as soot aggregates are complicated in the temporal and spatial distribution, which introduce uncertainty of radiative forcing on global climate change. In order to study the single scattering properties of anthorpogenic aerosol particles, the structures of these aerosols such as soot paticles and soot-contg. mixts. with the sulfate or org. matter, are simulated using the parallel diffusion limited aggregation algorithm (DLA) based on the transmission electron microscope images (TEM). Then, the single scattering properties of randomly oriented aerosols, such as scattering matrix, single scattering albedo (SSA), and asymmetry parameter (AP), are computed using the superposition T-matrix method. The comparisons of the single scattering properties of these specific types of clusters with different morphol. and chem. factors such as fractal parameters, aspect ratio, monomer radius, mixt. mode and refractive index, indicate that these different impact factors can resp. generate the significant influences on the single scattering properties of these aerosols. The results show that aspect ratio of circumscribed shape has relatively small effect on single scattering properties, for both differences of SSA and AP are less than 0.1. However, mixt. modes of soot clusters with larger sulfate particles have remarkably important effects on the scattering and absorption properties of aggregated spheres, and SSA of those soot-contg. mixts. are increased in proportion to the ratio of larger weakly absorbing attachments. Therefore, these complex aerosols come from man made pollution cannot be neglected in the aerosol retrievals. The study of the single scattering properties on these kinds of aggregated spheres is important and helpful in remote sensing observations and atm. radiation balance computations.
- 7Wu, Y.; Cheng, T.; Zheng, L.; Chen, H. Effect of morphology on the optical properties of soot aggregated with spheroidal monomers. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 2016, 168, 158– 169, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.09.0177https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1WltrzO&md5=cff37ec0bf94833fbea6553290c23b3dEffect of morphology on the optical properties of soot aggregated with spheroidal monomersWu, Yu; Cheng, Tianhai; Zheng, Lijuan; Chen, HaoJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2016), 168 (), 158-169CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)The monomers of fractal aggregated soot particles are usually considered to be std. spheres in simulations, but a no. of less regular shapes may be found in some burning conditions. In this paper, we simulated and investigated the optical properties of fresh dry soot particles as the aggregations of spheroidal monomers with different aspect ratios. Their optical properties were calcd. using the numerically exact discrete dipole approxn. (DDA) method. The simulated results indicated that the optical properties of soot aggregates composed of spheroidal monomers with highly nonspherical morphologies were considerably different from those composed of spherical monomers. The soot aggregates composed of the oblate spheroids with larger aspect ratios or the prolate spheroids with smaller aspect ratios may have led to larger cross sections of extinction, absorption and scattering. In extreme cases with Ra/Rb = 3 and Ra/Rb = 1/3 for the soot spheroidal monomers, the relative deviations compared to spherical monomers models reached up to 15% for the absorption cross sections, 10% for the single scattering albedo (SSA) and -25% for the asymmetry parameter (ASY). Moreover, by assuming a soot refractive index of 1.95+0.79i, a mass d. of 1.8 g/cm3 and a mean vol.-equiv. spherical monomer radius of 0.02 μm, the estd. mass absorption cross sections (MAC) of soot aggregates composed of the oblate spheroidal monomers with large aspect ratios (Ra/Rb = 3) reached up to 7.5 m2/g, which was closer to the measurements of 7.5±1.2 m2/g than the ∼6.5 m2/g detd. by the spherical monomers models. For future research with this type of small aggregated aerosol particles, it would be valuable to consider the monomer morphologies used in this paper for their optical simulations.
- 8Wu, Z.; Su, M.; Cai, X. Advances in Nanoparticle Sizing in Suspensions: Dynamic Light Scattering and Ultrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy. KONA Powder Part. J. 2017, 34, 168– 182, DOI: 10.14356/kona.2017022There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 9Dominguez-Medina, S.; Kisley, L.; Tauzin, L. J.; Hoggard, A.; Shuang, B.; D. S. Indrasekara, A. S.; Chen, S.; Wang, L.-Y.; Derry, P. J.; Liopo, A.; Zubarev, E. R.; Landes, C. F.; Link, S. Adsorption and Unfolding of a Single Protein Triggers Nanoparticle Aggregation. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 2103– 2112, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b064399https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XltlKrtg%253D%253D&md5=4caff8bcdacd6b8d818799f1d49dfc2aAdsorption and Unfolding of a Single Protein Triggers Nanoparticle AggregationDominguez-Medina, Sergio; Kisley, Lydia; Tauzin, Lawrence J.; Hoggard, Anneli; Shuang, Bo; Indrasekara, A. Swarnapali D. S.; Chen, Sishan; Wang, Lin-Yung; Derry, Paul J.; Liopo, Anton; Zubarev, Eugene R.; Landes, Christy F.; Link, StephanACS Nano (2016), 10 (2), 2103-2112CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)The response of living systems to nanoparticles is thought to depend on the protein corona, which forms shortly after exposure to physiol. fluids and which is linked to a wide array of pathophysiologies. A mechanistic understanding of the dynamic interaction between proteins and nanoparticles and thus the biol. fate of nanoparticles and assocd. proteins is, however, often missing mainly due to the inadequacies in current ensemble exptl. approaches. Through the application of a variety of single mol. and single particle spectroscopic techniques in combination with ensemble level characterization tools, we identified different interaction pathways between gold nanorods and bovine serum albumin depending on the protein concn. Overall, we found that local changes in protein concn. influence everything from cancer cell uptake to nanoparticle stability and even protein secondary structure. We envision that our findings and methods will lead to strategies to control the assocd. pathophysiol. of nanoparticle exposure in vivo.
- 10Lo Giudice, M.; Herda, L.; Polo, E.; Dawson, K. A. In situ characterization of nanoparticle biomolecular interactions in complex biological media by flow cytometry. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13475 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1347510https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvVygtrrP&md5=1f5a5fb2ce4eafccef4aa665ecc8d76bIn situ characterization of nanoparticle biomolecular interactions in complex biological media by flow cytometryLo Giudice, Maria Cristina; Herda, Luciana M.; Polo, Ester; Dawson, Kenneth A.Nature Communications (2016), 7 (), 13475CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)Nanoparticles interacting with, or derived from, living organisms are almost invariably coated in a variety of biomols. presented in complex biol. milieu, which produce a bio-interface or 'biomol. corona' conferring a biol. identity to the particle. Biomols. at the surface of the nanoparticle-biomol. complex present mol. fragments that may be recognized by receptors of cells or biol. barriers, potentially engaging with different biol. pathways. Here we demonstrate that using intense fluorescent reporter binders, in this case antibodies bound to quantum dots, we can map out the availability of such recognition fragments, allowing for a rapid and meaningful biol. characterization. The application in microfluidic flow, in small detection vols., with appropriate thresholding of the detection allows the study of even complex nanoparticles in realistic biol. milieu, with the emerging prospect of making direct connection to conditions of cell level and in vivo expts.
- 11Loumaigne, M.; Midelet, C.; Doussineau, T.; Dugourd, Ph.; Antoine, R.; Stamboul, M.; Débarre, A.; Werts, M. H. V. Optical extinction and scattering cross sections of plasmonic nanoparticle dimers in aqueous suspension. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 6555– 6570, DOI: 10.1039/C6NR00918B11https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XjsFKhs7k%253D&md5=1e9af11988af768b67cbb6af56625b3bOptical extinction and scattering cross sections of plasmonic nanoparticle dimers in aqueous suspensionLoumaigne, Matthieu; Midelet, Clyde; Doussineau, Tristan; Dugourd, Philippe; Antoine, Rodolphe; Stamboul, Meriem; Debarre, Anne; Werts, Martinus H. V.Nanoscale (2016), 8 (12), 6555-6570CODEN: NANOHL; ISSN:2040-3372. (Royal Society of Chemistry)Abs. extinction and scattering cross sections for gold nanoparticle dimers were detd. exptl. using a chemometric approach involving singular-value decompn. of the extinction and scattering spectra of slowly aggregating gold nanospheres in aq. suspension. Quant. spectroscopic data on plasmonic nanoparticle assemblies in liq. suspension are rare, in particular for particles larger than 40 nm, and in this work we demonstrate how such data can be obtained directly from the aggregating suspension. Our method can analyze, non invasively, the evolution of several sub-populations of nanoparticle assemblies. It may be applied to other self-assembling nanoparticle systems with an evolving optical response. The colloidal systems studied here are based on 20, 50 and 80 nm gold nanospheres in aq. solns. contg. sodium lipoate. In these systems, the reversible dimerization process can be controlled using pH and ionic strength, and this control is rationalised in terms of DLVO theory. The dimers were identified in suspension by their translational and rotational diffusion through scattering correlation spectroscopy. Moreover, their gigadalton mol. wt. was measured using electrospray charge-detection mass spectrometry, demonstrating that mass spectrometry can be used to study nanoparticles assemblies of very high mol. mass. The extinction and scattering cross sections calcd. in the discrete-dipole approxn. (DDA) agree very well with those obtained exptl. using our approach.
- 12Strojan, K.; Leonardi, A.; Bregar, V. B.; Križaj, I.; Svete, J.; Pavlin, M. Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Different Media Importantly Determines the Composition of Their Protein Corona. PLoS One 2017, 12, e0169552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.016955212https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXnvVegt74%253D&md5=6ce529a808711fce8ecd1a664d8f9b05Dispersion of nanoparticles in different media importantly determines the composition of their protein coronaStrojan, Klemen; Leonardi, Adrijana; Bregar, Vladimir B.; KrizIaj, Igor; Svete, Jurij; Pavlin, MojcaPLoS One (2017), 12 (1), e0169552/1-e0169552/21CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)Protein corona of nanoparticles (NPs), which forms when these particles come in to contact with protein-contg. fluids, is considered as an overlooked factor in nanomedicine. Through numerous studies it has been becoming increasingly evident that it importantly dictates the interaction of NPs with their surroundings. Several factors that det. the compns. of NPs protein corona have been identified in recent years, but one has remained largely ignored-the compn. of media used for dispersion of NPs. Here, we detd. the effect of dispersion media on the compn. of protein corona of polyacrylic acid coated cobalt ferrite NPs (PAA NPs) and silica NPs. Our results confirmed some of the basic premises such as NPs type-dependent specificity of the protein corona. But more importantly, we demonstrated the effect of the dispersion media on the protein corona compn. The differences between constituents of the media used for dispersion of NPs, such as divalent ions and macromols. were responsible for the differences in protein corona compn. formed in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Our results suggest that the protein corona compn. is a complex function of the constituents present in the media used for dispersion of NPs. Regardless of the dispersion media and FBS concn., majority of proteins from either PAA NPs or silica NPs coronas were involved in the process of transport and hemostasis. Interestingly, corona of silica NPs contained three complement system related proteins: complement factor H, complement C3 and complement C4 while PAA NPs bound only one immune system related protein, α-2-glycoprotein. Importantly, relative abundance of complement C3 protein in corona of silica NPs was increased when NPs were dispersed in NaCl, which further implies the relevance of dispersion media used to prep. NPs.
- 13Demésy, G.; Auger, J.-C.; Stout, B. Scattering matrix of arbitrarily shaped objects: combining finite elements and vector partial waves. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2018, 35, 1401– 1409, DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.35.00140113https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3c7otlGntA%253D%253D&md5=c0e54e7b74f2c5d83742854851047292Scattering matrix of arbitrarily shaped objects: combining finite elements and vector partial wavesDemesy Guillaume; Auger Jean-Claude; Stout BrianJournal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision (2018), 35 (8), 1401-1409 ISSN:.We demonstrate the interest of combining finite element calculations with the vector partial wave formulation (used in T-matrix and Mie theory) in order to characterize the electromagnetic scattering properties of isolated individual scatterers. This method consists of individually feeding the finite element problem with incident vector partial waves in order to numerically determine the T-matrix elements of the scatterer. For a sphere and a spheroid, we demonstrate that this method determines the scattering matrix to high accuracy. Recurrence relations for a fast determination of the vector partial waves are given explicitly, and an open-source code allowing the retrieval of the presented numerical results is provided.
- 14Koestner, D.; Stramski, D.; Reynolds, R. A. Measurements of the Volume Scattering Function and the Degree of Linear Polarization of Light Scattered by Contrasting Natural Assemblages of Marine Particles. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2690, DOI: 10.3390/app812269014https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitFKhtbjM&md5=1964f9ed8969fe92ce7fbf028dd6b164Measurements of the volume scattering function and the degree of linear polarization of light scattered by contrasting natural assemblages of marine particlesKoestner, Daniel; Stramski, Dariusz; Reynolds, Rick A.Applied Sciences (2018), 8 (12), 2690CODEN: ASPCC7; ISSN:2076-3417. (MDPI AG)The light scattering properties of seawater play important roles in radiative transfer in the ocean and optically-based methods for characterizing marine suspended particles from in situ and remote sensing measurements. The recently commercialized LISST-VSF instrument is capable of providing in situ or lab. measurements of the vol. scattering function, βp(ψ), and the degree of linear polarization, DoLPp(ψ), assocd. with particle scattering. These optical quantities of natural particle assemblages have not been measured routinely in past studies. To fully realize the potential of LISST-VSF measurements, we evaluated instrument performance, and developed calibration correction functions from lab. measurements and Mie scattering calcns. for std. polystyrene beads suspended in water. The correction functions were validated with independent measurements. The improved LISST-VSF protocol was applied to measurements of βp(ψ) and DoLPp(ψ) taken on 17 natural seawater samples from coastal and offshore marine environments characterized by contrasting assemblages of suspended particles. Both βp(ψ) and DoLPp(ψ) exhibited significant variations related to a broad range of compn. and size distribution of particulate assemblages. For example, neg. relational trends were obsd. between the particulate backscattering ratio derived from βp(ψ) and increasing proportions of org. particles or phytoplankton in the particulate assemblage. Our results also suggest a potential trend between the max. values of DoLPp(ψ) and particle size metrics, such that a decrease in the max. DoLPp(ψ) tends to be assocd. with particulate assemblages exhibiting a higher proportion of large-sized particles. Such results have the potential to advance optically-based applications that rely on an understanding of relationships between light scattering and particle properties of natural particulate assemblages.
- 15Bertrand, M.; Devilez, A.; Hugonin, J.-P.; Lalanne, Ph.; Vynck, K. Global polarizability matrix method for efficient modeling of light scattering by dense ensembles of non-spherical particles in stratified media. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 2020, 37, 70– 83, DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.37.00007015https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB387otFGquw%253D%253D&md5=1ef0852cd8f0f17b64eebbb9a43ef447Global polarizability matrix method for efficient modeling of light scattering by dense ensembles of non-spherical particles in stratified mediaBertrand Maxime; Devilez Alexis; Hugonin Jean-Paul; Lalanne Philippe; Vynck KevinJournal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision (2020), 37 (1), 70-83 ISSN:.We introduce a numerical method that enables efficient modeling of light scattering by large, disordered ensembles of non-spherical particles incorporated in stratified media, including when the particles are in close vicinity to each other, to planar interfaces, and/or to localized light sources. The method consists of finding a small set of fictitious polarizable elements-or numerical dipoles-that quantitatively reproduces the field scattered by an individual particle for any excitation and at an arbitrary distance from the particle surface. The set of numerical dipoles is described by a global polarizability matrix that is determined numerically by solving an inverse problem relying on fullwave simulations. The latter are classical and may be performed with any Maxwell's equations solver. Spatial non-locality is an important feature of the numerical dipoles set, providing additional degrees of freedom compared to classical coupled dipoles to reconstruct complex scattered fields. Once the polarizability matrix describing scattering by an individual particle is determined, the multiple scattering problem by ensembles of such particles in stratified media can be solved using a Green tensor formalism and only a few numerical dipoles, thereby with a low physical memory usage, even for dense systems in close vicinity to interfaces. The performance of the method is studied with the example of large high-aspect-ratio high-index dielectric cylinders. The method is easy to implement and may offer new possibilities for the study of complex nanostructured surfaces, which are becoming widespread in emerging photonic technologies.
- 16Soares, M. C. P.; Gomes, M. K.; Schenkel, E. A.; dos Santos Rodrigues, M.; Suzuki, C. K.; de la Torre, L. G.; Fujiwara, E. Evaluation of silica nanoparticle colloidal stability with a fiber optic quasi-elastic light scattering sensor. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2020, 36, 4, DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190364s20190042There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 17Masoom, H.; Courtier-Murias, D.; Farooq, H.; Soong, R.; Kelleher, B. P.; Zhang, C.; Maas, W. E.; Fey, M.; Kumar, R.; Monette, M.; Stronks, H. J.; Simpson, A. J. Soil Organic Matter in Its Native State: Unravelling the Most Complex Biomaterial on Earth. Environ. Sci. 2016, 50, 1670– 1680, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b0341017https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XpsFehsA%253D%253D&md5=190fa17fd0d6850de878418f8e2e0f3fSoil Organic Matter in Its Native State: Unravelling the Most Complex Biomaterial on EarthMasoom, Hussain; Courtier-Murias, Denis; Farooq, Hashim; Soong, Ronald; Kelleher, Brian P.; Zhang, Chao; Maas, Werner E.; Fey, Michael; Kumar, Rajeev; Monette, Martine; Stronks, Henry J.; Simpson, Myrna J.; Simpson, Andre J.Environmental Science & Technology (2016), 50 (4), 1670-1680CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Since the isolation of soil org. matter in 1786, tens of thousands of publications have searched for its structure. NMR (NMR) spectroscopy has played a crit. role in defining soil org. matter but traditional approaches remove key information such as the distribution of components at the soil-water interface and conformational information. Here a novel form of NMR with capabilities to study all phys. phases termed Comprehensive Multiphase NMR, is applied to analyze soil in its natural swollen-state. The key structural components in soil org. matter are identified to be largely composed of macromol. inputs from degrading biomass. Polar lipid heads and carbohydrates dominate the soil-water interface while lignin and microbes are arranged in a more hydrophobic interior. Lignin domains cannot be penetrated by aq. solvents even at extreme pH indicating they are the most hydrophobic environment in soil and are ideal for sequestering hydrophobic contaminants. Here, for the first time, a complete range of phys. states of a whole soil can be studied. This provides a more detailed understanding of soil org. matter at the mol. level itself key to develop the most efficient soil remediation and agricultural techniques, and better predict carbon sequestration and climate change.
- 18Bezuglova, O. S. Soil classification. International Journal of Applied and Basic Research 2011, 7, 10There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Kalinichenko, V. P.; Sharshak, V. K.; Mironchenko, S. F.; Chernenko, V. V.; Ladan, E. P.; Genev, E. D.; Illarionov, V. V.; Udalov, A. V.; Udalov, V. V.; Kippel, E. V. Changes in the properties of soils in a solonetz soil complex thirty years after reclamation. Eurasian Soil Sci. 2014, 47, 319– 333, DOI: 10.1134/S1064229314040024There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 20Shein, E. V.; Erol, S. A.; Milanovskii, E. Y.; Verkhovtseva, N. V.; Mikayilov, F. D.; Ersahin, S. Agrophysical Assessment of Alluvial Calcareous Soils of the Cumra Region of Central Anatolia in Turkey. Eurasian Soil Sci. 2014, 47, 694– 698, DOI: 10.1134/S106422931407011420https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1CltLfP&md5=72493e741525de4f68dcd595f06d000bAgrophysical assessment of alluvial calcareous soils of the Cumra region of Central Anatolia in TurkeyShein, E. V.; Erol, S. A.; Milanovskii, E. Yu.; Verkhovtseva, N. V.; Mikayilov, F. D.; Er, F.; Ersahin, S.Eurasian Soil Science (2014), 47 (7), 694-698CODEN: ESSCEY; ISSN:1064-2293. (SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica)Some phys. (d., coeff. of filtration, particle-size compn., etc.) and chem. (contents of carbonates, org. carbon, nitrogen, etc.) properties of an alluvial calcareous soil were studied in Central Anatolia (Konya province, Cumra region). These heavy-textured (medium clay) soils with a low content of org. carbon (less than 1%) have favorable agrophys. properties due to the stable structure of the pore space. The studies of the water regime of soils under drop irrigation confirm the favorable hydrol. properties of these soils. The use of the known agrophys. ests. (after Medvedev, the index of the optimal water regime, etc.) has revealed the high dispersal of the data related to the low humus content in these heavy-textured soils. The favorable structure of the pore space is suggested to be stipulated by the active activity of the numerous and diverse representatives of soil biota. Four phyla predominate in the microbio-logical compn. of the soils studied; among them, Actinobacteria is the dominant. The compn. of this phylum is dominated by the elevated no. of both higher (Streptomyces) and lower (three species of Rhodococcus) actinobacteria. The high biodiversity of bacteria against the background of their great total no. and the developed trophic interactions in the microbial community promote the well-balanced prodn. of specific metabolites, including gaseous ones (CO2, H2). This circumstance allows this clayey soil to function rather actively while protecting the pore space against compaction and maintaining the optimal d., porosity, and hydrol. properties.
- 21Shein, E. V.; Skvortsova, E. B.; Abrosimov, K. N. In Tomographic Studies of the Soil Pore Space in Swelling and Shrinkage Processes/Abstract Book, 9th International Soil Science Congress on “The Soul of Soil and Civilization” Soil Science of Turkey Cooperation with Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies. 2014; p 107.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 22Kalinitchenko, V. P. Status of the Earth’s geochemical cycle in the standard technologies and waste recycling, and the possibilities of its correction by Biogeosystem Technique method (problem-analytical review). Biogeosystem Tech. 2016, 8, 115– 144, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2016.8.115There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 23Gudkov, S. V.; Shafeev, G. A.; Glinushkin, A. P.; Shkirin, A. V.; Barmina, E. V.; Rakov, I. I.; Simakin, A. V.; Kislov, A. V.; Astashev, M. E.; Vodeneev, V. A.; Kalinitchenko, V. P. Production and Use of Selenium Nanoparticles as Fertilizers. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 17767– 17774, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c0244823https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlGjtL7F&md5=372df323ab8ec45b38f0c14726319a1aProduction and Use of Selenium Nanoparticles as FertilizersGudkov, Sergey V.; Shafeev, Georgy A.; Glinushkin, Alexey P.; Shkirin, Alexey V.; Barmina, Ekaterina V.; Rakov, Ignat I.; Simakin, Alexander V.; Kislov, Anatoly V.; Astashev, Maxim E.; Vodeneev, Vladimir A.; Kalinitchenko, Valery P.ACS Omega (2020), 5 (28), 17767-17774CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)The synergy problem was discussed linking Se nanoparticles and different soil fertility agents. Se zero-valent-state nanoparticles were investigated as fertilizers and antioxidants. A technol. was proposed for producing Se zero-valent-state nanoparticles. Se nanoparticles were obtained by laser ablation of Se in water using a fiber ytterbium laser, with a wavelength between 1060 and 1070 nm, a pulse repetition rate of 20 kHz, a pulse duration of 80 ns, and an av. power of 20 W, and a copper vapor laser with wavelengths of 510.6 and 578.2 nm and an av. power of 8 W. The main particle mass part shifted from 800 nm to a size less than 100 nm, corresponding to the increase in the laser fragmentation time. The resulting nanoparticles were monodisperse in size and mass. The Se nanoparticle water suspension was introduced into the soil. The soil Se nanoparticle concns. were about 1, 5, 10, and 25μg kg-1. An expt. was carried out in a climate chamber in two series: (1) growing plants in soil imitating the std. organogenesis environment conditions such as illumination of 16 h per day, temp. of 22°C, soil humidity of 25% SDW, and an expt. duration of 30 days and (2) growing plants in soil under changing environmental conditions of organogenesis. The std. environmental conditions for the first 10 days are illumination of 16 h day-1, temp. of 22°C, and soil humidity of 25% SDW. The plant stress for 5 days is hyperthermia of 40°C. The std. environmental conditions for the next 15 days are illumination of 16 h day-1, temp. of 22°C, and soil humidity of 25% SDW. At std. organogenesis, the plant leaf plate surface area was 30 ± 2 cm2 in the control option, and the Se nanoparticle doses were correspondingly 1μg kg-1 for 32 ± 3 cm2, 5μg kg-1 for 37 ± 2 cm2, 10μg kg-1 for 38 ± 3 cm2, and 25μg kg-1 for 28 ± 4 cm2. Hyperthermia stressed plant growth was studied. The highest plant growth rate was in Se nanoparticle concns. of 5 and 10μg kg-1. The eggplant growth on the soil with the Se nanoparticle addn. at a concn. of 10μg kg-1 of leaf plate surface area was twice compared to the eggplant growth in untreated soil. The same was for tomato plants. The leaf plate surface area of the cucumber plant grown using Se nanoparticles was 50% higher compared to the control option. The Biogeosystem technique methodol. of 20-45 cm soil-layer intrasoil milling for soil multilevel aggregate system formation and intrasoil pulse continuous-discrete watering for soil water regime control was proposed for the Se nanoparticles for better function in the real soil, providing a synergy effect of soil mech. processing, nanoparticles, humic substances, and polymicrobial biofilms on soil fertility.
- 24Kalinitchenko, V. P.; Glinushkin, A. P.; Sokolov, M. S.; Sharshak, V. K.; Ladan, E. P.; Minkina, T. M.; Zinchenko, V. E.; Chernenko, V. V.; Makarenkov, D. A.; Rykhlik, A. E.; Larin, G. S. Nature-Based Technologies of Biogeosystem Technique. Agrochemistry 2020, 2, 61– 68, DOI: 10.31857/S0002188120020052There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 25Kalinitchenko, V. P.; Glinushkin, A. P.; Minkina, T. M.; Mandzhieva, S. S.; Sushkova, S. N.; Sukovatov, V. A.; Il’ina, L. P.; Makarenkov, D. A. Chemical soil-biological engineering theoretical foundations, technical means, and technology for environmentally safe intra-soil waste recycling and long-term higher soil productivity. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 17553– 17564, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c0201425https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlWrsLrN&md5=7b3f074906a8590b0b21d21a159bbf20Chemical Soil-Biological Engineering Theoretical Foundations, Technical Means, and Technology for Safe Intrasoil Waste Recycling and Long-Term Higher Soil ProductivityKalinitchenko, Valery P.; Glinushkin, Alexey P.; Minkina, Tatiana M.; Mandzhieva, Saglara S.; Sushkova, Svetlana N.; Sukovatov, Vladimir A.; Il'ina, Ljudmila P.; Makarenkov, Dmitry A.ACS Omega (2020), 5 (28), 17553-17564CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)The amelioration and remediation technol. was developed on the basis of research of phosphogypsum and utilization in the Haplic Chernozem of South-European facies (Rostov Region). Phosphogypsum was utilized via dispersed application into a soil layer of 20-45 cm with intrasoil milling of this layer. The phosphogypsum utilization doses were 0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha-1. The Pb anal. content in soil soln. was studied in the model expt. The soil soln. Pb thermodn. forms were calcd. The math. chem.-thermodn. model ION-2 was developed to calc. the real soil soln. (water ext.) calcium-carbonate equil. (CCE) ion forms, considering the ion pair assocn. The assocd. ion pairs CaCO30, CaSO40, MgCO30, MgSO40, CaHCO3+, MgHCO3+, NaCO3-, NaSO4-, CaOH+, and MgOH+ were accounted for in soil soln. equil. macroion form calcn. The procedure for the microelement ion [including heavy metals (HMs)] equil. concn. in the soil soln. coeff. kas calcn. was proposed to account for the real soil soln. CCE, macroions, and HM (including Pb) assocn. The Pb2+ ion in soil soln. was mostly bound to assocs. PbOH+, Pb(OH)20, PbCO30, Pb(CO3)22-, and PbHCO3+. The calcn. of CCE and ion assocn. in soil soln. revealed 14.5-21.5 times HM passivation compared to HM water-sol. values. The calcd. HM activity in the soil soln. in the example of the Pb2+ ion was less than 4% after phosphogypsum application in the target amelioration layer of 20-45 cm. The studied phosphogypsum doses were substantiated as environmentally safe. This was because the real soil soln. CCE provided HM ion form assocn. and consequent passivation. The dry steppe soil remediation after phosphogypsum application was justified as highly probable. The intrasoil milling chem. soil-biol. engineering technol. was developed for simultaneous soil amelioration and remediation on the basis of the biogeosystem technique (BGT*) transcendental methodol. The BGT*-based technol. was tested in the long-term field expts. and is capable of ensuring the priority geophys. micro- and macroaggregate structure via intrasoil milling and mixing of soil illuvial and transitional horizons. This helps synthesize soil multilevel architecture, providing intrasoil-dispersed environmentally safe recycling of wastes of different origin. Addressing the environment safety concerns, a new decision of the intrasoil milling device was proposed for phosphogypsum and other substance application to soil.
- 26Nebbioso, A.; Piccolo, A. Basis of a Humeomics Science: Chemical Fractionation and Molecular Characterization of Humic Biosuprastructures. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 1187– 1199, DOI: 10.1021/bm101488e26https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXisFektrw%253D&md5=d615abacfd3d00543dc206d20dd7d68eBasis of a Humeomics Science: Chemical Fractionation and Molecular Characterization of Humic BiosuprastructuresNebbioso, Antonio; Piccolo, AlessandroBiomacromolecules (2011), 12 (4), 1187-1199CODEN: BOMAF6; ISSN:1525-7797. (American Chemical Society)We propose a mild stepwise fractionation of mol. components of a humic acid (HA) suprastructure and their structural identification by advanced anal. methods. This procedure may be the basis of a "Humeomics" approach to characterize natural humic mols. and clarify their relations with ecosystems functions. Sequential fractionation included: (1) org. solvent extn., (2) transesterification with boron trifluoride in methanol (BF3-CH3OH), (3) methanolic alk. hydrolysis (KOH-CH3OH), and (4) cleavage of ether and glycosidic bonds with HI. Structural identification of initial and final material, sepd. organo-sol. and hydrosol. fractions, and subfractions was conducted by GC-MS, HPSEC-ESI-MS (high-resoln., Orbitrap), and solid- and liq.-state NMR. GC-MS revealed in organosol. unbound fractions the presence of both satd. and unsatd., linear and branched, alkanoic, hydroxyalkanoic and alkandioic acids, n-alkanes, and n-alkanols. These components decreased progressively in fractions obtained after weak and strong ester cleavage. Unsubstituted alkanoic acids with variable chain length were ubiquitously detected in all fractions, thereby suggesting their fundamental function in the architecture of humic suprastructures. An important role in differentiating supramol. assocns. should also be attributed to substituted alkanoic acids that were detected in variable amts. in different fractions. The content of arom. acids and steroids was only noticed in the latter fractions. HPSEC-ESI-MS of initial and final solid fractions showed similar compds., as indicated by GC-MS, whereas the hydrosol. fraction after transesterification revealed fewer of these compds. but noticeable nitrogen-contg. acids. A large amt. of "cyclic" acids were identified by MS empirical formula in initial HA, and, to a lesser extent, in the final fractionation residue as well as in the hydrosol. fraction. The predominant alkyl NMR signals in organosol. exts. and those of CH-N, CH-O, and O-CH-O groups in hydrosol. fraction confirmed mass spectrometry results. Homo- and heterocorrelated liq.-state NMR spectra indicated spin systems interactions varying with sepd. fractions. Solid-state and dipolar-dephasing NMR spectra of final residue showed predominance of sp2 carbons, 66% of which were quaternary carbons, and a significant increase in conformational rigidity with respect to initial HA. Sepd. fractions accounted for 60% of initial HA wt., and losses were attributed to hydration water, liberated volatile compds., and decarboxylation. Quantization of analytes showed that the sum of compd. classes in sepd. fractions was greater than that for the initial HA, thereby showing that stepwise fractionation increased significantly the anal. identification of humic mols. Our results suggest this "Humeomics" approach as a valid path for mapping humic mol. compn. and assess humus origin and formation.
- 27Roth, V.; Lange, M.; Simon, C.; Hertkorn, N.; Bucher, S.; Goodall, T.; Griffiths, R. I.; Mellado-Vázquez, P. G.; Mommer, L.; Oram, N. J.; Weigelt, A.; Dittmarm, T.; Gleixner, G. Persistence of dissolved organic matter explained by molecular changes during its passage through soil. Nat. Geosci. 2019, 12, 755– 761, DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0417-427https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsFWlt7nM&md5=db660c21fe956bd8a02932be5df1c1d0Persistence of dissolved organic matter explained by molecular changes during its passage through soilRoth, Vanessa-Nina; Lange, Markus; Simon, Carsten; Hertkorn, Norbert; Bucher, Sebastian; Goodall, Timothy; Griffiths, Robert I.; Mellado-Vazquez, Perla G.; Mommer, Liesje; Oram, Natalie J.; Weigelt, Alexandra; Dittmar, Thorsten; Gleixner, GerdNature Geoscience (2019), 12 (9), 755-761CODEN: NGAEBU; ISSN:1752-0894. (Nature Research)Dissolved org. matter affects fundamental biogeochem. processes in the soil such as nutrient cycling and org. matter storage. The current paradigm is that processing of dissolved org. matter converges to recalcitrant mols. (those that resist degrdn.) of low mol. mass and high mol. diversity through biotic and abiotic processes. Here we demonstrate that the mol. compn. and properties of dissolved org. matter continuously change during soil passage and propose that this reflects a continual shifting of its sources. Using ultrahigh-resoln. mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, we studied the mol. changes of dissolved org. matter from the soil surface to 60 cm depth in 20 temperate grassland communities in soil type Eutric Fluvisol. Applying a semi-quant. approach, we obsd. that plant-derived mols. were first broken down into mols. contg. a large proportion of low-mol.-mass compds. These low-mol.-mass compds. became less abundant during soil passage, whereas larger mols., depleted in plant-related ligno-cellulosic structures, became more abundant. These findings indicate that the small plant-derived mols. were preferentially consumed by microorganisms and transformed into larger microbial-derived mols. This suggests that dissolved org. matter is not intrinsically recalcitrant but instead persists in soil as a result of simultaneous consumption, transformation and formation.
- 28Volikov, A. B.; Ponomarenko, S. A.; Lasareva, E. V.; Parfyonova, A. M.; Perminova, I. V.; Kholodov, V. A.; Kulikova, N. A.; Philippova, O. I.; Hatfield, K. Silanized humic substances act as hydrophobic modifiers of soil separates inducing formation of water-stable aggregates in soils. Catena 2016, 137, 229– 236, DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2015.09.02228https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1ers7bN&md5=49be2a39d9c1d22d825f34f814613d75Silanized humic substances act as hydrophobic modifiers of soil separates inducing formation of water-stable aggregates in soilsVolikov, Alexander B.; Kholodov, Vladimir A.; Kulikova, Natalya A.; Philippova, Olga I.; Ponomarenko, Sergey A.; Lasareva, Elena V.; Parfyonova, Aksana M.; Hatfield, Kirk; Perminova, Irina V.Catena (2016), 137 (), 229-236CODEN: CIJPD3; ISSN:0341-8162. (Elsevier B.V.)In this study we successfully enhanced surface activity of natural humic substances (HS) with respect to mineral surfaces by functionalization with organosilanes. Of particular importance was that modification was conducted in water. Humates from coal and peat and 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) were used as starting materials. Atomic force microscopy showed silanized HS produced self-assembled adsorption monolayers at the water-solid interface. These adlayers caused an increase in the surface hydrophobicity with contact angles equaling 56°. Application of silanized HS for treatment of different soil compartments including mineral soil separates and soil aggregates revealed an efficacy with respect to both re-assembly of soil aggregates and restoration of their water stability. Furthermore, field trials on the treatments of native sod-podzolic soil with silanized HS indicated improvements in soil structure as compared to non-treated soil or treatment with the non-functionalized humate. Results demonstrating the use of silanized HS as ecol.-safe, nature-inspired soil conditioners were promising.
- 29Swidsinski, A. In The Colonic Bioreactor—A Forerunner Model for Future Biotechnology (Function, Role, Products & Management), Fifth International Conference of CIS IHSS on Humic Innovative Technologies “Humic substances and living systems”. October 19–23, 2019.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 30Swidsinski, A.; Dörffel, Y.; Loening-Baucke, V.; Gille, C.; Reißhauer, A.; Göktas, O.; Krüger, M.; Neuhaus, J.; Schrödl, W. Impact of humic acids on the colonic microbiome in healthy volunteers. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017. 23, , 885– 890 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i5.885 .30https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXivFWrsbY%253D&md5=56d410a638ca8d6e7e2e91b56a6f7addImpact of humic acids on the colonic microbiome in healthy volunteersSwidsinski, Alexander; Doerffel, Yvonne; Loening-Baucke, Vera; Gille, Christoph; Reisshauer, Anne; Goektas, Oender; Krueger, Monika; Neuhaus, Juergen; Schroedl, WielandWorld Journal of Gastroenterology (2017), 23 (5), 885-890CODEN: WJGAF2; ISSN:2219-2840. (Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.)AIM: To test the effects of humic acids on innate microbial communities of the colon. METHODS: We followed the effects of oral supplementation with humic acids (Activomin) on concns. and compn. of colonic microbiome in 14 healthy volunteers for 45 d. 3 × 800 mg Activomin were taken orally for 10 d followed by 3 × 400 mg for 35 d. Colonic microbiota were investigated using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of Carnoy fixated and paraffin embedded stool cylinders. Two stool samples were collected a week prior to therapy and one stool sample on days 10, 31 and 45. Forty- one FISH probes representing different bacterial groups were used. RESULTS: The sum concn. of colonic microbiota increased from 20% at day 10 to 30% by day 31 and remained stable until day 45 (32%) of humic acid supplementation (p < 0.001). The increase in the concns. in each person was due to growth of preexisting groups. The individual microbial profile of the patients remained unchanged. Similarly, the bacterial diversity remained stable. Concns. of 24 of the 35 substantial groups increased from 20% to 96%. Two bacterial groups detected with Bac303 (Bacteroides) and Myc657 (mycolic acid-contg. Actinomycetes ) FISH probes decreased (p > 0.05). The others remained unaffected. Bacterial groups with initially marginal concns. (< 0.1 × 109/mL) demonstrated no response to humic acids. The concns. of pioneer groups of Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium difficile increased but the obsd. differences were statistically not significant. CONCLUSION: Humic acids have a profound effect on healthy colonic microbiome and may be potentially interesting substances for the development of drugs that control the innate colonic microbiome.
- 31Røder, H. L.; Olsen, N. M. C.; Whiteley, M.; Burmølle, M. Unravelling interspecies interactions across heterogeneities in complex biofilm communities. Review. Environ. Microbiol. 2019, 22, 5– 16, DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14834There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Lisetskii, F.; Marinina, O.; Stolba, V. F. Indicators of agricultural soil genesis under varying conditions of land use, steppe Crimea. Geoderma 2015, 239–240, 304– 316, DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.00632https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvFWnsbvM&md5=0299f81ac54cf18b1a72435fb2e6c3a2Indicators of agricultural soil genesis under varying conditions of land use, Steppe CrimeaLisetskii, Fedor; Stolba, Vladimir F.; Marinina, OlgaGeoderma (2015), 239-240 (), 304-316CODEN: GEDMAB; ISSN:0016-7061. (Elsevier B.V.)This study investigates the effects of agricultural exploitation of soils of the north-western Crimea, the active and large-scale cultivation of which began with the Greek colonization of the area. In order to compare soils using a wide spectrum of phys. and chem. properties, the studied objects (virgin land, post-antique idle land, continually plowed land, modern-day plowed land, idle land of the modern era) have been grouped into a chronosequence. This makes it possible to apply the method of factor sequences of agrogenic transformations in soils, which takes into account different periods of human activities. The other factors involved in soil formation are considered to be relatively invariable. From the mass of physiochem. properties of these soils that have endured long-term agricultural stress, the most informative indicators of agrogenesis have been identified.The authors propose a procedure for calcg. an integral agrophys. soil indicator based on five parameters that can be used to det. the soil structure and cloddiness as well as water-stability, the amt. of water-stable aggregates and their mean mass-weighted diam. Based on the ests. of their agrophys. state, the following sequence has been detd. for the soils studied: Post-antique idle land < virgin land < idle land of the modern era < continuously plowed land < modern-day plowed land. It has been established that the previous practices of land use favorably affect the agrophys. properties of soils.The loss of org. carbon in continually plowed land is 51%, while in modern-day plowed and idle lands it amts. to 39% and 27-32% resp. The reprodn. of soil org. matter (SOM) and its quality, particularly of its labile content, which is responsible for the agrophys. properties of a plow horizon, is central to soil fertility management for sustainable agriculture. One obsd. effect of long-term agrogenic stresses in plowed horizons of Chernozems is a decrease in microelements such as Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, as well as phosphorus and potassium. It is estd. that the micronutrient content of plowed land is 5-6% lower than that of virgin soils.Even after 2280 years of renaturation, soils of post-antique idle lands preserve in their pedomemory the signs of agrogenesis. In terms of soil quality, the overall agrogenic transformation of soils cultivated during the recent period (the last 150-165 years) is 15% lower than that of the continually plowed lands. The fallowing regime provides conditions that allow soils to regenerate within a few decades. The use of renaturation effects that mimic the fallowing regime opens up new possibilities for resource-saving sustainable agriculture.This study, therefore, shows the informative potential of soils that have continuously, or with restorative periods, been subjected to long-term agrogenic impacts under different practices of land use. It also considers how this information may be actively employed to comprehend the long-term transformations of the material and energetic organization of soils.
- 33Swidsinski, A.; Loening-Baucke, V. Spatial Organization of Intestinal Microbiota in Health and Disease, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/spatial-organization-of-intestinal-microbiota-in-health-and-disease/print (accessed 11 March 2020).There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 34Keesstra, S. D.; Bouma, J.; Wallinga, J.; Tittonell, P.; Smith, P.; Cerdà, A.; Montanarella, L.; Quinton, J. N.; Pachepsky, Y.; van der Putten, W. H.; Bardgett, R. D.; Moolenaar, S.; Mol, G.; Jansen, B.; Fresco, L. O. The significance of soils and soil science towards realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Soil 2016, 2, 111– 128, DOI: 10.5194/soil-2-111-2016There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 35Kalinitchenko, V. P.; Glinushkin, A.; Sokolov, M.; Batukaev, A.; Minkina, T.; Zinchenko, V.; Chernenko, V.; Startsev, V.; Mandzhieva, S.; Sushkova, S.; Makarenkov, D.; Il’ina, L.; Larin, G.; Rykhlik, A. Biogeosystem Technique for Healthy Soil, Water and Environment, ACS Fall 2019 National Meeting and Exposition, Chemistry and Water, August 25–29, 2019. San Diego, CA.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Lehman, R. M.; Cambardella, C. A.; Stott, D. E.; Acosta-Martinez, V.; Manter, D. K.; Buyer, J. S.; Maul, J. E.; Smith, J. L.; Collins, H. P.; Halvorson, J. J.; Kremer, R. J.; Lundgren, J. G.; Ducey, T. F.; Jin, V. L.; Karlen, D. L. Understanding and Enhancing Soil Biological Health: The Solution for Reversing Soil Degradation. Sustainability 2015, 7, 988– 1027, DOI: 10.3390/su701098836https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xlt12ntrs%253D&md5=224606a6eafd5b7874eb5866b76a98c1Understanding and enhancing soil biological health: the solution for reversing soil degradationLehman, R. Michael; Cambardella, Cynthia A.; Stott, Diane E.; Acosta-Martinez, Veronica; Manter, Daniel K.; Buyer, Jeffrey S.; Maul, Jude E.; Smith, Jeffrey L.; Collins, Harold P.; Halvorson, Jonathan J.; Kremer, Robert J.; Lundgren, Jonathan G.; Ducey, Tom F.; Jin, Virginia L.; Karlen, Douglas L.Sustainability (2015), 7 (1), 988-1027CODEN: SUSTDE; ISSN:2071-1050. (MDPI AG)Our objective is to provide an optimistic strategy for reversing soil degrdn. by increasing public and private research efforts to understand the role of soil biol., particularly microbiol., on the health of our world's soils. We begin by defining soil quality/soil health (which we consider to be interchangeable terms), characterizing healthy soil resources, and relating the significance of soil health to agroecosystems and their functions. We examine how soil biol. influences soil health and how biol. properties and processes contribute to sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services. We continue by examg. what can be done to manipulate soil biol. to: (i) increase nutrient availability for prodn. of high yielding, high quality crops; (ii) protect crops from pests, pathogens, weeds; and (iii) manage other factors limiting prodn., provision of ecosystem services, and resilience to stresses like droughts. Next we look to the future by asking what needs to be known about soil biol. that is not currently recognized or fully understood and how these needs could be addressed using emerging research tools. We conclude, based on our perceptions of how new knowledge regarding soil biol. will help make agriculture more sustainable and productive, by recommending research emphases that should receive first priority through enhanced public and private research in order to reverse the trajectory toward global soil degrdn.
- 37Semenov, A. M.; Sokolov, M. S.; Glinushkin, A. P.; Glazko, V. I. The health of soil ecosystem as self-maintenance and sustainable bioproductivity. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung. 2016, 51, 305, DOI: 10.1556/038.52.2017.004There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 38Glinushkin, A. P.; Kudeyarov, V. N.; Sokolov, M. S.; Zinchenko, V. E.; Chernenko, V. V. Nature-Similar Technologies of the Biogeosystem Technique in Solving a Global Social and Environmental Problem. Biogeosystem Tech. 2018, 5, 159– 196, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2018.2.159There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 39Lisetskii, F.; Zelenskaya, E.; Rodionova, M. Geochemical features of fallow land in ancient plots in the chora of Chersonesos. Geosciences 2018, 8, 410, DOI: 10.3390/geosciences811041039https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitVOku7zL&md5=2c7a33580b0842693dec8b9299946bdfGeochemical features of fallow land in ancient plots in the chora of chersonesosLisetskii, Fedor; Zelenskaya, Eugenia; Rodionova, MariaGeosciences (Basel, Switzerland) (2018), 8 (11), 410CODEN: GBSEDA; ISSN:2076-3263. (MDPI AG)The ancient city of Chersonesos created an agricultural zone in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC (under the conditions of climate aridization); this zone was initially used for viticulture and the export of wine, and grain farming later developed at the distant chora (in North-Western (NW) Crimea). The purpose of our work was to verify whether the ampeloecol. conditions, esp. the geochem. features of the soil and rock, limited viticulture in NW Crimea. Fallow lands in 13 plots in the near and distant chora of Chersonesos were studied using ampelopedol.; specifically, we compared agrochem. properties and the concns. of macro- and trace elements in the renaturation soil horizon and in the parent rock. The main differences between the soils of the two regions were detd. by the accumulation of cinnamonic soils of Chersonesos Si, K, Fe, Al, P2O5; in the distant chora, there are specific elements, including V, Pb, Rb, Cr. The climate and the biogeochem. diversity of soils and rock could be significant factors causing the differences in wine quality in the two regions of western Crimea; these factors are still reflected in modern viticultural practices when using the concept of "terroir". These findings are consistent with the different roles of ancient viticulture in SW (South-Western) and NW (North-Western) Crimea (i.e., export and local consumption, resp.), which have been highlighted by historians.
- 40Kalinitchenko, V.; Batukaev, A.; Zarmaev, A.; Startsev, V.; Chernenko, V.; Dikaev, Z.; Sushkova, S. Biogeosystem technique as the way to certainty of soil, hydrosphere, environment and climate, EGU General Assembly. Vienna. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2016.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 41Mishchenko, M. I.; Travis, L. D.; Lacis, A. A. Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2002; 448p.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 42Kalinitchenko, V. P. Renewal of Energy and Life in the Biosphere. European J. Renewable Energy 2017, 2, 3– 28, DOI: 10.13187/ejore.2017.1.3There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Martensson, J.; Arwin, H. Interpretation of spectroscopic ellipsometry data on protein layers on gold including substrate–layer interactions. Langmuir 1995, 11, 963– 968, DOI: 10.1021/la00003a045There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 44Bunkin, N. F.; Lyakhov, G. A.; Shkirin, A. V.; Ignatiev, P. S.; Kobelev, A. V.; Penkov, N. V.; Fesenko, E. E., Jr. Mesodroplet Heterogeneity of Low-Concentration Aqueous Solutions of Polar Organic Compounds. Phys. Wave Phenom. 2019, 27, 91– 101, DOI: 10.3103/S1541308X19020031There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 45Kahnert, M.; Nousiainen, T.; Mauno, P. On the impact of non-sphericicty and small-scale surface roughness on the optical properties of hematite aerosols. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2011, 112, 1815– 1824, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2011.01.02245https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXntlSkurk%253D&md5=e412b7254594318d54076d510c5f0582On the impact of non-sphericity and small-scale surface roughness on the optical properties of hematite aerosolsKahnert, Michael; Nousiainen, Timo; Mauno, PaeiviJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2011), 112 (11), 1815-1824CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)We perform a comparative modeling study to investigate how different morphol. features influence the optical properties of hematite aerosols. We consider high-order Chebyshev particles as a proxy for aerosol with a small-scale surface roughness, and spheroids as a model for nonspherical aerosols with a smooth boundary surface. The modeling results are compared to those obtained for homogeneous spherical particles. It is found that for hematite particles with an absorption efficiency of order unity the difference in optical properties between spheres and spheroids disappears. For optically softer particles, such as ice particles at far-IR wavelengths, this effect can be obsd. for absorption efficiencies lower than unity. The convergence of the optical properties of spheres and spheroids is caused by absorption and quenching of internal resonances inside the particles, which depend both on the imaginary part of the refractive index and on the size parameter, and to some extent on the real part of the refractive index. By contrast, small-scale surface roughness becomes the dominant morphol. feature for large particles. This effect is likely to depend on the amplitude of the surface roughness, the relative significance of internal resonances, and possibly on the real part of the refractive index. The extinction cross section is rather insensitive to surface roughness, while the single-scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, and the Mueller matrix are strongly influenced. Small-scale surface roughness reduces the backscattering cross section by up to a factor of 2-3 as compared to size-equiv. particles with a smooth boundary surface. This can have important implications for the interpretation of lidar backscattering observations.
- 46Kahnert, M.; Nousiainen, T.; Thomas, M. A.; Tyynela, J. Light scattering by particles with small-scale surface roughness: Comparison of four classes of model geometries. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2012, 113, 2356– 2367, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.03.01746https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XkvVKjtL0%253D&md5=47a12872d28e3b147f621fd7f202e6beLight scattering by particles with small-scale surface roughness: Comparison of four classes of model geometriesKahnert, Michael; Nousiainen, Timo; Thomas, Manu Anna; Tyynelae, JaniJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2012), 113 (18), 2356-2367CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)We compare four different model geometries for particles with small-scale surface roughness. The geometries are based on regular and stochastic surface perturbations, as well as on 2D- and 3D-roughness models. We further compare T-matrix and discrete dipole computations. Particle size parameters of 5 and 50 are considered, as well as refractive indexes of 1.6+0.0005i and 3+0.1i. The effect of small-scale surface roughness on the intensity and polarisation of the scattered light strongly depends on the size parameter and refractive index. In general, 2D surface roughness models predict stronger effects than 3D models. Stochastic surface roughness models tend to predict the strongest depolarising effects, while regular surface roughness models can have a stronger effect on the angular distribution of the scattered intensity. Computations with the discrete dipole approxn. only cover a limited range of size parameters. T-matrix computations allow us to significantly extend that range, but at the price of restricting the model particles to sym. surface perturbations with small amplitudes.
- 47Nousiainen, T.; Kahnert, M.; Veihelmann, B. Light scattering modeling of small feldspar aerosol particles using polyhedral prisms and spheroids. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2006, 101, 471– 487, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.03847https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XkvVaru7k%253D&md5=f658b5fb784f04360463aaf465bd04c6Light scattering modeling of small feldspar aerosol particles using polyhedral prisms and spheroidsNousiainen, Timo; Kahnert, Michael; Veihelmann, BenJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2006), 101 (3), 471-487CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)The use of simplified particle shapes for modeling scattering by irregularly shaped mineral-dust particles is studied using polyhedral prisms and spheroids as model particles. Simulated phase matrixes averaged over shape and size distributions at wavelength 633 nm are compared with a lab.-measured phase matrix of feldspar particles with known size distribution with effective radius of 1.0 μm. When an equi-probable shape distribution is assumed, prisms and oblate spheroids agree with measurements to a similar degree, whereas prolate spheroids perform markedly better. Both spheroids and prisms perform much better than spheres. When an automatic fitting method is applied for finding optimal shape distributions, it is found that the most elongated spheroids are most important for good fits, whereas nearly-spherical spheroids are generally of very little importance. The phase matrixes for the different polyhedral prisms, on the other hand, are found to be similar, thus their shape-averaged phase matrixes are insensitive to the shape distribution assumed. For spheroids, a simple parameterization for the shape distribution, where wts. increase with increasing departure from spherical shape, is proposed and tested. This parameterization improves the fit of most phase matrix elements attained with an equi-probable shape distribution, and it performs particularly well for reproducing the measured phase function.
- 48Bi, L.; Yang, P.; Kattawar, G. W.; Kahn, R. Modeling optical properties of mineral aerosol particles by using nonsymmetric hexahedra. Appl. Opt. 2010, 49, 334– 342, DOI: 10.1364/AO.49.00033448https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3c%252Fks1KmsA%253D%253D&md5=968505dd1224200c5f1136dae85caa93Modeling optical properties of mineral aerosol particles by using nonsymmetric hexahedraBi Lei; Yang Ping; Kattawar George W; Kahn RalphApplied optics (2010), 49 (3), 334-42 ISSN:.We explore the use of nonsymmetric geometries to simulate the single-scattering properties of airborne dust particles with complicated morphologies. Specifically, the shapes of irregular dust particles are assumed to be nonsymmetric hexahedra defined by using the Monte Carlo method. A combination of the discrete dipole approximation method and an improved geometric optics method is employed to compute the single-scattering properties of dust particles for size parameters ranging from 0.5 to 3000. The primary optical effect of eliminating the geometric symmetry of regular hexahedra is to smooth the scattering features in the phase function and to decrease the backscatter. The optical properties of the nonsymmetric hexahedra are used to mimic the laboratory measurements. It is demonstrated that a relatively close agreement can be achieved by using only one shape of nonsymmetric hexahedra. The agreement between the theoretical results and their measurement counterparts can be further improved by using a mixture of nonsymmetric hexahedra. It is also shown that the hexahedron model is much more appropriate than the "equivalent sphere" model for simulating the optical properties of dust particles, particularly, in the case of the elements of the phase matrix that associated with the polarization state of scattered light.
- 49Veihelmann, B.; Nousiainen, T.; Kahnert, M.; Zande, W. J. Light scattering by small feldspar particles simulated using the Gaussian random sphere geometry. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2006, 100, 393– 405, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.11.05349https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XisFCgtLg%253D&md5=36d46536af29d4b97821b6eb067223d6Light scattering by small feldspar particles simulated using the Gaussian random sphere geometryVeihelmann, B.; Nousiainen, T.; Kahnert, M.; van der Zande, W. J.Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2006), 100 (1-3), 393-405CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier B.V.)The single-scattering properties of Gaussian random spheres were calcd. using the discrete dipole approxn. The ensemble of model particles is assumed to be representative for a feldspar dust sample that is characteristic for weakly absorbing irregularly shaped mineral aerosol. The morphol. of Gaussian random spheres is modeled based on a statistical shape anal. using microscope images of the dust sample. The size distribution of the dust sample is based on a particle sizing expt. The refractive index of feldspar is estd. using literature values. All input parameters used in the light scattering simulations are thus obtained in an objective way based on the true properties of the mineral sample. The orientation-averaged and ensemble-averaged scattering matrixes and cross sections of the Gaussian random spheres are compared with light scattering simulations using spheroidal shape models which were shown to be applicable to the feldspar sample. The Gaussian random sphere model and the spheroidal shape model are assessed using the measured scattering matrix of the feldspar dust sample as a ref. Generally, the spheroidal model with strongly elongated prolate and strongly flattened oblate shapes agrees better with the measurement than the Gaussian random sphere model. In contrast, some features that are characteristic for light scattering by truly irregular mineral dust particles are rendered best by the Gaussian random sphere model; these features include the flat shape of the phase function and a min. in the scattering matrix element F22/F11 as a function of the scattering angle.
- 50Liu, J.; Yang, P.; Muinonen, K. Dust-aerosol optical modeling with Gaussian spheres: Combined invariant-imbedding T-matrix and geometric-optics approach. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2015, 161, 136– 144, DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.04.00350https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXntVajsrk%253D&md5=61fa714ede89272034edcdc4f51e1757Dust-aerosol optical modeling with Gaussian spheres: Combined invariant-imbedding T-matrix and geometric-optics approachLiu, Jianping; Yang, Ping; Muinonen, KarriJournal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2015), 161 (), 136-144CODEN: JQSRAE; ISSN:0022-4073. (Elsevier Ltd.)The Gaussian sphere has been widely used as a model to study light scattering by irregular particles; and, despite extensive numerical studies, the optical properties are not thoroughly understood. Based on Gaussian spheres and using a combination of the invariant imbedding T-matrix method and an improved geometric-optics method, the single-scattering properties (namely, the 4×4 phase matrix, extinction cross section, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor) are computed in the Rayleigh to geometric optics regimes. The simulations are performed with various degrees of irregularity, and the effects of particle irregularities are investigated over a wide range of particle sizes. Furthermore, the theor. simulations based on Gaussian spheres are used to fit the measured optical properties of feldspar particles from the well-known Amsterdam-Granada light scattering database. A mixt. of several shapes is shown to closely reproduce the measured phase matrixes. The results may be potentially useful for remote-sensing and radiative-transfer applications involving dust aerosol.
- 51Kalinichenko, V. P. Method of Intra-soil Pulse Discrete Irrigation. Patent RU23862432010.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Shein, E. V.; Kharitonova, G. V.; Amgalan, B.; Sambuu, G.; Krutikova, V. O.; Kharitonov, E. V. Salt Neoformations in Soils of Central Mongolia. Biogeosystem Tech. 2017, 4, 66– 81, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2017.1.66There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 53Kalinichenko, V. P. Biogeosystem Technique as a Paradigm of Non-waste Technology in the Biosphere. Biogeosystem Tech. 2015, 3, 4– 28, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2015.3.4There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 54Gontard, N.; Sonesson, U.; Birkved, M.; Majone, M.; Bolzonella, D.; Celli, A.; Angellier-Coussy, H.; Jang, G.-W.; Verniquet, A.; Broeze, J.; Schaer, B.; Batista, A. P.; Sebok, A. A research challenge vision regarding management of agricultural waste in a circular bio-based economy. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 48, 614– 654, DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2018.1471957There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 55Kalinitchenko, V. P. Optimizing the matter flow in biosphere and the climate of the Earth at the stage of technogenesis by methods of biogeosystem technique (problem-analytical review). Int. J. Environ. Probl. 2016, 4, 99– 130, DOI: 10.13187/ijep.2016.4.99There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Pukalchik, M. A.; Panova, M. I.; Karpukhin, M. M.; Yakimenko, O. S.; Kydralieva, K. A.; Terekhova, V. A. Using humic products as amendments to restore zn and pb polluted soil: a case study using rapid screening phytotest endpoint. J. Soils Sediments 2018, 18, 750– 761, DOI: 10.1007/s11368-017-1841-y56https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhs1WgtLjN&md5=fb9bfcf14a42b3d0f65eb319d7cd0bb2Using humic products as amendments to restore Zn and Pb polluted soil: a case study using rapid screening phytotest endpointPukalchik, Maria; Panova, Maria; Karpukhin, Mikhail; Yakimenko, Olga; Kydralieva, Kamila; Terekhova, VeraJournal of Soils and Sediments (2018), 18 (3), 750-761CODEN: JSSOAJ; ISSN:1439-0108. (Springer)Purpose: Heavy metal contamination is a priority issue affecting millions of ha of soil throughout the world. One of the most promising, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approaches to restore polluted soils could be applying org. amendments. We investigated the remediation potential of three types of humic products with regard to their effect on the bioavailability of Pb and Zn, content of nutrients, and the ability to mitigate acute phytotoxicity in contaminated soil. Materials and methods: Spodosol samples were spiked with Pb (550 mg kg-1) and Zn (880 mg kg-1). Then, two different com. humic products (from peat and lignosulfonate) and natural humic acids (from brown oxidized coal) were added in two doses to reach an equal content of carbon: a 10% increment and a 30% increment of the initial total org. carbon in the soil. After 30 days, the content of metals and nutrients (S, K, Na, Ca, Mn, P) was detd. by the sequential extn. (i-H2O, ii-NH4COOH pH 4.8, iii-CH3COOH). The effect of humic products on heavy metals bioavailability was evaluated using the calcd. partition indexes. Seed germination and root elongation of Sinapis alba were also detd. Chem. and biochem. variables were aggregated by the principal component anal. Results and discussion: Humic products reduced the amt. of bioavailable fractions of Pb and Zn in soils. The partition index, which quant. describes bioavailable fractions of the Zn and Pb in the soil, was 28-49% lower than in the spiked (Pb+Zn) control. The inhibition of root elongation and seed germination of mustard by Zn and Pb was significantly mitigated by humic products; in the soil test, the root length and seed germination were up to 36-87% higher than those of the Pb+Zn control and did not differ from those in the non-amended treatments. This effect may have been assocd. with the structural differences (H/C and O/C ratio) and content of nutrients (Na and K) in humic products. Conclusions: Com. humic products used in poor multi-contaminated soils can maintain plant growth by improving nutrient status due to heavy metals immobilization and can be a promising approach to remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals at extremely high concns.
- 57Lin, H. Understanding Soil Architecture and Its Functional Manifestation across Scales. Part I: Overviews and Fundamentals. In Hydropedology , 2012; Chapter 2, pp 41– 74.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 58Totsche, K. U.; Amelung, W.; Gerzabek, M. H.; Guggenberger, G.; Klumpp, E.; Knief, C.; Lehndorff, E.; Mikutta, R.; Peth, S.; Prechtel, A.; Ray, N.; Kögel-Knabner, I. Microaggregates in soils. Review Article. Special Issue: Methodological advances in studying the soil – plant – atmosphere gas exchange. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2018, 181, 104– 136, DOI: 10.1002/jpln.20160045158https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtlSgsb3M&md5=5459283bfbed093bcd09a750cc1a8a0fMicroaggregates in soilsTotsche, Kai Uwe; Amelung, Wulf; Gerzabek, Martin H.; Guggenberger, Georg; Klumpp, Erwin; Knief, Claudia; Lehndorff, Eva; Mikutta, Robert; Peth, Stephan; Prechtel, Alexander; Ray, Nadja; Koegel-Knabner, IngridJournal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science (2018), 181 (1), 104-136CODEN: JNSSFZ; ISSN:1436-8730. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)A review. All soils harbor microaggregates, i.e., compd. soil structures smaller than 250 μm. These microaggregates are composed of diverse mineral, org. and biotic materials that are bound together during pedogenesis by various phys., chem. and biol. processes. Consequently, microaggregates can withstand strong mech. and physicochem. stresses and survive slaking in water, allowing them to persist in soils for several decades. Together with the physiochem. heterogeneity of their surfaces, the three-dimensional structure of microaggregates provides a large variety of ecol. niches that contribute to the vast biol. diversity found in soils. As reported for larger aggregate units, microaggregates are composed of smaller building units that become more complex with increasing size. In this context, organo-mineral assocns. can be considered structural units of soil aggregates and as nanoparticulate fractions of the microaggregates themselves. The mineral phases considered to be the most important as microaggregate forming materials are the clay minerals and Fe- and Al-(hydr)oxides. Within microaggregates, minerals are bound together primarily by physicochem. and chem. interactions involving cementing and gluing agents. The former comprise, among others, carbonates and the short-range ordered phases of Fe, Mn, and Al. The latter comprise org. materials of diverse origin and probably involve macromols. and macromol. mixts. Work on microaggregate structure and development has largely focused on org. matter stability and turnover. However, little is known concerning the role microaggregates play in the fate of elements like Si, Fe, Al, P, and S. More recently, the role of microaggregates in the formation of microhabitats and the biogeog. and diversity of microbial communities has been investigated. Little is known regarding how microaggregates and their properties change in time, which strongly limits our understanding of micro-scale soil structure dynamics. Similarly, only limited information is available on the mech. stability of microaggregates, while essentially nothing is known about the flow and transport of fluids and solutes within the micro- and nanoporous microaggregate systems. Any quant. approaches being developed for the modeling of formation, structure and properties of microaggregates are, therefore, in their infancy. We respond to the growing awareness of the importance of microaggregates for the structure, properties and functions of soils by reviewing what is currently known about the formation, compn. and turnover of microaggregates. We aim to provide a better understanding of their role in soil function, and to present the major unknowns in current microaggregate research. We propose a harmonized concept for aggregates in soils that explicitly considers the structure and build-up of microaggregates and the role of organo-mineral assocns. We call for expts., studies and modeling endeavors that will link information on aggregate forming materials with their functional properties across a range of scales in order to better understand microaggregate formation and turnover. Finally, we hope to inspire a novel cohort of soil scientists that they might focus their research on improving our understanding of the role of microaggregates within the system of aggregates and so help to develop a unified and quant. concept of aggregation processes in soils.
- 59Vogel, L. E.; Makowski, D.; Garnier, P.; Vieublé-Gonod, L.; Coquet, Y.; Raynaud, X.; Nunan, N.; Chenu, C.; Falconer, R.; Pot, V. Modeling the effect of soil meso-and macropores topology on the biodegradation of a soluble carbon substrate. Adv. Water Resour. 2015, 83, 123– 136, DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.05.02059https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVegsrjL&md5=f78b9eef8dcd7cce4736fa6bb3af8643Modeling the effect of soil meso- and macropores topology on the biodegradation of a soluble carbon substrateVogel, Laure E.; Makowski, David; Garnier, Patricia; Vieuble-Gonod, Laure; Coquet, Yves; Raynaud, Xavier; Nunan, Naoise; Chenu, Claire; Falconer, Ruth; Pot, ValerieAdvances in Water Resources (2015), 83 (), 123-136CODEN: AWREDI; ISSN:0309-1708. (Elsevier Ltd.)Soil structure and interactions between biotic and abiotic processes are increasingly recognized as important for explaining the large uncertainties in the outputs of macroscopic SOM decompn. models. We present a numerical anal. to assess the role of meso- and macropore topol. on the biodegrdn. of a sol. carbon substrate in variably water satd. and pure diffusion conditions . Our anal. was built as a complete factorial design and used a new 3D pore-scale model, LBioS, that couples a diffusion lattice-Boltzmann model and a compartmental biodegrdn. model. The scenarios combined contrasted modalities of four factors: meso- and macropore space geometry, water satn., bacterial distribution and physiol. A global sensitivity anal. of these factors highlighted the role of phys. factors in the biodegrdn. kinetics of our scenarios. Bacteria location explained 28% of the total variance in substrate concn. in all scenarios, while the interactions among location, satn. and geometry explained up to 51% of it.
- 60de Vries, E. T.; Raoof, A.; van Genuchten, M. T. h. Multiscale modeling of dual-porosity porous media; a computational pore-scale study for flow and solute transport. Adv. Water Resour. 2017, 105, 82– 95, DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.04.013There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 61Rajput, V. D.; Minkina, T.; Sushkova, S.; Tsitsuashvili, V.; Mandzhieva, S.; Gorovtsov, A.; Nevidomskyaya, D.; Gromakova, N. Effect of nanoparticles on crops and soil microbial communities. J. Soils Sediments 2018, 18, 2179– 2187, DOI: 10.1007/s11368-017-1793-261https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1ygtrnI&md5=bdc166737eef4086be770cf1d276d2f1Effect of nanoparticles on crops and soil microbial communitiesRajput, Vishnu D.; Minkina, Tatiana; Sushkova, Svetlana; Tsitsuashvili, Viktoriia; Mandzhieva, Saglara; Gorovtsov, Andrey; Nevidomskyaya, Dina; Gromakova, NatalyaJournal of Soils and Sediments (2018), 18 (6), 2179-2187CODEN: JSSOAJ; ISSN:1439-0108. (Springer)Purpose: Nanoparticles (NPs) have received increased attention in recent past due to their unique distinct properties. Metal-based NPs are widely used in chem. and allied sector. Most of the research is directed to study the efficiency of NPs in medicine and agriculture. The aim of this review is to explore the possible threats posed by toxicity of various NPs on plants and microbial diversity. Materials and methods: First, major sources of NPs to the environment were analyzed. The effects of metal-based NPs on the microbiota and plants are presented in this review. The results obtained by the authors during last 12 years of research are used. Results and discussion: The exposure of soil to nanoparticles causes a decrease in soil microbial biomass and enzymic activity, which impacts microbial community compn. including yeasts, bacteria, fungi, and biol. diversity. The effects of NPs on plants result in various types of abnormalities. Nanoparticles can also pose risks to human health. Conclusions: Increased applications of NPs pose a threat to beneficial microbial communities as well as crops and soils. Thus, it is important to explore whether NPs could compromise crop yield, soil properties, soil organisms, and functional activities of soil.
- 62Glazko, V. I.; Glazko, T. T. Conflicts of biosphere and agroecosystems. Int. J. Environ. Probl. 2015, 1, 4– 16, DOI: 10.13187/ijep.2015.1.4There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 63Kirichenko, M. N.; Chaikov, L. L.; Shkirin, A. V.; Krasovskii, V. I.; Bulychev, N. A.; Kazaryan, M. A.; Krivokhizha, S. V.; Milovich, F. O.; Chirikov, S. N. General Features of Size Distributions and Internal Structure of Particles in Aqueous Nanosuspensions. Phys. Wave Phenom. 2020, 28, 140– 144, DOI: 10.3103/S1541308X20020077There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 64Kalinichenko, V. P. Biogeosystem technique as the method for Earth’s climate stabilizing. Biogeosystem Tech. 2015, 4, 104– 137, DOI: 10.13187/bgt.2015.4.104There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 65Kuntman, M. A.; Kuntman, E.; Sancho-Parramon, J.; Arteaga, O. Light scattering by coupled oriented dipoles: Decomposition of the scattering matrix. Phys. Rev. B. 2018, 98, 045410 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.98.04541065https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXls1Wgtbc%253D&md5=64f442160c820263524219ea4af455cfLight scattering by coupled oriented dipoles: Decomposition of the scattering matrixKuntman, M. Ali; Kuntman, Ertan; Sancho-Parramon, Jordi; Arteaga, OriolPhysical Review B (2018), 98 (4), 045410CODEN: PRBHB7; ISSN:2469-9969. (American Physical Society)We study the optical response of two coupled oriented dipoles with the dimer axis perpendicular to the wave vector of light by analyzing how their scattering matrix can be decompd. The scattering matrix can be written as a linear combination of three terms with a clear phys. meaning: one for each particle and another that is responsible for the coupling and that vanishes for noninteracting or distant particles. We show that the interaction term may generate optical activity for certain scattering directions and that this effect manifests itself mostly in the near field. This simple and intuitive theory based on matrix and vector states of oriented dipoles also describes hybridization processes and Fano resonances. The decompn. method can be also formulated in terms of a hybrid basis that allows us to quant. det. the individual contribution of the in-phase and out-of-phase coupling modes to the overall intensity. Our method can help to understand the optical response of more complex nanostructures that can be decompd. into dipole terms. The results are illustrated in gold nanoantenna dimers which exhibit a strong dipolar resonance.
- 66Veghte, D. P.; Moore, J. E.; Jensen, L.; Freedman, M. A. Influence of shape on the optical properties of hematite aerosol. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2015, 120, 7025– 7039, DOI: 10.1002/2015JD02316066https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtlels7bM&md5=6166bab62d281e640b82118f0e254b08Influence of shape on the optical properties of hematite aerosolVeghte, Daniel P.; Moore, Justin E.; Jensen, Lasse; Freedman, Miriam ArakJournal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2015), 120 (14), 7025-7039CODEN: JGRDE3; ISSN:2169-8996. (Wiley-Blackwell)Mineral dust particles are the second highest emitted aerosol type by mass. Due to changes in particle size, compn., and shape that are caused by phys. processes and reactive chem., optical properties vary during transport, contributing uncertainty in the calcn. of radiative forcing. Hematite is the major absorbing species of mineral dust. In this study, we analyzed the extinction cross sections of nigrosin and hematite particles using cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectroscopy (CRD-AES) and have measured particle shape and size distributions using transmission electron microscopy. Nigrosin was also used in this study as a spherical std. for absorbing particles. The size-selected nigrosin particles have a narrow size distribution, with extinction cross sections that are described by Mie theory. In contrast, the size distribution of size-selected hematite particles is more polydisperse. The extinction cross sections were modeled using Mie theory and the discrete dipole approxn. (DDA). The DDA was used to model more complex shapes that account for the surface roughness and particle geometry. Of the four models used, Mie theory was the simplest to implement, but had significant error with a 26.1% difference from the CRD-AES results. By increasing the complexity of the models using the DDA, we detd. that spheroids had a 14.7% difference, roughened spheres a 12.8% difference, and roughened spheroids a 11.2% difference from the exptl. results. Using addnl. parameters that account for particle shape is necessary to model the optical properties of hematite particles and leads to improved extinction cross sections for modeling aerosol optical properties.
- 67Bunkin, N. F.; Lyakhov, G. A.; Shkirin, A. V.; Krivokhizha, S. V.; Afonin, A. A.; Kobelev, A. V.; Penkov, N. V.; Fesenko, E. E. Laser Diagnostics of the Mesoscale Heterogeneity of Aqueous Solutions of Polar Organic Compounds. Phys. Wave Phenom. 2018, 26, 21– 35, DOI: 10.3103/S1541308X18010041There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 68Ezhokin, E. N.; Tymper, S. I.; Chirikov, S. N. Effect of the uncertainty of the shape of a distribution on its parameters retrieval using the scattering matrix of quartz suspension. Opt. Spectrosc. 2012, 112, 122– 128, DOI: 10.1134/S0030400X1201007968https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xhtl2jurw%253D&md5=587384ece5b96fd82d1909ce5b1f2e85Effect of the uncertainty of the shape of a distribution on its parameters retrieval using the scattering matrix of quartz suspensionEzhokin, E. N.; Tymper, S. I.; Chirikov, S. N.Optics and Spectroscopy (2012), 112 (1), 122-128CODEN: OPSUA3; ISSN:0030-400X. (MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica)Scattering matrixes of an aq. suspension of quartz were measured at a wavelength of 0.63 μm in the scattering angle range of 10°-150°. The angular dependences of matrix elements were measured with a laser polarimeter the optical scheme of which contained two electro-optical modulators. The results of measurements were compared with the data of calcn. for scatterers having the shape of prolate ellipsoids. It was shown that, under conditions of wide distribution of particles by size and at a dimensional parameter value of 2.1, the uncertainty of the shape of the distribution leads to an increase in the error of the retrieval of the parameters of the suspension particle distribution.