Label-Free Electrochemiluminescence Nano-aptasensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of ApoA1 in Human Serum

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This article references 54 other publications.

1. 1

   Kurup, C. P.; Mohd-Naim, N. F.; Ahmed, M. U. A Solid-State Electrochemiluminescence Aptasensor for β-Lactoglobulin Using Ru-AuNP/GNP/Naf Nanocomposite-Modified Printed Sensor. Microchim. Acta 2022, 189 (4), 165,  DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05275-9

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   A solid-state electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for β-lactoglobulin using Ru-AuNP/GNP/Naf nanocomposite-modified printed sensor

   Kurup, Chitra Padmakumari; Mohd-Naim, Noor Faizah; Ahmed, Minhaz Uddin

   Microchimica Acta (2022), 189 (4), 165CODEN: MIACAQ; ISSN:0026-3672. (Springer-Verlag GmbH)

   An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor for the detection of the milk protein allergen β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) using nanocomposite as luminophore was fabricated. The Ru-AuNPs/GNP/Naf complex was formed by combining the Rubpy32+-AuNPs complex (Ru-AuNPs), prepd. by modifying the neg. charged surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with pos. charged Rubpy32+ through electrostatic interactions and the graphene nanoplatelets-Nafion (GNP/Naf) at a ratio of 2:1. The nanocomposite was coated on the surface of the screen-printed electrode (SPCE) through the film-forming properties of Nafion. A layer of chitosan (CS) was coated onto this modified electrode, and later amine-terminated β-LG aptamers were covalently attached to the CS/Ru-AuNP/GNP/Naf via glutaraldehyde (GLUT) crosslinking. When β-LG was incubated with the aptasensor, a subsequent decrease in ECL intensity was recorded. Under the optimal conditions, the ECL intensity of the aptasensor changed linearly with the logarithmic concn. of β-LG, in the range 0.1 to 1000 pg/mL, and the detection limit was 0.02 pg/mL (3σ/m). The constructed aptasensor displayed simple and fast detn. of β-LG with excellent reproducibility, stability, and high specificity. Addnl., the proposed ECL aptasensor displayed high recoveries (92.5-112%) and low coeffs. of variation (1.6-7.8%), when β-LG fortified samples were analyzed. Integrating Ru-AuNPs/GNP/Naf nanocomposite in the ECL aptasensor paves the way towards a cost-effective and sensitive detection of the milk allergen β-LG.
2. 2

   Rizwan, M.; Mohd-Naim, N.; Ahmed, M. Trends and Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Nanobiosensors. Sensors 2018, 18 (2), 166,  DOI: 10.3390/s18010166

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   Trends and advances in electrochemiluminescence nanobiosensors

   Rizwan, Mohammad; Mohd-Naim, Noor Faizah; Ahmed, Minhaz Uddin

   Sensors (2018), 18 (1), 166/1-166/28CODEN: SENSC9; ISSN:1424-8220. (MDPI AG)

   A review. The rapid and increasing use of the nanomaterials (NMs), nanostructured materials (NSMs), metal nanoclusters (MNCs) or nanocomposites (NCs) in the development of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanobiosensors is a significant area of study for its massive potential in the practical application of nanobiosensor fabrication. Recently, NMs or NSMs (such as AuNPs, AgNPs, Fe3O4, CdS QDs, OMCs, graphene, CNTs and fullerenes) or MNCs (such as Au, Ag, and Pt) or NCs of both metallic and non-metallic origin are being employed for various purposes in the construction of biosensors. In this review, we have selected recently published articles (from 2014-2017) on the current development and prospects of label-free or direct ECL nanobiosensors that incorporate NCs, NMs, NSMs or MNCs.
3. 3

   Kerr, E.; Doeven, E. H.; Francis, P. S. Recent Advances in Mechanistic Understanding and Analytical Methodologies of the Electrochemiluminescence of Tris(2,2′-Bipyridine)Ruthenium(II) and Tri-n-Propylamine. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2022, 35, 101034,  DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2022.101034

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   Recent advances in mechanistic understanding and analytical methodologies of the electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and tri-n-propylamine

   Kerr, Emily; Doeven, Egan H.; Francis, Paul S.

   Current Opinion in Electrochemistry (2022), 35 (), 101034CODEN: COEUCY; ISSN:2451-9111. (Elsevier B.V.)

   A review. The classic and most widely used electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the tris(2,2-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) luminophore and tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) co-reactant remains of intense interest to researchers, with continued explorations of the fundamental interfacial and soln. chem. of ECL, approaches to enhance ECL intensities, and expansion of ECL to new areas of application. Herein, we examine some important recent developments in the understanding and application of this principal ECL system.
4. 4

   Kurup, C. P.; Mohd-Naim, N. F.; Ahmed, M. U. Recent Trends in Nanomaterial-Based Signal Amplification in Electrochemical Aptasensors. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2022, 42, 794– 812,  DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1960792

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   Recent trends in nanomaterial-based signal amplification in electrochemical aptasensors

   Kurup Chitra Padmakumari; Mohd-Naim Noor Faizah; Ahmed Minhaz Uddin; Mohd-Naim Noor Faizah

   Critical reviews in biotechnology (2022), 42 (5), 794-812 ISSN:.

   Ultrasensitive biosensors have become a necessity in the world of scientific research, and several signal enhancement strategies have been employed to attain exceptionally low detection limits. Nanotechnology turns out to be a strong contender for signal amplification, as they can be employed as platform modifiers, catalysts, carriers or labels. Here, we have described the most recent advancements in the utilization of nanomaterials as signal amplification components in aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors. We have briefly reviewed the methods that utilized nanomaterials, namely gold and carbon, as well as nanocomposites such as: graphene, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and metal-organic frameworks.
5. 5

   Chen, D.; Wu, Y.; Hoque, S.; Tilley, R. D.; Gooding, J. J. Rapid and Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA by Hybridization on the Network of Gold-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles. Chem. Sci. 2021, 12 (14), 5196– 5201,  DOI: 10.1039/D1SC01044A

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   Rapid and ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of circulating tumor DNA by hybridization on the network of gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles

   Chen, Dongfei; Wu, Yanfang; Hoque, Sharmin; Tilley, Richard D.; Gooding, J. Justin

   Chemical Science (2021), 12 (14), 5196-5201CODEN: CSHCCN; ISSN:2041-6520. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

   An accurate and robust method for quantifying the levels of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is vital if this potential biomarker is to be used for the early diagnosis of cancer. The anal. of ctDNA presents unique challenges because of its short half-life and ultralow abundance in early stage cancers. Here we develop an ultrasensitive electrochem. biosensor for rapid detection of ctDNA in whole blood. The sensing of ctDNA is based on hybridization on a network of probe DNA modified gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles (DNA-Au@MNPs). This DNA-Au@MNPs biosensor can selectively detect short- and long-strand DNA targets. It has a broad dynamic range (2 aM to 20 nM) for 22 nucleotide DNA target with an ultralow detection limit of 3.3 aM. For 101 nucleotide ctDNA target, a dynamic range from 200 aM to 20 nM was achieved with a detection limit of 5 fM. This DNA-Au@MNPs based sensor provides a promising method to achieve 20 min response time and minimally invasive cancer early diagnosis.
6. 6

   Lim, S. A.; Ahmed, M. U. Electrochemical Immunosensors and Their Recent Nanomaterial-Based Signal Amplification Strategies: A Review. RSC Adv. 2016, 6 (30), 24995– 25014,  DOI: 10.1039/C6RA00333H

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   Electrochemical immunosensors and their recent nanomaterial-based signal amplification strategies: a review

   Lim, Syazana Abdullah; Ahmed, Minhaz Uddin

   RSC Advances (2016), 6 (30), 24995-25014CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

   A review. In recent years, tremendous advances have been made in biosensors based on nanoscale electrochem. immunosensors for use in the fields of agriculture, food safety, biomedicine, quality control, and environmental and industrial monitoring. One of the main challenges in biosensors is achieving an extremely low limit of detection. A current trend to address this is fabrication of highly sensitive electrochem. immunosensors through the use of nanotechnol.; for example, biofunctionalization of nanomaterials that are used as a catalyst, label or biosensing transducer. This review introduces recent advances in signal amplification strategies for electrochem. immunosensing applications, with a particular focus on nanotechnol. The strategies employed and their general principles to increase sensitivity, as well as the advantages and limitations of electrochem. immunosensors developed to date are also considered.
7. 7

   Wang, Z.; Zhao, C.; Gui, R.; Jin, H.; Xia, J.; Zhang, F.; Xia, Y. Synthetic Methods and Potential Applications of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide/Graphene Nanocomposites. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2016, 326, 86– 110,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.004

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   Synthetic methods and potential applications of transition metal dichalcogenide/graphene nanocomposites

   Wang, Zonghua; Zhao, Chunqin; Gui, Rijun; Jin, Hui; Xia, Jianfei; Zhang, Feifei; Xia, Yanzhi

   Coordination Chemistry Reviews (2016), 326 (), 86-110CODEN: CCHRAM; ISSN:0010-8545. (Elsevier B.V.)

   Graphene (Gr) has a large sp. surface area, high cond., high chem. stability, and mech. strength. These desirable properties greatly facilitate the application of Gr in many fields, esp. physics, chem., and materials science. To extend the applications of Gr, nanocomposites of Gr conjugated with metals, polymers, and semiconductors have been prepd. in recent years, which have been applied extensively in significant areas such as energy storage, nanoelectronic devices, and sensors. During the latest decade, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)/Gr nanocomposites have attracted increasing attention and developed rapidly as a hot research area because of their excellent properties and promising applications. This review systematically summarizes the synthetic methods and potential applications of TMDs/Gr nanocomposites. First, the structures and properties of TMDs/Gr nanocomposites are introduced. Second, synthetic methods for TMDs/Gr nanocomposites with different compns. and structures are summarized, including hydrothermal, solvothermal, chem. vapor deposition, microwave-assisted, and dry/wet transfer methods. Third, the potential applications of different TMDs/Gr nanocomposites in important fields are highlighted in electronic and optical devices, such as rechargeable batteries, hydrogen evolution reactions, solar photovoltaic cells, supercapacitors, electronic devices, and sensors. Finally, this review considers the advantages and disadvantages of different synthetic methods as well as the applications of TMDs/Gr nanocomposites. Possible future research areas related to the synthetic methods and applications of TMDs/Gr nanocomposites are suggested.
8. 8

   Flamant, Q.; Caravaca, C.; Meille, S.; Gremillard, L.; Chevalier, J.; Biotteau-Deheuvels, K.; Kuntz, M.; Chandrawati, R.; Herrmann, I. K.; Spicer, C. D.; Stevens, M. M.; Anglada, M. Selective Etching of Injection Molded Zirconia-Toughened Alumina: Towards Osseointegrated and Antibacterial Ceramic Implants. Acta Biomater. 2016, 46, 308– 322,  DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.017

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   Selective etching of injection molded zirconia-toughened alumina: Towards osseointegrated and antibacterial ceramic implants

   Flamant, Quentin; Caravaca, Carlos; Meille, Sylvain; Gremillard, Laurent; Chevalier, Jerome; Biotteau-Deheuvels, Katia; Kuntz, Meinhard; Chandrawati, Rona; Herrmann, Inge K.; Spicer, Christopher D.; Stevens, Molly M.; Anglada, Marc

   Acta Biomaterialia (2016), 46 (), 308-322CODEN: ABCICB; ISSN:1742-7061. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   Due to their outstanding mech. properties and excellent biocompatibility, zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics have become the gold std. in orthopedics for the fabrication of ceramic bearing components over the last decade. However, ZTA is bioinert, which hampers its implantation in direct contact with bone. Furthermore, periprosthetic joint infections are now the leading cause of failure for joint arthroplasty prostheses. To address both issues, an improved surface design is required: a controlled micro- and nano-roughness can promote osseointegration and limit bacterial adhesion whereas surface porosity allows loading and delivery of antibacterial compds. In this work, we developed an integrated strategy aiming to provide both osseointegrative and antibacterial properties to ZTA surfaces. The micro-topog. was controlled by injection molding. Meanwhile a novel process involving the selective dissoln. of zirconia (selective etching) was used to produce nano-roughness and interconnected nanoporosity. Potential utilization of the porosity for loading and delivery of antibiotic mols. was demonstrated, and the impact of selective etching on mech. properties and hydrothermal stability was shown to be limited. The combination of injection molding and selective etching thus appears promising for fabricating a new generation of ZTA components implantable in direct contact with bone. Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) is the current gold std. for the fabrication of orthopedic ceramic components. In the present work, we propose an innovative strategy to provide both osseointegrative and antibacterial properties to ZTA surfaces: we demonstrate that injection molding allows a flexible design of surface micro-topog. and can be combined with selective etching, a novel process that induces nano-roughness and surface interconnected porosity without the need for coating, avoiding reliability issues. These surface modifications have the potential to improve osseointegration. Furthermore, our results show that the porosity can be used for drug delivery and suggest that the etched surface could reduce bacterial adhesion.
9. 9

   Rathee, G.; Bartwal, G.; Rathee, J.; Mishra, Y. K.; Kaushik, A.; Solanki, P. R. Emerging Multimodel Zirconia Nanosystems for High-Performance Biomedical Applications. Adv. NanoBiomed. Res. 2021, 1 (9), 2100039,  DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100039

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10. 10

    Venu, M.; Venkateswarlu, S.; Reddy, Y. V. M.; Seshadri Reddy, A.; Gupta, V. K.; Yoon, M.; Madhavi, G. Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Anticancer Drug by a Zirconia Nanoparticle-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite. ACS Omega 2018, 3 (11), 14597– 14605,  DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02129

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    Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Anticancer Drug by a Zirconia Nanoparticle-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite

    Venu, Manthrapudi; Venkateswarlu, Sada; Reddy, Yenugu Veera Manohara; Seshadri Reddy, Ankireddy; Gupta, Vinod Kumar; Yoon, Minyoung; Madhavi, Gajulapalli

    ACS Omega (2018), 3 (11), 14597-14605CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)

    Because of their large surface area and cond., some inorg. materials have emerged as good candidates for the trace-level detection of pharmaceutical drugs. In the present work, we demonstrate the detection of an anticancer drug (regorafenib, REG) by using an electrochem. sensor based on a nanocomposite material. We synthesized a zirconia-nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide composite (ZrO2/rGO) using a one-pot hydrothermal method. Redn. of the graphene oxide supports of the Zr2+ ions with hydrazine hydrate helped in preventing the agglomeration of the zirconia nanoparticles and in obtaining an excellent electrocatalytic response of the nanostructure ZrO2/rGO-based electrochem. sensor. Structural and morphol. characterization of the nanostructure ZrO2/rGO was performed using various anal. methods. A novel regorafenib (REG) electrochem. sensor was fabricated by immobilizing the as-prepd. nanostructure ZrO2/rGO on to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The resulting ZrO2/rGO/GCE could be used for the rapid and selective detn. of REG in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid. The ZrO2/rGO/GCE showed a linear response for the REG anal. in the dynamic range 11-343 nM, with a remarkable lower detection limit and limit of quantifications of 17 and 59 nM, resp. The newly developed sensor was used for the accurate detn. of REG in both serum samples and pharmaceutical formulations, with satisfactory results.
11. 11

    Kumar, S.; Sharma, J. G.; Maji, S.; Malhotra, B. D. Nanostructured Zirconia Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Based Efficient Biosensing Platform for Non-Invasive Oral Cancer Detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2016, 78, 497– 504,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.084

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    Nanostructured zirconia decorated reduced graphene oxide based efficient biosensing platform for non-invasive oral cancer detection

    Kumar, Suveen; Sharma, Jai Gopal; Maji, Sagar; Malhotra, Bansi Dhar

    Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2016), 78 (), 497-504CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)

    We report results of the studies relating to fabrication of a non-invasive, label-free and an efficient biosensing platform for detection of the oral cancer biomarker (CYFRA-21-1). One step hydrothermal process was used for uniform decoration of nanostructured zirconia (av. particle size 13 nm) on reduced graphene oxide (ZrO2-RGO) to avoid coagulation of the zirconia nanoparticles and to obtain enhanced electrochem. performance of ZrO2-RGO nanocomposite based biosensor. Further, ZrO2-RGO has been functionalized using 3-aminopropyl triethoxy saline (APTES) and electrophoretically deposited on the indium tin oxide coated glass substrate at a low DC potential. The APTES/ZrO2-RGO/ITO electrode exhibits improved heterogeneous electron transfer (more than two times) with respect to that of the APTES/ZrO2/ITO electrode indicating faster electron transfer kinetics. The -NH2 contg. APTES/ZrO2-RGO/ITO platform is further biofunctionalized with anti-CYFRA-21-1. The structural and morphol. investigations of the ZrO2-RGO based biosensing platform have been accomplished using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochem., transmission electron microscopy (TEM), at. force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FT-IR) studies. The obsd. results have been validated via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
12. 12

    Wang, Q. H.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Kis, A.; Coleman, J. N.; Strano, M. S. Electronics and Optoelectronics of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7 (11), 699– 712,  DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.193

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    Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

    Wang, Qing Hua; Kalantar-Zadeh, Kourosh; Kis, Andras; Coleman, Jonathan N.; Strano, Michael S.

    Nature Nanotechnology (2012), 7 (11), 699-712CODEN: NNAABX; ISSN:1748-3387. (Nature Publishing Group)

    A review. The remarkable properties of graphene have renewed interest in inorg., two-dimensional materials with unique electronic and optical attributes. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are layered materials with strong in-plane bonding and weak out-of-plane interactions enabling exfoliation into two-dimensional layers of single unit cell thickness. Although TMDCs were studied for decades, recent advances in nanoscale materials characterization and device fabrication have opened up new opportunities for two-dimensional layers of thin TMDCs in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. TMDCs such as MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2 have sizable bandgaps that change from indirect to direct in single layers, allowing applications such as transistors, photodetectors and electroluminescent devices. The authors review the historical development of TMDCs, methods for prepg. atomically thin layers, their electronic and optical properties, and prospects for future advances in electronics and optoelectronics.
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    Shiddiky, M. J. A.; Rauf, S.; Kithva, P. H.; Trau, M. Graphene/Quantum Dot Bionanoconjugates as Signal Amplifiers in Stripping Voltammetric Detection of EpCAM Biomarkers. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2012, 35 (1), 251– 257,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.02.057

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    Graphene/quantum dot bionanoconjugates as signal amplifiers in stripping voltammetric detection of EpCAM biomarkers

    Shiddiky, Muhammad J. A.; Rauf, Sakandar; Kithva, Prakash H.; Trau, Matt

    Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2012), 35 (1), 251-257CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A sensitive electrochem. immunosensor for the detection of epithelial cell adhesion mol. (EpCAM) antigen, a common marker for tumors of epithelial origin, employing bionanoconjugates as signal-transduction labels has been developed. The bionanoconjugates were fabricated by carboxylation of the two-dimensional graphene oxide nanosheets (GRs) and immobilizing streptavidin and amine-functionalized CdSe quantum dots (QDs) on carboxylated GRs via carbodiimide coupling chem., followed by the immunoreaction with the biotinylated secondary antibodies. Since carboxylated GRs have a higher d. of active sites, it allows a large no. of CdSe QDs to be immobilized onto the surface of the bionanoconjugates, and hence, enhance the sensitivity of the immunosensor. The method enabled detection limits of 100 fg/mL and 1 pg/mL (based on the S/N = 3) in PBS buffer and serum samples, resp., using anodic stripping voltammetric readout. The immunosensor showed a good selectivity, reproducibility, and long-storage stability, and may become a promising technique for the early detection of tumor biomarker in clin./biol. samples.
14. 14

    Jiang, D.; Liang, H.; Yang, W.; Liu, Y.; Cao, X.; Zhang, J.; Li, C.; Liu, J.; Gooding, J. J. Screen-Printable Films of Graphene/CoS2/Ni3S4 Composites for the Fabrication of Flexible and Arbitrary-Shaped All-Solid-State Hybrid Supercapacitors. Carbon N. Y. 2019, 146, 557– 567,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.02.045

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    Wang, Y.; Ou, J. Z.; Balendhran, S.; Chrimes, A. F.; Mortazavi, M.; Yao, D. D.; Field, M. R.; Latham, K.; Bansal, V.; Friend, J. R.; Zhuiykov, S.; Medhekar, N. V.; Strano, M. S.; Kalantar-zadeh, K. Electrochemical Control of Photoluminescence in Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanoflakes. ACS Nano 2013, 7 (11), 10083– 10093,  DOI: 10.1021/nn4041987

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    Electrochemical Control of Photoluminescence in Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanoflakes

    Wang, Yichao; Ou, Jian Zhen; Balendhran, Sivacarendran; Chrimes, Adam F.; Mortazavi, Majid; Yao, David D.; Field, Matthew R.; Latham, Kay; Bansal, Vipul; Friend, James R.; Zhuiykov, Serge; Medhekar, Nikhil V.; Strano, Michael S.; Kalantar-zadeh, Kourosh

    ACS Nano (2013), 7 (11), 10083-10093CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

    Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors offer unique electronic and optical properties, which are significantly different from their bulk counterparts. The electronic structure of 2D MoS2, which is the most popular member of the family, depends on the no. of layers. Its electronic structure alters dramatically at near atomically thin morphols., producing strong luminescence (PL). Developing processes for controlling the 2D MoS2 PL is essential to efficiently harness many of its optical capabilities. So far, this PL can be elec. or mech. gated. An electrochem. approach to actively control the PL of liq.-phase-exfoliated 2D MoS2 nanoflakes by manipulating the amt. of intercalated ions including Li+, Na+, and K+ into and out of the 2D crystal structure is introduced. These ions are selected as they are crucial components in many bioprocesses. This controlled intercalation allows for large PL modulations. The introduced electrochem. controlled PL will find significant applications in future chem. and bio-optical sensors as well as optical modulators/switches.
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    Rezk, A. R.; Walia, S.; Ramanathan, R.; Nili, H.; Ou, J. Z.; Bansal, V.; Friend, J. R.; Bhaskaran, M.; Yeo, L. Y.; Sriram, S. Acoustic–Excitonic Coupling for Dynamic Photoluminescence Manipulation of Quasi-2D MoS2 Nanoflakes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2015, 3 (7), 888– 894,  DOI: 10.1002/adom.201500034

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    Acoustic-Excitonic Coupling for Dynamic Photoluminescence Manipulation of Quasi-2D MoS2 Nanoflakes

    Rezk, Amgad R.; Walia, Sumeet; Ramanathan, Rajesh; Nili, Hussein; Ou, Jian Zhen; Bansal, Vipul; Friend, James R.; Bhaskaran, Madhu; Yeo, Leslie Y.; Sriram, Sharath

    Advanced Optical Materials (2015), 3 (7), 888-894CODEN: AOMDAX; ISSN:2195-1071. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

    This article describes about the acoustic-excitonic coupling for dynamic photoluminescence manipulation of quasi - 2D MoS2 nanoflakes.
17. 17

    Rodriguez, C. L. C.; Muñoz, P. A. R.; Donato, K. Z.; Seixas, L.; Donato, R. K.; Fechine, G. J. M. Understanding the Unorthodox Stabilization of Liquid Phase Exfoliated Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) in Water Medium. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020, 22 (3), 1457– 1465,  DOI: 10.1039/C9CP06422B

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    17

    Understanding the unorthodox stabilization of liquid phase exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in water medium

    Rodriguez, Camila L. C.; Munoz, Pablo A. R.; Donato, Katarzyna Z.; Seixas, Leandro; Donato, Ricardo K.; Fechine, Guilhermino J. M.

    Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2020), 22 (3), 1457-1465CODEN: PPCPFQ; ISSN:1463-9076. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    Molybdenum disulfide is a highly esteemed 2D material with interesting applications in nanoelectronics, composites, biotechnol. and beyond. Its prodn. through liq.-phase exfoliation in H2O is low-cost and eco-friendly. Herein, we present a detailed exptl. and theor. investigation seeking to explain the peculiar stability of MoS2 in H2O medium. By combining different microscopic (SEM, AFM and OM), spectrometric (Raman, UV-vis and AFM-FTIR), scattering (DLS) and ab initio simulation techniques, an edge-functionalization hypothesis for the excellent solvent properties of water for producing few-layer MoS2 has been demonstrated.
18. 18

    Rahman, M. S.; Anower, M. S.; Hasan, M. R.; Hossain, M. B.; Haque, M. I. Design and Numerical Analysis of Highly Sensitive Au-MoS2-Graphene Based Hybrid Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor. Opt. Commun. 2017, 396, 36– 43,  DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2017.03.035

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    18

    Design and numerical analysis of highly sensitive Au-MoS2-graphene based hybrid surface plasmon resonance biosensor

    Rahman, M. Saifur; Anower, Md. Shamim; Hasan, Md. Rabiul; Hossain, Md. Biplob; Haque, Md. Ismail

    Optics Communications (2017), 396 (), 36-43CODEN: OPCOB8; ISSN:0030-4018. (Elsevier B.V.)

    We demonstrate a highly sensitive Au-MoS2-Graphene based hybrid surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for the detection of DNA hybridization. The performance parameters of the proposed sensor are investigated in terms of sensitivity, detection accuracy and quality factor at operating wavelength of 633 nm. We obsd. in the numerical study that sensitivity can be greatly increased by adding MoS2 layer in the middle of a Graphene-on-Au layer. It is shown that by using single layer of MoS2 in between gold and graphene layer, the proposed biosensor exhibits simultaneously high sensitivity of 87.8 deg/RIU, high detection accuracy of 1.28 and quality factor of 17.56 with gold layer thickness of 50 nm. This increased performance is due to the absorption ability and optical characteristics of graphene biomols. and high fluorescence quenching ability of MoS2. On the basis of changing in SPR angle and min. reflectance, the proposed sensor can sense nucleotides bonding happened between double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) helix structures. Therefore, this sensor can successfully detect the hybridization of target DNAs to the probe DNAs pre-immobilized on the Au-MoS2-Graphene hybrid with capability of distinguishing single-base mismatch.
19. 19

    Wang, B.; Zhong, X.; Chai, Y.; Yuan, R. An ECL Biosensor for Sensitive Detection of Concanavalin A Based on the ECL Quenching of Ru Complex by MoS2 Nanoflower. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2017, 245, 247– 255,  DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.180

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    An ECL biosensor for sensitive detection of concanavalin A based on the ECL quenching of Ru complex by MoS2 nanoflower

    Wang, Bingxin; Zhong, Xia; Chai, Yaqin; Yuan, Ruo

    Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical (2017), 245 (), 247-255CODEN: SABCEB; ISSN:0925-4005. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A novel signal-off electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was constructed for Con A (Con A) detection based on the ECL quenching of Ru complex by MoS2 nanoflower (MoS2 NF). In brief, PTCA-Ru-Au NPs as matrix was dropped on the electrode to immobilize phenoxy dextran (DexP) through π-π interaction, where 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid (PTCA) and Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) could greatly increase the luminous efficiency of Tris (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato) ruthenium(II) (Ru(dcbpy)2+3). Then, DexP as recognition element was bonded with Con A via specific carbohydrate-Con A interaction. Finally, the MoS2 NF-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-DexP as quenching probe of ECL signal was combined with Con A to successfully fabricate a sandwich type ECL biosensor. Importantly, MoS2 NF as a new ECL quencher showed high ECL quenching efficiency toward Ru complex. Under the optimum detection conditions, a wide liner range of 1.0 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL was achieved with relatively low detection limit of 0.3 pg/mL.
20. 20

    Moudgil, A.; Singh, S.; Mishra, N.; Mishra, P.; Das, S. MoS 2 /TiO 2 Hybrid Nanostructure-Based Field-Effect Transistor for Highly Sensitive, Selective, and Rapid Detection of Gram-Positive Bacteria. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 5 (1), 1900615,  DOI: 10.1002/admt.201900615

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    MoS2/TiO2 hybrid nanostructure-based field-effect transistor for highly sensitive, selective, and rapid detection of gram-positive bacteria

    Moudgil, Akshay; Singh, Sanjay; Mishra, Nishant; Mishra, Prashant; Das, Samaresh

    Advanced Materials Technologies (Weinheim, Germany) (2020), 5 (1), 1900615CODEN: AMTDCM; ISSN:2365-709X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

    Field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors based on hybrid nanostructures present unique advantages of high sensitivity, small size, excellent dynamic range, and compatibility with integrated circuits. In this work, the fabrication of highly sensitive and selective hybrid MoS2/TiO2 nanostructure-based FET is demonstrated for the detection of Gram-pos. bacteria. The fabricated FET biosensors are efficiently capable of discriminating between Gram-pos. and Gram-neg. bacteria with a limit of detection 50 cfu mL-1. The biosensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 49.47 ± 1.7% for Staphylococcus aureus among eight different bacteria at a concn. of 102 cfu mL-1. The real time detection of bacteria with a response time of 22.19 s is achieved at concns. as low as 50-100 cfu mL-1, suggesting rapid and low concn. detection of selective bacteria. The FET biosensor is also able to quantify bacteria in the physiol. conditions as well as discriminate between live and dead bacteria. The unique hybrid nanostructure based FET with desirable biosensing properties presents the potential to screen the pathogenic bacteria. Live/dead monitoring of bacteria may help in deciding the course and dosage of the antibiotic treatment.
21. 21

    Soni, A.; Pandey, C. M.; Pandey, M. K.; Sumana, G. Highly Efficient Polyaniline-MoS2 Hybrid Nanostructures Based Biosensor for Cancer Biomarker Detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 2019, 1055, 26– 35,  DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.033

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    21

    Highly efficient Polyaniline-MoS2 hybrid nanostructures based biosensor for cancer biomarker detection

    Soni, Amrita; Pandey, Chandra Mouli; Pandey, Manoj Kumar; Sumana, Gajjala

    Analytica Chimica Acta (2019), 1055 (), 26-35CODEN: ACACAM; ISSN:0003-2670. (Elsevier B.V.)

    In this work, polyaniline nanospindles have been synthesized using iron oxide as sacrificial template. These nanospindles were utilized for the fabrication of PANI-MoS2 nanoflower architectures via hydrothermal route. The electrostatic interaction between PANI and MoS2 improves the cond. and provides more direct paths for charge transportation. SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman Spectroscopy techniques were employed to explore the crystal structure, and morphol. properties of the PANI-MoS2 nanocomposite. Furthermore, an electrochem. biosensing platform based on PANI-MoS2 nanocomposite was fabricated for the specific detection of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) by using electrochem. impedance spectroscopy technique. The binding interactions between the pDNA/PANI-MoS2/ITO bioelectrode and target DNA sequence were also studied. The biosensor exhibits high sensitivity and wide detection range (10-6 M to 10-17 M) of target DNA with low detection limit (3 × 10-18 M). Addnl., the specificity studies of the genosensor with various target DNA sequences (complementary, noncomplementary and one base mismatch) and real samples anal. of CML shows its potential for clin. diagnostics.
22. 22

    Han, Y.; Su, X.; Fan, L.; Liu, Z.; Guo, Y. Electrochemical Aptasensor for Sensitive Detection of Cardiac Troponin I Based on CuNWs/MoS2/RGO Nanocomposite. Microchem. J. 2021, 169 (March), 106598,  DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106598

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    22

    Electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of Cardiac troponin I based on CuNWs/MoS2/rGO nanocomposite

    Han, Yujie; Su, Xujie; Fan, Lifang; Liu, Zhiguang; Guo, Yujing

    Microchemical Journal (2021), 169 (), 106598CODEN: MICJAN; ISSN:0026-265X. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a "gold std. biomarker" for clin. diagnose of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection methods for cTnI are highly urgent and significant in early diagnosis and progression control. In this work, we proposed an electrochem. aptasensing platform for cTnI detection based on copper nanowires/molybdenum disulfide/reduced graphene oxide (CuNWs/MoS2/rGO) ternary nanostructure. The CuNWs/MoS2/rGO composite exhibited improved electrochem. activity due to the high electrochem. cond. and the synergistic effect among each component, and the large surface area, which also facilitates the immobilization of aptamers. As a result, the constructed electrochem. cTnI aptasensor shows good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility towards cTnI. Under optimized conditions, the aptasensor responses cTnI linearly from 5.0 x 10-13 to 1.0 x 10-10 g mL-1 with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10-13 g mL-1 (S/N = 3). The anal. of cTnI in human blood samples demonstrated its practicability with comparable results. This work offers an alternative way for facile fabrication of CuNWs/MoS2/rGO based aptasensor for clin. biomarker detection.
23. 23

    Wang, Y.-L.; Cao, J.-T.; Chen, Y.-H.; Liu, Y.-M. A Label-Free Electrochemiluminescence Aptasensor for Carcinoembryonic Antigen Detection Based on Electrodeposited ZnS–CdS on MoS 2 Decorated Electrode. Anal. Methods 2016, 8 (26), 5242– 5247,  DOI: 10.1039/C6AY01114D

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    23

    A label-free electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for carcinoembryonic antigen detection based on electrodeposited ZnS-CdS on MoS2 decorated electrode

    Wang, Yu-Ling; Cao, Jun-Tao; Chen, Yong-Hong; Liu, Yan-Ming

    Analytical Methods (2016), 8 (26), 5242-5247CODEN: AMNEGX; ISSN:1759-9679. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    In this work, a novel, simple and label-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) strategy was designed for a sensitive carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay on the basis of ZnS-CdS nanoparticle (NP)-decorated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanocomposites. Layered-MoS2 nanocomposites with a large surface area were prepd. with a facile hydrothermal method and used as an electrode matrix for subsequent ZnS-CdS NP electrodeposition. The ZnS-CdS NP decorated MoS2 electrode shows a higher ECL intensity than an electrode with only ZnS-CdS electrodeposition. For the fabrication of the aptasensor, chitosan was coated on a ZnS-CdS/MoS2/glass carbon electrode for CEA aptamer immobilization through a covalent coupling method. The ECL aptasensor for CEA detection exhibits a linear range from 0.05 to 20 ng mL-1 (R = 0.9975) with a low detection limit of 0.031 ng mL-1, and presents satisfactory specificity against some possible interfering proteins. Moreover, the method was successfully applied for CEA detn. in human serum with recoveries of 80-111%, showing great promise for application in practice.
24. 24

    KURUP, C. P.; MOHD-NAIM, N. F.; TLILI, C.; AHMED, M. U. A Highly Sensitive Label-Free Aptasensor Based on Gold Nanourchins and Carbon Nanohorns for the Detection of Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2. Anal. Sci. 2021, 37 (6), 825– 831,  DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20P303

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    24

    A highly sensitive label-free aptasensor based on gold nanourchins and carbon nanohorns for the detection of lipocalin-2 (LCN-2)

    Kurup, Chitra Padmakumari; Mohd-Naim, Noor Faizah; Tlili, Chaker; Ahmed, Minhaz Uddin

    Analytical Sciences (2021), 37 (6), 825-831CODEN: ANSCEN; ISSN:1348-2246. (Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry)

    A synergistic nanocomposite film composed of gold nanourchins (AuNU), oxidized carbon nanohorns (CNH), and chitosan functioned as an electrode modifier in the fabrication of the sensitive lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) aptasensor. The AuNUs/CNH/CS composite increased the surface area and thereby amplified the signal transduction. The amine-terminated LCN-2 aptamer was immobilized through the amide bond formed between the carboxyl group of polyglutamic acid (PGA) and the amine group of aptamer. Interaction of LCN-2 with the aptamer caused conformational changes in the structure of the aptamer. This generated higher cond., resulting in increased DPV peak current. The DPV signal increased with increasing concn. of LCN-2, and the change in signal was used for quant. detection. The proposed aptasensor was able to detect LCN-2 in the linear range of 0.1 - 100.0 pg mL-1, with a low detection limit of 10 fg mL-1. The aptasensor showed high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and was able to detect LCN-2 in serum samples.
25. 25

    Zhang, G.; Liu, Z.; Fan, L.; Guo, Y. Electrochemical Prostate Specific Antigen Aptasensor Based on Hemin Functionalized Graphene-Conjugated Palladium Nanocomposites. Microchim. Acta 2018, 185 (3), 1– 8,  DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2686-9

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    25

    Fibrous boron nitride nanocomposite for magnetic solid phase extraction of ten pesticides prior to the quantitation by gas chromatography

    Pang, Yachao; Zang, Xiaohuan; Wang, Mengting; Chang, Qingyun; Zhang, Shuaihua; Wang, Chun; Wang, Zhi

    Microchimica Acta (2018), 185 (12), 1-7CODEN: MIACAQ; ISSN:0026-3672. (Springer-Verlag GmbH)

    A fibrous magnetic boron nitride nanocomposite was synthesized and is shown to be a viable adsorbent for the magnetic solid phase extn. of pesticides prior to their quantitation by gas chromatog. with electron capture detection. The optimum conditions were obtained by both single factor optimization and response surface anal. (Box-Behnken design). Under the optimized conditions, the response to the ten pesticides (dicofol, α-endosulfan, p,p'-DDE, nitrofen, β-endosulfan, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, bifenthrin, permethrin and fenvalerate) is linear in the 0.03-40 ng·mL-1 concn. range with the coeffs. of detn. ranging from 0.9970 to 0.9992. The relative std. deviations at concn. levels of 0.5 ng·mL-1, 20 ng·mL-1 and 40 ng·mL-1 were below 8.7%. The recoveries of the analytes from spiked tea water and tea beverage samples varied between 84.5% and 122%, with relative std. deviations ranging from 4.8 to 12%. The limits of detection are between 0.01 and 0.05 ng·mL-1. The adsorbent can be reused over 50 times without significant loss of extn. efficiency. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
26. 26

    Jo, H.; Her, J.; Lee, H.; Shim, Y.; Ban, C. Highly Sensitive Amperometric Detection of Cardiac Troponin I Using Sandwich Aptamers and Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes. Talanta 2017, 165 (2017), 442– 448,  DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.091

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    Highly sensitive amperometric detection of cardiac troponin I using sandwich aptamers and screen-printed carbon electrodes

    Jo, Hunho; Her, Jin; Lee, Heehyun; Shim, Yoon-Bo; Ban, Changill

    Talanta (2017), 165 (), 442-448CODEN: TLNTA2; ISSN:0039-9140. (Elsevier B.V.)

    In this study, we developed a sandwich aptamer-based screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) using chronoamperometry for the detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), one of the promising biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Disposable three-electrode SPCEs were manufd. using a screen printer, and various modifications such as electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles and electropolymn. of conductive polymers were performed. From the bare electrode to the aptamer-immobilized SPCE, all processes were monitored and analyzed via various techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochem. impedance spectroscopy, and XPS. The quantification of cTnI was conducted based on amperometric signals from the catalytic reaction between hydrazine and H2O2. The fabricated aptasensor in a buffer, as well as in a serum-added soln., exhibited great anal. performance with a dynamic range of 1-100 pM (0.024-2.4 ng/mL) and a detection limit of 1.0 pM (24 pg/mL), which is lower than the existing cutoff values (40-700 pg/mL). Furthermore, the developed sensor showed high sensitivity to cTnI over other proteins. It is anticipated that this potable SPCE aptasensor for cTnI will become an innovative diagnostic tool for AMI.
27. 27

    Rahim, S.; Abdullah, H. M. A.; Ali, Y.; Khan, U. I.; Ullah, W.; Shahzad, M. A.; Waleed, M. Serum Apo A-1 and Its Role as a Biomarker of Coronary Artery Disease. Cureus 2016, 8 (12), 1– 11,  DOI: 10.7759/cureus.941

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28. 28

    Lamon-Fava, S. Genistein Activates Apolipoprotein A-I Gene Expression in the Human Hepatoma Cell Line Hep G2. J. Nutr. 2000, 130 (10), 2489– 2492,  DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.10.2489

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    Genistein activates apolipoprotein A-I gene expression in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2

    Lamon-Fava, Stefania

    Journal of Nutrition (2000), 130 (10), 2489-2492CODEN: JONUAI; ISSN:0022-3166. (American Society for Nutritional Sciences)

    Soy phytoestrogens have been shown to increase plasma levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, its major protein component, in animal studies and in some human studies. The human hepatoma cell line Hep G2 was used to study the effect of the phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein on apo A-I secretion and gene expression in liver cells. Both genistein and daidzein increased apo A-I secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Apo A-I concn. in the media of treated cells was increased approx. fivefold by 10 μmol/L genistein (P < 0.001) and approx. onefold by 10 μmol/L daidzein (P < 0.001) compared with control cells. The effect of genistein on apo A-I secretion was similar to that obsd. with 17-β-estradiol. Treatment of cells with genistein for 24 h increased the transcriptional activity of the apo A-I gene as measured by nuclear run-on assay. Transfection expts. with plasmids contg. regulatory regions of the apo A-I gene cloned in front of the luciferase reporter gene indicated that the 5' region of the apo A-I gene contained between nucleotides -256 and -41 is responsible for the increased expression of this gene by genistein.
29. 29

    Gadomska, H.; Grzechocińska, B.; Janecki, J.; Nowicka, G.; Powolny, M.; Marianowski, L. Serum Lipids Concentration in Women with Benign and Malignant Ovarian Tumours. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2005, 120 (1), 87– 90,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.02.045

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    29

    Serum lipids concentration in women with benign and malignant ovarian tumours

    Gadomska, Halina; Grzechocinska, Barbara; Janecki, Jerzy; Nowicka, Grazyna; Powolny, Michal; Marianowski, Longin

    European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology (2005), 120 (1), 87-90CODEN: EOGRAL; ISSN:0301-2115. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Early diagnosis can improve clin. effects of ovarian carcinoma treatment. Until now, a satisfying screening method has not been found. Serum lipid and lipoprotein assocn. with neoplasm is already established. In our study, we have examd. concn. of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, HDL3 and HDL free cholesterol fraction, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins: AI, AII and B and aimed to prep. the most likely model of lipid profile in women suffering from ovarian neoplasm. The serum lipid parameters were analyzed in 91 operated patients: 64 with ovarian malignant tumor, 27 with benign ovarian cysts and 44 apparently healthy age-matching pair women as a control group. The results: concn. of two parameters: apolipoprotein AI and free cholesterol allows for excluding ovarian neoplasm in 95.5%; examn. of six parameters: apolipoprotein AI, free cholesterol, HDL-free cholesterol, HDL total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and HDL3 fraction allows for diagnosing ovarian malignancy with 97% probability. This probability does not depend on staging of cancer, patient's age, nor BMI. No statistically significant difference between malignant and benign ovarian tumor has been confirmed.
30. 30

    Dionyssiou-Asteriou, A.; Papastamatiou, M.; Vatalas, I.-A.; Bastounis, E. Serum Apolipoprotein AI Levels in Atherosclerotic and Diabetic Patients. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2002, 24 (2), 161– 165,  DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1678

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    Serum apolipoprotein AI levels in atherosclerotic and diabetic patients

    Dionyssiou-Asteriou A; Papastamatiou M; Vatalas I A; Bastounis E

    European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (2002), 24 (2), 161-5 ISSN:1078-5884.

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between Apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI), Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB) and the presence of lower limb atherosclerotic occlusive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum lipids, lipoprotein fractions, ApoAI, ApoB and Lp(a) were measured in 52 patients (28 diabetics and 24 non-diabetics) with lower limb occlusive disease. They were evaluated according to patients' glucose and compared with those in 75 healthy controls. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol and ApoAI serum levels (p = 0.000001) and an increase in Lp(a) (p = 0.000001) in patients as compared to controls. No difference was observed in total cholesterol, non HDL-cholesterol or triglycerides. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between low ApoAI (or HDL) levels and the disease as well as between high Lp(a) levels and the disease. ApoAI (p = 0.0003), HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.00005) and total cholesterol (p = 0.01) levels were significantly lower in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients. Lp(a) levels did not correlate with fasting glucose concentration. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between low ApoAI (or HDL) levels and diabetes. CONCLUSION: Decreased ApoAI appears to be a main component of the dyslipidaemic serum profile observed in patients with atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities. Increased Lp(a) levels is an independent risk factor. Decreased HDL-cholesterol is also involved in the dyslipidaemic profile.
31. 31

    Zell, M.; Husser, C.; Staack, R. F.; Jordan, G.; Richter, W. F.; Schadt, S.; Pähler, A. In Vivo Biotransformation of the Fusion Protein Tetranectin-Apolipoprotein A1 Analyzed by Ligand-Binding Mass Spectrometry Combined with Quantitation by ELISA. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88 (23), 11670– 11677,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03252

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    31

    In Vivo Biotransformation of the Fusion Protein Tetranectin-Apolipoprotein A1 Analyzed by Ligand-Binding Mass Spectrometry Combined with Quantitation by ELISA

    Zell, Manfred; Husser, Christophe; Staack, Roland F.; Jordan, Gregor; Richter, Wolfgang F.; Schadt, Simone; Pahler, Axel

    Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, United States) (2016), 88 (23), 11670-11677CODEN: ANCHAM; ISSN:0003-2700. (American Chemical Society)

    The in vivo biotransformation of a novel fusion protein tetranectin/apolipoprotein A1 (TN-ApoA1) was investigated by ligand-binding mass spectrometry (LB-MS) in support of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The main focus was on catabolites formed by proteolysis of the fusion protein in rabbit following i.v. administration of lipidated TN-ApoA1. The drug and its catabolites were isolated from rabbit plasma by immunocapture with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding to the fusion region of TN-ApoA1. The captured drug and catabolites were released from the streptavidin-coated magnetic beads, sepd. by monolithic RP capillary HPLC, and online detected by high-resoln. mass spectrometry. In addn., the same ext. was digested with LysN to confirm or further narrow down the structure of the found catabolites. Two pharmacol. active catabolites were identified with conserved fusion region. The major catabolite [3-285] was formed by truncation of AP at the N-terminus and the minor catabolite [29-270] by truncations of either side of the TN-ApoA1 sequence. Since the ELISA detd. the sum of TN-ApoA1, along with its two main catabolites, the individual PK profiles of all three components could be derived by applying their mass peak compn. for each sampling point. Parent drug accounted for 25% of drug-related material, whereas that of the catabolites [3-285] and [29-270] accounted for 66% and 9%, resp. This result could be obtained without catabolite specific ELISAs or quant. LC-MS assays. It was also confirmed that all relevant functional mols. of TN-ApoA1 in the plasma samples were quantified by the ELISA, which provided a good relationship for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluations.
32. 32

    Ji, X.; Xu, H.; Zhang, H.; Hillery, C. A.; Gao, H.-Q.; Pritchard, K. A., Jr Anion Exchange HPLC Isolation of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and on-Line Estimation of Proinflammatory HDL. PLoS One 2014, 9 (3), e91089– e91089,  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091089

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    32

    Anion exchange HPLC isolation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and on-line estimation of proinflammatory HDL

    Ji, Xiang; Xu, Hao; Zhang, Hao; Hillery, Cheryl A.; Gao, Hai-Qing; Pritchard, Kirkwood A.

    PLoS One (2014), 9 (3), e91089/1-e91089/11, 11 pp.CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)

    Proinflammatory high-d. lipoprotein (p-HDL) is a biomarker of cardiovascular disease. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by chronic states of oxidative stress that many consider to play a role in forming p-HDL. To measure p-HDL, apolipoprotein (apo) B contg. lipoproteins are pptd. Supernatant HDL is incubated with an oxidant/LDL or an oxidant alone and rates of HDL oxidn. monitored with dichlorofluorescein (DCFH). Although apoB pptn. is convenient for isolating HDL, the resulting supernatant matrix likely influences HDL oxidn. To det. effects of supernatants on p-HDL measurements we purified HDL from plasma from SCD subjects by anion exchange (AE) chromatog., detd. its rate of oxidn. relative to supernatant HDL. SCD decreased total cholesterol but not triglycerides or HDL and increased cell-free (cf) Hb (Hb) and xanthine oxidase (XO). HDL isolated by AE-HPLC had lower p-HDL levels than HDL in supernatants after apoB pptn. XO+xanthine (X) and cf Hb accelerated purified HDL oxidn. Although the plate and AE-HPLC assays both showed p-HDL directly correlated with cf-Hb in SCD plasma, the plate assay yielded p-HDL data that was influenced more by cf-Hb than AE-HPLC generated p-HDL data. The AE-HPLC p-HDL assay reduces the influence of the supernatants and shows that SCD increases p-HDL.
33. 33

    Wang, Q.; Zhang, S.; Guo, L.; Busch, C. M.; Jian, W.; Weng, N.; Snyder, N. W.; Rangiah, K.; Mesaros, C.; Blair, I. A. Serum Apolipoprotein A-1 Quantification by LC-MS with a SILAC Internal Standard Reveals Reduced Levels in Smokers. Bioanalysis 2015, 7 (22), 2895– 2911,  DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.195

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    Serum apolipoprotein A-1 quantification by LC-MS with a SILAC internal standard reveals reduced levels in smokers

    Wang, Qingqing; Zhang, Suhong; Guo, Lili; Busch, Christine M.; Jian, Wenying; Weng, Naidong; Snyder, Nathaniel W.; Rangiah, Kannan; Mesaros, Clementina; Blair, Ian A.

    Bioanalysis (2015), 7 (22), 2895-2911CODEN: BIOAB4; ISSN:1757-6180. (Future Science Ltd.)

    Background: Abs. quantification of protein biomarkers such as serum apolipoprotein A1 by both immunoassays and LC-MS can provide misleading results. Results: Recombinant ApoA-1 internal std. was prepd. using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture with [13C615N2]-lysine and [13C915N1]-tyrosine in human cells. A stable isotope diln. LC-MS method for serum ApoA-1 was validated and levels analyzed for 50 nonsmokers and 50 smokers. Conclusion: The concn. of ApoA-1 in nonsmokers was 169.4 mg/dL with an 18.4% redn. to 138.2 mg/dL in smokers. The validated assay will have clin. utility for assessing effects of smoking cessation and therapeutic or dietary interventions in high-risk populations.
34. 34

    Zhang, S.; Huang, F.; Liu, B.; Ding, J.; Xu, X.; Kong, J. A Sensitive Impedance Immunosensor Based on Functionalized Gold Nanoparticle-Protein Composite Films for Probing Apolipoprotein A-I. Talanta 2007, 71 (2), 874– 881,  DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.05.081

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    34

    A sensitive impedance immunosensor based on functionalized gold nanoparticle-protein composite films for probing apolipoprotein A-I

    Zhang, Song; Huang, Fang; Liu, Baohong; Ding, Jingjing; Xu, Xin; Kong, Jilie

    Talanta (2007), 71 (2), 874-881CODEN: TLNTA2; ISSN:0039-9140. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A sensitive and label-free electrochem. impedance immunosensor via covalent coupling the antibody with functionalized gold nanoparticles (FAuNP) for probing apolipoprotein A-I was presented. The hybrid gold nanoparticles were prepd. with a two-in-one strategy, i.e. via the stepwise employment of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and sol-gel techniques, to improve the performance of such a label-free immunosensor, which was investigated by electrochem. impedance spectroscopy. It was found that this novel FAuNP immunosensor showed higher protein-loading capacity and better response properties (6-17 times) than that fabricated by normal SAM technique did. The remarkably improved properties of the immunosensor were ascribed to FAuNP with the larger surface-to-vol. ratio, more free amino linkage groups, and the lower nonspecific protein adsorption. As a result, the thus-prepd. antibody-modified immunosensor showed reproducible (R.S.D. = ±3.2%, n = 10) linear response to apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) antigens in the range of 0.1-10 ng mL-1. The detection limit of this immunosensor was 50 pg mL-1 (corresponding to 1.8 pmol L-1), which was two orders of magnitude lower than that of the traditional methods. These results exhibited the novel immunosensor had a high sensitivity, stability and selectivity for the detn. of Apo A-I, esp. in clinic microanal.
35. 35

    Pal, M. K.; Rashid, M.; Bisht, M. Multiplexed Magnetic Nanoparticle-Antibody Conjugates (MNPs-ABS) Based Prognostic Detection of Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers, CA-125, β-2M and ApoA1 Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy with Comparison of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Analysis. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2015, 73, 146– 152,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.051

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    Multiplexed magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates (MNPs-ABS) based prognostic detection of ovarian cancer biomarkers, CA-125, β-2M and ApoA1 using fluorescence spectroscopy with comparison of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis

    Pal, Manoj K.; Rashid, Mohammad; Bisht, Manisha

    Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2015), 73 (), 146-152CODEN: BBIOE4; ISSN:0956-5663. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A multiplexed MNPs-Abs based fluorescence spectroscopic system in anal. of serum biomarkers; CA-125, β2-M and ApoA1 for the early detection of ovarian cancer was first time proposed. The lowest detection limits measured in multiplexed setup were 0.26 U/mL, 0.55 ng/mL and 7.7 ng/mL resp. for CA-125, β2-M and ApoA1. A comparative real sample anal. of healthy normal (Control), benign and ovarian cancer patients with SPR has also been done to validate the process. Moreover CA-125 detection only confirms 50-60% of early stage disease. This multiplexed system achieved sensitivity and specificity up to 94% and 98% resp. to distinguish early stage ovarian cancer patients from healthy individuals.
36. 36

    Zhou, Y.; Yu, Y.; Chai, Y.; Yuan, R. Electrochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoclusters on Electrochemiluminescent Resonance Energy Transfer Amplification Platform for Apo-A1 Detection. Talanta 2018, 181, 32– 37,  DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.063

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    36

    Electrochemical synthesis of silver nanoclusters on electrochemiluminescent resonance energy transfer amplification platform for Apo-A1 detection

    Zhou, Ying; Yu, Yanqing; Chai, Yaqin; Yuan, Ruo

    Talanta (2018), 181 (), 32-37CODEN: TLNTA2; ISSN:0039-9140. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Herein, a novel electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ERET) strategy between in situ electrogenerated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) as the donor and Ru(bpy)2(5-NH2-1,10-phen)Cl2 (Ru(II)) as the acceptor was reported, which was applied for the construction of a ultrasensitive immunosensor for the detn. of apolipoprotein-A1 (Apo-A1). Notably, the Ag NCs were in suit electro-reducted on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based on a simple, fast and controllable electrochem. technique, which acted as not only biocompatible ECL emitters, but also protein immobilization platform via Ag-N or Ag-S bond. Subsequently, the acceptor probe was constructed by modifying Ru(II) and secondary antibody on the nanocarriers of carboxyl-functionalized MWCNTs. Based on the sandwiched immunoassay method, the ECL signals declining at 449 nm (Ag NCs) and the increasing at 650 nm (Ru(II)) both reflect the amt. of Apo-A1. By measuring the ratio of ECL650 nm/ECL449 nm, we could accurately quantify the concn. of Apo-A1 in range from 1.0 pg/mL to 1.0 ng/mL and limit of detection down to 0.33 pg/mL, which opened up a new research direction for ultrasensitive ECL bioanal. based metal NCs.
37. 37

    Dhiman, A.; Kalra, P.; Bansal, V.; Bruno, J. G.; Sharma, T. K. Aptamer-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostic Platforms. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2017, 246, 535– 553,  DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.060

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    Aptamer-based point-of-care diagnostic platforms

    Dhiman, Abhijeet; Kalra, Priya; Bansal, Vipul; Bruno, John. G.; Sharma, Tarun Kumar

    Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical (2017), 246 (), 535-553CODEN: SABCEB; ISSN:0925-4005. (Elsevier B.V.)

    This review covers a broad range of well-established and novel diagnostic platforms which are currently being considered for use in com. point-of care (POC) diagnostics utilizing aptamers instead of antibodies as the mol. recognition elements. Relevant technologies include traditional enzyme-linked colorimetric plate assays, lateral flow test strips, more exotic homogeneous "lights on" fluorescence assays, as well as new nanoparticle-based, electrochem., electrochemiluminescence and other technologies suitable for rapid and facile POC clin. diagnostics. Advantages of using aptamers over antibodies in such POC diagnostic platforms are elucidated in each case.
38. 38

    Zhuo, Z.; Yu, Y.; Wang, M.; Li, J.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, J.; Wu, X.; Lu, A.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, B. Recent Advances in SELEX Technology and Aptamer Applications in Biomedicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18 (10), 2142,  DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102142

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    Recent advances in SELEX technology and aptamer applications in biomedicine

    Zhuo, Zhenjian; Yu, Yuanyuan; Wang, Maolin; Li, Jie; Zhang, Zongkang; Liu, Jin; Wu, Xiaohao; Lu, Aiping; Zhang, Ge; Zhang, Baoting

    International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2017), 18 (10), 2142/1-2142/19CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN:1422-0067. (MDPI AG)

    Aptamers are short DNA/RNA oligonucleotides capable of binding to target mols. with high affinity and specificity. The process of selecting an aptamer is called Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). Thanks to the inherit merits, aptamers have been used in a wide range of applications, including disease diagnosis, targeted delivery agents and therapeutic uses. To date, great achievements regarding the selection, modifications and application of aptamers have been made. However, few aptamer-based products have already successfully entered into clin. and industrial use. Besides, it is still a challenge to obtain aptamers with high affinity in a more efficient way. Thus, it is important to comprehensively review the current shortage and achievement of aptamer-related technol. In this review, we first present the limitations and notable advances of aptamer selection. Then, we compare the different methods used in the kinetic characterization of aptamers. We also discuss the impetus and developments of the clin. application of aptamers.
39. 39

    Kurup, C. P.; Tlili, C.; Zakaria, S. N. A.; Ahmed, M. U. Recent Trends in Design and Development of Nanomaterial-Based Aptasensors. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem. 2021, 11 (6), 14057– 14077,  DOI: 10.33263/BRIAC116.1405714077

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    Recent trends in design and development of nanomaterial-based aptasensors

    Kurup, Chitra Padmakumari; Tlili, Chaker; Zakaria, Siti Nurul Azian; Ahmed, Minhaz Uddin

    Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry (2021), 11 (6), 14057-14077CODEN: BRACD5; ISSN:2069-5837. (Comporter SRL)

    The past decade has witnessed extensive research in the field of biosensors, where nanoaptasensors achieved widespread interest. Aptamer, the single-stranded DNA or RNA nucleotide, is extensively employed as a bioreceptor due to its stability, ease in a modification that ensures convenient immobilization strategies, reducing the cost of sensor manufg. The detection limit and sensitivity were notably improved when modified with nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, graphene, quantum dots, and other nanocomposites. This paper introduces various design strategies for the fabrication of sensors utilizing aptamers and nanomaterials in - developing signal-readout mechanism, focusing mainly on the latest research in food, biomedical and environmental applications. Aptasensors that utilize various signal recognition methods such as electrochem., colorimetry, luminescence, and fluorescence are highlighted. This review offers a wide range of outlook for future developments of aptamer bioreceptors employing the unique physicochem. nanomaterials as efficient transducers and amplifiers. Furthermore, this review will also provide an insight into aptamer-aided biosensors' technol. over the last three to five years of work.
40. 40

    Weerathunge, P.; Ramanathan, R.; Torok, V. A.; Hodgson, K.; Xu, Y.; Goodacre, R.; Behera, B. K.; Bansal, V. Ultrasensitive Colorimetric Detection of Murine Norovirus Using NanoZyme Aptasensor. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91 (5), 3270– 3276,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03300

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    Ultrasensitive Colorimetric Detection of Murine Norovirus Using NanoZyme Aptasensor

    Weerathunge, Pabudi; Ramanathan, Rajesh; Torok, Valeria A.; Hodgson, Kate; Xu, Yun; Goodacre, Royston; Behera, Bijay Kumar; Bansal, Vipul

    Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, United States) (2019), 91 (5), 3270-3276CODEN: ANCHAM; ISSN:0003-2700. (American Chemical Society)

    Human norovirus (NoV) remains the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis and the leading cause of viral food-borne outbreaks globally. NoV is highly pathogenic with an estd. median viral infective dose (ID50) ranging from 18 to 1015 genome copies. For NoV detection, the only reliable and sensitive method available for detection and quantification is RTqPCR. NoV detection in food is particularly challenging, requiring matrix specific concn. of the virus and removal of inhibitory compds. to detection assays. Hence, the RTqPCR method poses some challenges for rapid in-field or point-of-care diagnostic applications. The authors propose a new colorimetric NanoZyme aptasensor strategy for rapid (10 min) and ultrasensitive (calcd. LoD of 3 viruses per assay equiv. to 30 viruses/mL of sample and exptl.-demonstrated LoD of 20 viruses per assay equiv. to 200 viruses/mL) detection of the infective murine norovirus (MNV), a readily-cultivable surrogate for NoV. The approach combines the enzyme-mimic catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles with high target specificity of an MNV aptamer to create sensor probes that produce a blue color in the presence of this norovirus, such that the color intensity provides the virus concns. Overall, the strategy offers the most sensitive detection of norovirus or a norovirus surrogate achieved to date using a biosensor approach, enabling for the first time, the detection of MNV virion corresponding to the lower end of the ID50 for NoV. The authors further demonstrate the robustness of the norovirus NanoZyme aptasensor by testing its performance in the presence of other nontarget microorganisms, human serum and shellfish homogenate, supporting the potential of detecting norovirus in complex matrixes. This new assay format can, therefore, be of significant importance as it allows ultrasensitive norovirus detection rapidly within minutes, while also offering the simplicity of use and need for nonspecialized lab. infrastructure.
41. 41

    Vattikuti, S. V. P.; Byon, C. Synthesis and Characterization of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoflowers and Nanosheets: Nanotribology. J. Nanomater. 2015, 2015, 1– 11,  DOI: 10.1155/2015/710462

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    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
42. 42

    Padovini, D. S. S.; Pontes, D. S. L.; Dalmaschio, C. J.; Pontes, F. M.; Longo, E. Facile Synthesis and Characterization of ZrO 2 Nanoparticles Prepared by the AOP/Hydrothermal Route. RSC Adv. 2014, 4 (73), 38484,  DOI: 10.1039/C4RA04861J

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    Facile synthesis and characterization of ZrO2 nanoparticles prepared by the AOP/hydrothermal route

    Padovini, D. S. S.; Pontes, D. S. L.; Dalmaschio, C. J.; Pontes, F. M.; Longo, E.

    RSC Advances (2014), 4 (73), 38484-38490CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    We report on the synthesis and characterization of ZrO2 nanoparticles prepd. from zirconium(IV) butoxide in the absence of base or acid mineralizer by an advanced oxidn. processes (AOP) and subsequent hydrothermal treatment which involves mixing and dissoln. of the precursor for different temps. The structure, morphol. and properties of the nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, BET measurements and TGA measurements. The structural anal. by XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirms the ZrO2 specimens synthesized at 100 °C for 1 h are amorphous and those treated at 150°C and 200°C for 1 h were cryst. Structural anal. by Raman spectroscopy confirms tetragonal ZrO2 specimens obtained at temps. higher than 100°C as a majority phase. From FE-SEM images, the AOP/hydrothermal route mainly produced microspheres comprised of primary nanoparticles. HRTEM images of ZrO2 microspheres, after treatment at 100°C, show the beginning of crystn., with only a few clear lattice fringes dispersed in the specimens. TEM and HRTEM images of ZrO2, after treatment at 150°C and 200°C indicate that the microspheres are the aggregation of small nanoparticles with a size of approx. 5-8 nm, and FFT anal. confirms the high crystallinity of the specimens. TGA analyses show a distinctive behavior for each of the ZrO2 specimens, after treatment at 100°C, 150°C and 200°C. FT-IR anal. of ZrO2 specimens after hydrothermal treatment revealed the presence of groups, such as -OH, -CH2, and -CH at the surface. In addn., FT-IR spectra show a decrease in the amt. of functional groups attached to the surface of the nanoparticles when the reaction temp. is increased. This result was also confirmed by TGA anal. The ZrO2 specimens prepd. by the AOP/hydrothermal route exhibited a high surface area of 511-184 m2 g-1.
43. 43

    Dinshaw, I. J.; Muniandy, S.; Teh, S. J.; Ibrahim, F.; Leo, B. F.; Thong, K. L. Development of an Aptasensor Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Chitosan Complex to Detect Salmonella. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2017, 806, 88– 96,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.10.054

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    43

    Development of an aptasensor using reduced graphene oxide chitosan complex to detect Salmonella

    Dinshaw, Ignatius Julian; Muniandy, Shalini; Teh, Swe Jyan; Ibrahim, Fatimah; Leo, Bey Fen; Thong, Kwai Lin

    Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry (2017), 806 (), 88-96CODEN: JECHES; ISSN:1873-2569. (Elsevier B.V.)

    The development of accurate and rapid biosensors to detect pathogenic Salmonella enterica is an active area of interest with significant impact towards public health. An electrochem. aptasensor was developed using electrochem.-reduced graphene oxide-chitosan (rGO-CHI) composite as a conductive substrate to detect whole-cell Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a common serovar that causes foodborne infections in humans. A thiol-functionalized aptamer specific to Salmonella outer membrane protein was selected as the biorecognition element and was immobilized on rGO-CHI using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinker. The sensitivity and selectivity of this aptasensor against S. Typhimurium was studied using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. The rGO-CHI composite formed a conductive coating (4.5 A m- 2) which was stable to accommodate the buildup of activating agents without degrading. The developed aptasensor is specific to Salmonella and could distinguish between Salmonella enterica cells and non-Salmonella bacteria (S. aureus, K. pneumonia and E. coli). The aptasensor exhibited a low limit of detection of 101 CFU mL- 1 for S. Typhimurium. The system was tested with artificially spiked raw chicken samples and the results were consistent with the sensitivity results obtained using with pure cultures. This shows the potential of the developed aptasensor in direct Salmonella detection in contaminated food.
44. 44

    Singh, A.; Sinsinbar, G.; Choudhary, M.; Kumar, V.; Pasricha, R.; Verma, H.N.; Singh, S. P.; Arora, K. Graphene Oxide-Chitosan Nanocomposite Based Electrochemical DNA Biosensor for Detection of Typhoid. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2013, 185, 675– 684,  DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.014

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    Graphene oxide-chitosan nanocomposite based electrochemical DNA biosensor for detection of typhoid

    Singh, Anu; Sinsinbar, Gaurav; Choudhary, Meenakshi; Kumar, Veeresh; Pasricha, Renu; Verma, H. N.; Singh, Surinder P.; Arora, Kavita

    Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical (2013), 185 (), 675-684CODEN: SABCEB; ISSN:0925-4005. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Graphene oxide (GO)-Chitosan (CHI) nano-composite was employed for the development of DNA based electrochem. biosensor for diagnosis of typhoid. Biosensor has been prepd. by covalent immobilization of Salmonella typhi specific 5'-amine labeled single stranded (ss) DNA probe on GO-CHI/ITO via glutaraldehyde. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) studies revealed good specificity and ability of ssDNA/GO-CHI/ITO biosensor to distinguish complementary, non-complementary and one base mismatch sequences. The ssDNA/GO-CHI/ITO biosensor showed detection range of 10 fM to 50 nM and LOD 10 fM within 60 s hybridization times for complementary sequence. Further, ssDNA/GO-CHI/ITO bioelectrode is able to detect complementary target present in serum samples with LOD of 100 fM at 25°. The excellent performance of biosensor is attributed to large surface-to-vol. ratio and good electrochem. activity of graphene oxide, and good biocompatibility of chitosan, which enhances the DNA immobilization and facilitate electron transfer between DNA and electrode surface (ITO).
45. 45

    Yoo, J. A.; Lee, E. Y.; Park, J. Y.; Lee, S. T.; Ham, S.; Cho, K. H. Different Functional and Structural Characteristics between ApoA-I and ApoA-4 in Lipid-Free and Reconstituted HDL State: ApoA-4 Showed Less Anti-Atherogenic Activity. Mol. Cells 2015, 38 (6), 573– 579,  DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0052

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    45

    Different functional and structural characteristics between apoA-I and apoA-4 in lipid-free and reconstituted HDL state: apoA-4 showed less anti-atherogenic activity

    Yoo, Jeong-Ah; Lee, Eun-Young; Park, Ji Yoon; Lee, Seung-Taek; Ham, Sihyun; Cho, Kyung-Hyun

    Molecules and Cells (2015), 38 (6), 573-579CODEN: MOCEEK; ISSN:1016-8478. (Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology)

    Apolipoprotein A-I and A-IV are protein constituents of high-d. lipoproteins although their functional difference in lipoprotein metab. is still unclear. To compare anti-atherogenic properties between apoA-I and apoA-4, we characterized both proteins in lipid-free and lipid-bound state. In lipid-free state, apoA4 showed two distinct bands, around 78 and 67 Å on native gel electrophoresis, while apoA-I showed scattered band pattern less than 71 Å. In reconstituted HDL (rHDL) state, apoA-4 showed three major bands around 101 Å and 113 Å, while apoA-I-rHDL showed almost single band around 98 Å size. Lipid-free apoA-I showed 2.9-fold higher phospholipid binding ability than apoA-4. In lipid-free state, BS3-crosslinking revealed that apoA-4 showed less multimerization tendency upto dimer, while apoA-I showed pentamerization. In rHDL state (95:1), apoA-4 was existed as dimer as like as apoA-I. With higher phospholipid content (255:1), five apoA-I and three apoA-4 were required to the bigger rHDL formation. Regardless of particle size, apoA-I-rHDL showed superior LCAT activation ability than apoA-4-rHDL. Uptake of acetylated LDL was inhibited by apoA-I in both lipid-free and lipid-bound state, while apoA-4 inhibited it only lipid-free state. ApoA-4 showed less anti-atherogenic activity with more sensitivity to glycation. In conclusion, apoA-4 showed inferior physiol. functions in lipid-bound state, compared with those of apoA-I, to induce more pro-atherosclerotic properties.
46. 46

    Rizwan, M.; Keasberry, N. A.; Ahmed, M. U. Efficient Double Electrochemiluminescence Quenching Based Label-Free Highly Sensitive Detection of Haptoglobin on a Novel Nanocomposite Modified Carbon Nanofibers Interface. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 2019, 24, 100284,  DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100284

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    Hernandez-Aldave, S.; Tarat, A.; McGettrick, J. D.; Bertoncello, P. Voltammetric Detection of Caffeine in Beverages at Nafion/Graphite Nanoplatelets Layer-by-Layer Films. Nanomaterials 2019, 9 (2), 221,  DOI: 10.3390/nano9020221

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    Voltammetric detection of caffeine in beverages at nafion/graphite nanoplatelets layer-by-layer films

    Hernandez-Aldave, Sandra; Tarat, Afshin; Mcgettrick, James D.; Bertoncello, Paolo

    Nanomaterials (2019), 9 (2), 221CODEN: NANOKO; ISSN:2079-4991. (MDPI AG)

    We report for the first time a procedure in which Nafion/Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) thin films are fabricated using a modified layer-by-layer (LbL) method. The method consists of dipping a substrate (quartz and/or glassy carbon electrodes) into a composite soln. made of Nafion and GNPs dissolved together in ethanol, followed by washing steps in water. This procedure allowed the fabrication of multilayer films of (Nafion/GNPs)n by means of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions between Nafion, GNPs, and the corresponding solid substrate. The av. thickness of each layer evaluated using profilometer corresponds to ca. 50 nm. The as-prepd. Nafion/GNPs LbL films were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques such as XPS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, and optical microscopy. This characterization highlights the presence of oxygen functionalities that support a mechanism of self-assembly via hydrogen bonding interactions, along with hydrophobic interactions between the carbon groups of GNPs and the Teflon-like (carbon-fluorine backbone) of Nafion. We showed that Nafion/GNPs LbL films can be deposited onto glassy carbon electrodes and utilized for the voltammetric detection of caffeine in beverages. The results showed that Nafion/GNPs LbL films can achieve a limit of detection for caffeine (LoD) of 0.032 μM and linear range between 20-250 μM using differential pulse voltammetry, whereas, using cyclic voltammetry LoD and linear range were found to be 24 μM and 50-5000 μM, resp. Voltammetric detection of caffeine in beverages showed good agreement between the values found exptl. and those reported by the beverage producers. The values found are also in agreement with those obtained using a std. spectrophotometric method. The proposed method is appealing because it allows the fabrication of Nafion/GNPs thin films in a simple fashion using a single-step procedure, rather than using composite solns. with opposite electrostatic charge, and also allows the detection of caffeine in beverages without any pre-treatment or diln. of the real samples. The proposed method is characterized by a fast response time without apparent interference, and the results were competitive with those obtained with other materials reported in the literature.
48. 48

    Fang, Y.; Wang, H.-M.; Gu, Y.-X.; Yu, L.; Wang, A.-J.; Yuan, P.-X.; Feng, J.-J. Highly Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Luminophore Generated by Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8-Linked Porphyrin and Its Application for Thrombin Detection. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92 (4), 3206– 3212,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04938

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    48

    Highly Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Luminophore Generated by Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8-Linked Porphyrin and Its Application for Thrombin Detection

    Fang, Yan; Wang, Hui-Min; Gu, Yi-Xin; Yu, Lu; Wang, Ai-Jun; Yuan, Pei-Xin; Feng, Jiu-Ju

    Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, United States) (2020), 92 (4), 3206-3212CODEN: ANCHAM; ISSN:0003-2700. (American Chemical Society)

    Novel and distinct enhancement in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signals of advanced org. luminophores are of importance for expanding their applications in early diagnosis. This work reported the construction of an ultrasensitive label-free ECL aptasensor for thrombin (TB) detection by grafting zinc proto-porphyrin IX (ZnP) onto an aminated zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (defined as ZnP-NH-ZIF-8 for clarity) as the luminophore. The structure and optical properties of the resulting ZnP-NH-ZIF-8 were carefully characterized. For that, there appeared to be weak ECL radiation for ZnP in dichloromethane (DCM) contg. tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) because of the as-formed singlet-state oxygen via the "redn.-oxidn." route. More notably, the ECL signals display 153-times enhancement for ZnP-NH-ZIF-8, thanks to the excellent catalytic kinetics for the oxygen redn. reaction (ORR). By virtue of the specific interactions of the TB aptamer (TBA) with the TB protein and the highly efficient catalysis of the ZnP-NH-ZIF-8 for ORR, the as-prepd. aptasensor showed a wider linear range (0.1 fM∼1 pM) and a lower detection limit (ca. 58.6 aM). This work provides some useful guidelines for synthesis of an advanced org. luminophore with largely boosted ECL signals in ultrasensitive anal. and clin. diagnosis.
49. 49

    Huang, L.-Y.; Hu, X.; Shan, H.-Y.; Yu, L.; Gu, Y.-X.; Wang, A.-J.; Shan, D.; Yuan, P.-X.; Feng, J.-J. High-Performance Electrochemiluminescence Emitter of Metal Organic Framework Linked with Porphyrin and Its Application for Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarker Mucin-1. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2021, 344, 130300,  DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130300

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    49

    High-performance electrochemiluminescence emitter of metal organic framework linked with porphyrin and its application for ultrasensitive detection of biomarker mucin-1

    Huang, Li-Yan; Hu, Xiang; Shan, Hong-Yan; Yu, Lu; Gu, Yi-Xin; Wang, Ai-Jun; Shan, Dan; Yuan, Pei-Xin; Feng, Jiu-Ju

    Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical (2021), 344 (), 130300CODEN: SABCEB; ISSN:0925-4005. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Mucin-1, an essential transmembrane glycoprotein, was regarded as a promising biomarker for colon, breast, ovarian and lung cancers. Thus, its highly sensitive and selective detection is important to develop new anal. strategies. In this work, Zn-based metal org. frameworks with pyridine (Zn-Bp-MOFs) were synthesized via coordination to enhance the ECL responses of zinc meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine (Zn-TP). The synthesized Zn-Bp-MOFs substantially accelerated the electrocatalytic redn. of K2S2O8 and excited electron amt. of Zn-TP. For that, the Zn-TP linked Zn-Bp-MOFs (terminated as Zn-TP@Zn-Bp-MOFs) displayed 32-fold magnification in the ECL efficiency relative to free Zn-TP. By assembly of capture DNA (cDNA), functional luminophore effectively captured the released linked DNA (L-DNA) from double-stranded DNA (dsDNA, hybridization of aptamer DNA (aptDNA) and L-DNA) via the strong interactions between the aptDNA and mucin-1. Consequently, thionine was implanted into the groove of newly-formed dsDNA and severely quenched the ECL intensity of the emitter. The resulting biosensor showed wide linear range from 1 pg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.23 pg mL-1. Hence, such MOFs hold substantial promise to broaden their applications in photoelec. detection field.
50. 50

    Wang, H.-M.; Fang, Y.; Yuan, P.-X.; Wang, A.-J.; Luo, X.; Feng, J.-J. Construction of Ultrasensitive Label-Free Aptasensor for Thrombin Detection Using Palladium Nanocones Boosted Electrochemiluminescence System. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 310, 195– 202,  DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.093

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    Construction of ultrasensitive label-free aptasensor for thrombin detection using palladium nanocones boosted electrochemiluminescence system

    Wang, Hui-Min; Fang, Yan; Yuan, Pei-Xin; Wang, Ai-Jun; Luo, Xiliang; Feng, Jiu-Ju

    Electrochimica Acta (2019), 310 (), 195-202CODEN: ELCAAV; ISSN:0013-4686. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Aptamer-based bioassay of biomarker has broad applications in clin. research and disease diagnosis. A label-free aptamer biosensor for ultrasensitive thrombin (TB) detection was constructed based on highly enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of functional Pd nanocones (Pd NCs) with tripropylamine (TPA) system. Herein, well-defined Pd NCs were initially functionalized by mercaptoethanol (MCH) as an ECL emitter and immobilized onto the glassy C electrode (GCE) initially grafted with amine-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) via electrooxidn. reaction. Under optimal conditions, the ECL intensity of the Pd NCs/TPA system was ∼2.5 times enhancement when compared to that of bare GCE. The ECL and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were synchronously employed to illustrate the enhanced ECL mechanism. By virtue of the linkage of the modified Pd NCs with specified TB aptamer (TBA) contg. sulfydryl group, a label-free ECL detection platform was designed. After full coverage of the nonspecific sites with bovine serum albumin (BSA), an ECL biosensor for TB detection was constructed by taking the advantage of the steric hindrance effects, showing the wider linear range, lower detection limit of TB (even down to 6.76 fM), superb selectivity and stability. The current strategy provides a highly sensitive platform for detection of various biomols. in bioanal.
51. 51

    Sun, A.-L.; Chen, G.-R.; Sheng, Q.-L.; Zheng, J.-B. Sensitive Label-Free Electrochemical Immunoassay Based on a Redox Matrix of Gold Nanoparticles/Azure I/Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Composite. Biochem. Eng. J. 2011, 57, 1– 6,  DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.06.008

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    Sensitive label-free electrochemical immunoassay based on a redox matrix of gold nanoparticles/Azure I/multi-wall carbon nanotubes composite

    Sun, Ai-Li; Chen, Gai-Rong; Sheng, Qing-Lin; Zheng, Jian-Bin

    Biochemical Engineering Journal (2011), 57 (), 1-6CODEN: BEJOFV; ISSN:1369-703X. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A sensitive label-free electrochem. immunosensing platform was designed by a redox matrix of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), Azure I and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) self-assembling nanocomposite. To construct the immunosensor, MWCNT was first dispersed in Nafion (Nf) to obtain a homogeneous soln. and then it was dropped on the surface of the gold electrode (Au). Then the pos.-charged redox mol., Azure I, was entrapped into MWCNT-Nf film to form a redox nanostructural membrane. Next, the neg. charged gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were assembled to the interface through the electrostatic force. Finally, carcinoembryonic antibody mols. could be absorbed into the GNPs/Azure I/MWCNT-Nf immobilization matrix. Using carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a model protein, the electrochem. immunosensor exhibited good stability and reproducibility, as well as good selectivity and storage stability. This strategy presented a promising platform for sensitive and facile monitoring of CEA.
52. 52

    Wei, X.; Qiao, X.; Fan, J.; Hao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Xu, M. A Label-Free ECL Aptasensor for Sensitive Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Based on CdS QDs@MOF and TEOA@Au as Bi-Coreactants of Ru(Bpy)32+. Microchem. J. 2022, 173, 106910,  DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106910

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    52

    A label-free ECL aptasensor for sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen based on CdS QDs@MOF and TEOA@Au as bi-coreactants of Ru(bpy)2+3

    Wei, Xiu-hua; Qiao, Xing; Fan, Jie; Hao, Yuan-qiang; Zhang, Yin-tang; Zhou, Yan-li; Xu, Mao-tian

    Microchemical Journal (2022), 173 (), 106910CODEN: MICJAN; ISSN:0026-265X. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Herein, a label-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor for sensitive detn. of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was fabricated based on CdS quantum dots loaded onto metal org. framework (CdS QDs@MOF) and triethanolamine modified on gold nanoparticles (TEOA@AuNPs) as bi-coreactants of Ru(bpy)2+3 ECL system. The TEOA@AuNPs served as not only coreactant of Ru(bpy)2+3 but also nanocarrier for CEA aptamer which was bonded to the TEOA@AuNPs through Au-S bond. After incubated in CEA soln., the ECL signals decreased due to the poor cond. of CEA and there was a linear correlation between the ECL intensity and log(CCEA). Based on this result, a label-free ECL biosensor has been developed successfully and used to detect CEA with a detection limit of 8.5 x 10-5 ng/mL. The proposed ECL aptasensor had good anal. performance in the detection of CEA in human serum samples.
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    Jia, M.; Jia, B.; Liao, X.; Shi, L.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, M.; Zhou, L.; Li, D.; Kong, W. A CdSe@CdS Quantum Dots Based Electrochemiluminescence Aptasensor for Sensitive Detection of Ochratoxin A. Chemosphere 2022, 287 (P1), 131994,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131994

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    A CdSe@CdS quantum dots based electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for sensitive detection of ochratoxin A

    Jia, Mingxuan; Jia, Boyu; Liao, Xiaofang; Shi, Linchun; Zhang, Zheng; Liu, Miao; Zhou, Lidong; Li, Donghui; Kong, Weijun

    Chemosphere (2022), 287 (Part_1), 131994CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    In this work, a CdSe@CdS quantum dots (QDs) based label-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was developed for the specific and sensitive detection of ochratoxin A (OTA). Chitosan (CHI) could immobilize abundant QDs on the surface of an Au electrode as the luminescent nanomaterials. Glutaraldehyde was used as the crosslinking agent for coupling a large no. of OTA aptamers. Thanks to the excellent stability, good biocompatibility, and strong ECL intensity of CdSe@CdS QDs, as well as the quick reactions of the generated SO4•- in the electrolyte, strong ECL signals were measured. Because of the specific recognition of aptamer toward OTA, the reduced ECL signals caused by OTA in the samples were recorded for quantify the content of OTA. After optimizing a series of crucial conditions, the ECL aptasensor displayed superior sensitivity for OTA with a detection limit of 0.89 ng/mL and a wide linear concn. range of 1-100 ng/mL. The practicability and viability were verified through the rapid and facile anal. of OTA in real Lily and Rhubarb samples with recovery rates (n = 3) of 98.1-105.6% and 97.3-101.5%, resp. The newly-developed QDs-based ECL aptasensor provided a new universal anal. tool for more mycotoxins in safety assessment of foods and feeds, environmental monitoring, and clin. diagnostics.
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    Wen, J.; Zhou, L.; Jiang, D.; Shan, X.; Wang, W.; Shiigi, H.; Chen, Z. Ultrasensitive ECL Aptasensing of Kanamycin Based on Synergistic Promotion Strategy Using 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracar-Boxylic-l-Cysteine/Au@HKUST-1. Anal. Chim. Acta 2021, 1180, 338780,  DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338780

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    Ultrasensitive ECL aptasensing of kanamycin based on synergistic promotion strategy using 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracar-boxylic-L-cysteine/Au@HKUST-1

    Wen, Jing; Zhou, Lijun; Jiang, Ding; Shan, Xueling; Wang, Wenchang; Shiigi, Hiroshi; Chen, Zhidong

    Analytica Chimica Acta (2021), 1180 (), 338780CODEN: ACACAM; ISSN:0003-2670. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Herein, a sensitive and selective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was designed using Au@HKUST-1 as accelerator towards the perylene deriv. (PTC-Cys)/peroxydisulfate (S2O2-8) system for kanamycin (KAN) assay. Firstly, the PTC-Cys was prepd. by covalently binding L-cysteine to 3,4,9,10-perylenete-tracarboxylic acid, which was acted as the luminophore. Then Au@HKUST-1could play the part of effective catalyst to accelerate the electrochem. redn. process of S2O2-8to produce more sulfate radical anions (SO•-4), thus the ECL signal of the compd. was noticeably raised by 2.4 times in comparison with that in which only luminophore and S2O2-8 are present, achieving signal amplification of the ECL system. In the presence of KAN, aptamer was pulled down from the sensing interface, achieving a considerable enhancement of ECL intensity in S2O2-8 soln. Upon the optimal condition, our proposed strategy can quantify the concn. of KAN from 1.0 x 10-13 to 1.0 x 10-8 M with low limit of detection of 4.2 x 10-14 M (S/N = 3). Besides, our proposed ECL aptasensor exhibited excellent sensitivity, stability and specificity, and could be successfully applied to detect KAN in practical samples, which proved its potential to detect other antibiotics in food security.