Portable Heating and Temperature-Monitoring System with a Textile Heater Embroidered on the Facemask

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This article references 37 other publications.

1. 1

   Lane, K.; Ito, K.; Johnson, S.; Gibson, E.; Tang, A.; Matte, T. Burden and Risk Factors for Cold-Related Illness and Death in New York City. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 632,  DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040632

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2. 2

   Yang, J.; Zhou, M.; Li, M.; Yin, P.; Wang, B.; Pilot, E.; Liu, Y.; van der Hoek, W.; van Asten, L.; Krafft, T.; Liu, Q. Diurnal Temperature Range in Relation to Death from Stroke in China. Environ. Res. 2018, 164, 669– 675,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.036

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   Diurnal temperature range in relation to death from stroke in China

   Yang, Jun; Zhou, Maigeng; Li, Mengmeng; Yin, Peng; Wang, Boguang; Pilot, Eva; Liu, Yunning; van der Hoek, Wim; van Asten, Liselotte; Krafft, Thomas; Liu, Qiyong

   Environmental Research (2018), 164 (), 669-675CODEN: ENVRAL; ISSN:0013-9351. (Elsevier)

   Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world. It has multiple risk factors of which some, such as ambient temp., are less well documented. We aimed to examine the assocn. between diurnal temp. range (DTR) and stroke mortality, and to test the possible effect modification of this assocn. according to gender, age and educational level. Daily data on weather and stroke mortality from 16 provincial capital cities in China for the years 2007-2013 were obtained, with a total of 788,783 deaths from stroke. A quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression combined with a distributed lag non-linear model was used to examine the city-specific DTR effect on stroke mortality. The pooled effects of DTR on stroke mortality were then obtained using a meta-anal., which was based on restricted max. likelihood estn. The DTR impacts were generally limited to a period of eight days, while significant effects during lag 0-8 days were only found in the cities of Beijing, Zhengzhou, Nanjing, Hefei, Chongqing and Changsha. The DTR effects were significantly and neg. assocd. with latitudes at lag 0-10 days (rs = - 0.640, P=0.008). An increase of 1 °C in DTR was assocd. with pooled est. of 0.66% (95%CI: 0.28-1.05%), 0.12% (- 0.26% to 0.51%) and 0.67% (0.26-1.07%) increases in stroke mortality at lag 0-10 days during the total, hot and cold days, resp. The impact of DTR was much higher in southern China than in northern China [1.02% (0.62% to 1.43%) vs. 0.10% (-0.27% to 0.47%) ]. For the individual characteristics, only females, the elderly aged ≥ 65 years, and those with lower educational attainment were vulnerable to DTR. DTR has considerable effects on risk of mortality from stroke in various cities in China, esp. among the elderly, females, those with low educational level, and people living in southern China. The results can inform decisions on developing programs to protect vulnerable subpopulations from adverse impacts of DTR.
3. 3

   Polcaro-Pichet, S.; Kosatsky, T.; Potter, B. J.; Bilodeau-Bertrand, M.; Auger, N. Effects of Cold Temperature and Snowfall on Stroke Mortality: A Case-Crossover Analysis. Environ. Int. 2019, 126, 89– 95,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.031

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   Effects of cold temperature and snowfall on stroke mortality: A case-crossover analysis

   Polcaro-Pichet Sara; Kosatsky Tom; Potter Brian J; Bilodeau-Bertrand Marianne; Auger Nathalie

   Environment international (2019), 126 (), 89-95 ISSN:.

   BACKGROUND: We sought to determine if cold temperature and snowfall are independently associated with stroke mortality, and whether effects differ between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a case-crossover study of 13,201 stroke deaths utilizing weather records between the months of November and April for Quebec, Canada from 1981 to 2015. We compared exposure to cold temperature and snowfall with controls days when stroke death did not occur. We computed odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of minimum temperature and duration of snowfall with stroke, adjusted for change in barometric pressure and relative humidity. RESULTS: The likelihood of mortality the day following exposure to cold temperature was elevated for hemorrhagic stroke in men, independent of snowfall. Relative to 0 °C, a temperature of -20 °C was associated with 1.17 times the odds of hemorrhagic stroke death (95% CI 1.04-1.32). An independent effect of snowfall was also present in men, with 12 h of snowfall associated with 1.12 times the odds of hemorrhagic stroke death (95% CI 1.00-1.24) compared with no snowfall. There was no evidence of an increased risk in women. Cold temperature and snowfall were not associated with ischemic stroke death in either men or women. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that cold temperature and snowfall are independent risk factors for death from hemorrhagic stroke in men. These findings imply that interventions to prevent fatal hemorrhagic stroke during winter should include both cold temperature exposure and snowfall in men.
4. 4

   Amirkhani, M.; Ghaemimood, S.; von Schreeb, J.; El-Khatib, Z.; Yaya, S. Extreme Weather Events and Death Based on Temperature and CO2 Emission – A Global Retrospective Study in 77 Low-, Middle- and High-Income Countries from 1999 to 2018. Prev. Med. Rep. 2022, 28, 101846  DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101846

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   Extreme weather events and death based on temperature and CO2 emission - A global retrospective study in 77 low-, middle- and high-income countries from 1999 to 2018

   Amirkhani Maral; Ghaemimood Shidrokh; von Schreeb Johan; El-Khatib Ziad; El-Khatib Ziad; El-Khatib Ziad; Yaya Sanni; Yaya Sanni

   Preventive medicine reports (2022), 28 (), 101846 ISSN:2211-3355.

   Due to rising temperatures and CO2 emissions, climate change has become one of the most important global issues. We described the relationship between extreme weather-related events and death, globally, from 1999 through 2018. We used data from the emergency events database of the Universite Catholique de Louvain. We also categorized the countries' income according to the World Bank GDP and we used the CO2 emission levels data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center to link the GDP and CO2 emissions to years of extreme weather conditions in each country. We conducted descriptive and Poisson Regression analysis to analyze the data. A total of 77 countries reported 425 extreme weather-related events from1999 through 2018. Mortality related events were highest in middle-income countries due to severe winter conditions (N = 2,020) and cold-waves (N = 70,972). The total number of recorded deaths due to heat waves was highest in high-income countries (N = 84,344). Furthermore, the number of deaths in high-income countries, compared to low-income countries, was five-fold higher (IRR 5.18; 95%CI 4.58; 5.85, p < 0.001). The mortality rate in heat season was almost seven-fold higher than that in cold/severe winter (IRR 33.43; 95%CI 32.85; 34.02, p < 0.001). The number of deaths increased significantly with the repetition of extreme events (IRR 6.82; 95%CI 6.68; 6.96, p < 0.001). We found the number of deaths increased in high-income countries, and this was associated with an increase in the number of times extreme events occurred per year and with heat wave.
5. 5

   Dangers of Breathing Cold Air, Https://Coldavenger.Com/Blogs/News/18037160-Dangers-of-Breathing-Cold-Air, (accessed on September 14, 2022).

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6. 6

   D’Amato, M.; Molino, A.; Calabrese, G.; Cecchi, L.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; D’Amato, G. The Impact of Cold on the Respiratory Tract and Its Consequences to Respiratory Health. Clin. Transl. Allergy 2018, 8, 20,  DOI: 10.1186/s13601-018-0208-9

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   The impact of cold on the respiratory tract and its consequences to respiratory health

   D'Amato Maria; Molino Antonio; Calabrese Giovanna; Cecchi Lorenzo; Annesi-Maesano Isabella; D'Amato Gennaro

   Clinical and translational allergy (2018), 8 (), 20 ISSN:2045-7022.

   The increasing use, and sometimes the abuse, particularly in industrialized countries of air conditioning at home, in car, hotel and shopping centres has highlighted new emerging public health issues, resulting from exposure of the airways to cool air or, more properly, resulting from sudden temperature changes. This is part of a wider problem, relating to air quality in indoor environment, such as homes or offices, where people spend more than 90% of their time. In particular, if indoor exposure occurs quickly and without any gradual adaptation to a temperature 2°-3° lower than the external temperature and especially with a 5° difference (avoiding indoor temperature below 24°) and an humidity between 40 and 60%, there is a risk of negative consequences on the respiratory tract and the patient risks to be in a clinical condition characterized by an exacerbation of the respiratory symptoms of his chronic respiratory disease (asthma and COPD) within a few hours or days. Surprisingly, these effects of cold climate remain out of the focus of the media unless spells of unusually cold weather sweep through a local area or unstable weather conditions associated with extremely cold periods of increasing frequency and duration. Moreover, the energy consumed by air conditioning induces an increase of CO2 in atmosphere with increase of global warming. There is a need to better define the consequences of repeated exposure to cold air and the mechanisms by which such exposure could modify airway function and affect the outcomes of patients with pre-existing airway disease. This could help to promote adequate policy and public health actions to face the incoming challenges induced by climate change and global warming.
7. 7

   Komolafe, A.; Zaghari, B.; Torah, R.; Weddell, A. S.; Khanbareh, H.; Tsikriteas, Z. M.; Vousden, M.; Wagih, M.; Jurado, U. T.; Shi, J.; Yong, S.; Arumugam, S.; Li, Y.; Yang, K.; Savelli, G.; White, N. M.; Beeby, S. E-Textile Technology Review–From Materials to Application. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 97152– 97179,  DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3094303

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8. 8

   Faruk, M. O.; Ahmed, A.; Jalil, M. A.; Islam, M. T.; Shamim, A. M.; Adak, B.; Hossain, M. M.; Mukhopadhyay, S. Functional Textiles and Composite Based Wearable Thermal Devices for Joule Heating: Progress and Perspectives. Appl. Mater. Today 2021, 23, 101025  DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101025

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9. 9

   Zhang, L.; Baima, M.; Andrew, T. L. Transforming Commercial Textiles and Threads into Sewable and Weavable Electric Heaters. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 32299– 32307,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10514

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   Transforming Commercial Textiles and Threads into Sewable and Weavable Electric Heaters

   Zhang, Lushuai; Baima, Morgan; Andrew, Trisha L.

   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2017), 9 (37), 32299-32307CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

   We describe a process to transform com. textiles and threads into elec. heaters that can be cut/sewn or woven to fashion lightwt. fabric heaters for local climate control and personal thermal management. Off-the-shelf fabrics are coated with a 1.5 μm thick film of a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), using an improved reactive vapor deposition method. Changes in the hand feel, wt., and breathability of the textiles after the coating process are imperceptible. The resulting fabric electrodes possess competitively low sheet resistances-44 Ω/.box. measured for coated bast fiber textiles and 61 Ω/.box. measured for coated cotton textiles-and act as low-power-consuming Joule heating elements. The electrothermal response of the textile electrodes remain unaffected after cutting and sewing due to the robustness of the conductive coating. Coated, conductive cotton yarns can also be plain-woven into a monolithic fabric heater. A demonstrative circuit design for a soft, lightwt., and breathable thermal glove is provided.
10. 10

    Kwon, H.; Ul Hassan, N.; Lee, B. Toward an Inductively Powered Wearable Heater Using Conductive Thread Coil. In 2020 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (WoW); IEEE: Seoul, Korea (South), 2020; pp 242– 245.

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11. 11

    Shahariar, H.; Kim, I.; Bhakta, R.; Jur, J. S. Direct-Write Printing Process of Conductive Paste on Fiber Bulks for Wearable Textile Heaters. Smart Mater. Struct. 2020, 29, 085018  DOI: 10.1088/1361-665X/ab8c25

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    11

    Direct-write printing process of conductive paste on fiber bulks for wearable textile heaters

    Shahariar, Hasan; Kim, Inhwan; Bhakta, Raj; Jur, Jesse S.

    Smart Materials and Structures (2020), 29 (8), 085018CODEN: SMSTER; ISSN:1361-665X. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)

    In the printing of electronic materials for electronic textiles, reliability and durability of devices are of crit. importance. A unique capability of a direct-write (DW) printing process is introduced that takes advantage of ink penetration in fiber bulks, owed in part to the capillary action phenomena of conductive inks on the textile. As a result of the penetration, durability of the printed patterns improved in deformability and washability. To understand this phenomenon, the ink-to-substrate interaction of the Ag-based conductive ink on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) films, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nonwoven textiles, and nylon-PET nonwoven (Evolon) textiles are studied. Substrate properties such as surface roughness and porosity show a significant impact on the flow properties of ink. The penetration of the conductive ink into the fiber bulk created a unique fiber-ink composite structure that is structurally more stable under mech. deformation. Due to the high porosity and penetration to the cross-sectional direction, patterns on the PET nonwoven textiles showed less ink spreading on the surface and higher resistance compared to a densely structured Evolon textiles. The printed patterns were demonstrated as wearable textile heaters and showed reliable performance during mech. deformation, wash, and cyclic heating tests. Finally, a printed heater wrap was demonstrated on the human body to explain a use case scenario for the DW process for wearable electronics.
12. 12

    Wu, S.; Cui, Z.; Baker, G. L.; Mahendran, S.; Xie, Z.; Zhu, Y. A Biaxially Stretchable and Self-Sensing Textile Heater Using Silver Nanowire Composite. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 59085– 59091,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17651

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    12

    A Biaxially Stretchable and Self-Sensing Textile Heater Using Silver Nanowire Composite

    Wu, Shuang; Cui, Zheng; Baker, G. Langston; Mahendran, Siddarth; Xie, Ziyang; Zhu, Yong

    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2021), 13 (49), 59085-59091CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

    Wearable heaters have garnered significant attention from academia and industry for their great potential in thermotherapy. Silver nanowire (AgNW) is a promising conductive material for flexible and stretchable electrodes. Here, a resistive, biaxially stretchable heater based on AgNW composite is reported for the first time, where a AgNW percolation network is encased in a thin polyimide (PI) film and integrated with a highly stretchable textile. AgNW/PI is patterned with a 2D Kirigami structure, which enables const. resistance under a large tensile strain (up to uniaxial 100% strain and 50% biaxial strain). The heater can achieve a high temp. of ~ 140°C with a low current of 0.125 A, fast heating and cooling rates of ~ 16.5 and ~ 14.1°C s-1, resp., and stable performance over 400 heating cycles. A feedback control system is developed to provide const. heating temp. under a temp. change of the surrounding environment. Demonstrated applications in applying thermotherapy at the curvilinear surface of the knee using the stretchable heater illustrate its promising potential for wearable applications.
13. 13

    Hong, S.; Lee, H.; Lee, J.; Kwon, J.; Han, S.; Suh, Y. D.; Cho, H.; Shin, J.; Yeo, J.; Ko, S. H. Highly Stretchable and Transparent Metal Nanowire Heater for Wearable Electronics Applications. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4744– 4751,  DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500917

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    13

    Highly Stretchable and Transparent Metal Nanowire Heater for Wearable Electronics Applications

    Hong, Sukjoon; Lee, Habeom; Lee, Jinhwan; Kwon, Jinhyeong; Han, Seungyong; Suh, Young D.; Cho, Hyunmin; Shin, Jaeho; Yeo, Junyeob; Ko, Seung Hwan

    Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2015), 27 (32), 4744-4751CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)

    The results presented herein demonstrate that the Ag NW network/PDMS electrode prepd. exhibits good elec. conductance at high optical transmittance with superior mech., elec. and thermal stability to enable a stretchable and transparent heater for future wearable electronics applications. Due to its unique interfacial morphol., the STAN heater operates successfully operates under both elevated temp. (60°) and large strain (60%) with excellent reliability. At the same time, the resp. merits of PDMS and Ag NW are still preserved. Small volumetric heat capacity of PDMS enables fast thermal response, while the low ablation fluence threshold of Ag NW permits direct laser patterning of the percolation network without damaging the substrate for easy alteration of spatial temp. profile. Moreover, as these constituents are well known, widely studied and soln. processable with facile procedures, we expect that the resultant Ag NW/PDMS has high availability and scalability for future wearable applications.
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    Liu, X.; Jin, X.; Li, L.; Wang, J.; Yang, Y.; Cao, Y.; Wang, W. Air-Permeable, Multifunctional, Dual-Energy-Driven MXene-Decorated Polymeric Textile-Based Wearable Heaters with Exceptional Electrothermal and Photothermal Conversion Performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 12526– 12537,  DOI: 10.1039/D0TA03048A

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    14

    Air-permeable, multifunctional, dual-energy-driven MXene-decorated polymeric textile-based wearable heaters with exceptional electrothermal and photothermal conversion performance

    Liu, Xiaoya; Jin, Xiuxiu; Li, Lei; Wang, Jianfeng; Yang, Yanyu; Cao, Yanxia; Wang, Wanjie

    Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2020), 8 (25), 12526-12537CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    Multifunctional, high-performance wearable heaters are highly desired for future human health-related applications but are generally hindered by the absence of flexibility, air-permeability, and clothes-knittability. Here, polymeric textile-based wearable heaters are constructed by decorating an MXene on the fiber surface via a simple soln. dip coating technique. Alkali pretreatment of textiles enables strong interaction between the MXene and textiles through the synergistic effect of hydrogen bonds and phys. rivet action. These MXene-decorated textiles (M-textiles) not only maintain the innate flexibility, comfort, light-wt. and permeability characteristics of the textile substrates, but also exhibit exceptional heating performance including dual-driven energy conversion (electrothermal and photothermal), wide temp. range (40-174°C in electrothermal and 40-204°C in photothermal conversion), safe operating conditions (1-3.5 V for electrothermal, and NIR/FIR or abundant sunlight for photothermal conversion), and fast thermal response (reaching over 100°C within 25 s at 2.5 V or within seconds in photothermal conversion). Impressively, the M-textiles integrate superb resistance to fire and bacteria, and a high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency of 42.1 dB in the X-band. These multifunctional M-textile wearable heaters are highly promising for applications in warmth-keeping, thermotherapy, deicing, heating water, EMI shielding, and antibacterial and fire protection, and are ideal candidates for future health management and protection.
15. 15

    Wang, Q.-W.; Zhang, H.-B.; Liu, J.; Zhao, S.; Xie, X.; Liu, L.; Yang, R.; Koratkar, N.; Yu, Z.-Z. Multifunctional and Water-Resistant MXene-Decorated Polyester Textiles with Outstanding Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Joule Heating Performances. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1806819  DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201806819

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16. 16

    Wang, X.; Lei, Z.; Ma, X.; He, G.; Xu, T.; Tan, J.; Wang, L.; Zhang, X.; Qu, L.; Zhang, X. A Lightweight MXene-Coated Nonwoven Fabric with Excellent Flame Retardancy, EMI Shielding, and Electrothermal/Photothermal Conversion for Wearable Heater. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 430, 132605  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132605

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    16

    A lightweight MXene-Coated nonwoven fabric with excellent flame Retardancy, EMI Shielding, and Electrothermal/Photothermal conversion for wearable heater

    Wang, Xifeng; Lei, Zhiwei; Ma, Xianda; He, Guifang; Xu, Tong; Tan, Jing; Wang, Lili; Zhang, Xiansheng; Qu, Lijun; Zhang, Xueji

    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2022), 430 (Part_1), 132605CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Multifunctional wearable heater has attracted great interest in personal thermal management, but its potential safety hazards triggered by overheat remain. Herein, in order to minimize the risk of high-temp. induced ignition, a flame retardant Aramid nonwoven fabric was attempted to combine with the highly conductive MXene, where an intimate interface was constructed through their inherent abundant functional groups and the assisted plasma treatment. Interestingly, a very lightwt. wearable heater with electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI efficiency of 35.7 dB for single-layer fabric), electrothermal conversion (up to 263°C in 76 s at a supply voltage of 5 V) and photothermal conversion (up to 107°C after irradn. for 175 s at light intensity of 125 mW cm-2) properties was achieved. These integrated properties arose from the interlacing conductive network cooperated by nonwoven fabric and stacked MXene nanosheets, which facilitated the multiple reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves or light, as well as the low thermal cond. More importantly, the newly formed phys. barrier from carbonization of the MXene further enhanced the flame retardancy of nanocomposite fabrics, guaranteeing the security in use. This research provides a versatile yet efficient path to fabricate the new generation of safe wearable MXene-based heater, which will expand their working temp. range.
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    Gozutok, Z.; Agırbas, O.; Bahtiyari, M. I.; Ozdemir, A. T. Low-Voltage Textile-Based Wearable Heater Systems Fabricated by Printing Reactive Silver Inks. Sens. Actuators, A 2021, 322, 112610  DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2021.112610

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    17

    Low-voltage textile-based wearable heater systems fabricated by printing reactive silver inks

    Gozutok, Zehra; Agirbas, Oguzhan; Bahtiyari, M. Ibrahim; Ozdemir, A. Turan

    Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical (2021), 322 (), 112610CODEN: SAAPEB; ISSN:0924-4247. (Elsevier B.V.)

    The usage areas of textile materials are expanding day by day and provide different comfort features to the user. In this study, it was focused on designing a fabric with heating feature. By the help of printing particle-free silver inks on textiles, a low-voltage and light-wt. fabric heater was produced in wearable form using a low-cost fabrication process. To test the heating properties of the produced fabrics, a computer controlled electronic circuit was designed and implemented. The results proved that the heater designed in this work shows a very good heating performance with low voltage levels, after reaching 55°C in a short time (<10 s). The heating and cooling patterns exhibit very similar behavior. Moreover, the fabrics with the conductive printed electrodes show durable and robust heating performance in different shapes and voltage levels. One of the most important advantages of this fabric heater is safety, based on the low voltage operation and faster cooling than heating. In addn., this fabric heater has the advantage of being able to be raised to high temps. with low potential differences.
18. 18

    Shin, Y.-E.; Cho, J. Y.; Yeom, J.; Ko, H.; Han, J. T. Electronic Textiles Based on Highly Conducting Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Carbon Nanotube/Silver Nanobelt Hybrid Fibers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 31051– 31058,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08175

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    18

    Electronic Textiles Based on Highly Conducting Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Carbon Nanotube/Silver Nanobelt Hybrid Fibers

    Shin, Young-Eun; Cho, Joon Young; Yeom, Jeonghee; Ko, Hyunhyub; Han, Joong Tark

    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2021), 13 (26), 31051-31058CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)

    Highly stable conducting fibers have attracted significant attention in electronic textile (e-textile) applications. Here, we fabricate highly conducting poly(vinyl alc.) (PVA) nanocomposite fibers with high thermal and chem. stability based on silver nanobelt (AgNB)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) hybrid materials as conducting fillers. At 20 vol. % AgNB/MWCNT, the elec. cond. of the fiber dramatically increased (~ 533 times) from 3 up to 1600 S/cm after thermal treatment at 300°C for 5 min. Moreover, PVA/AgNB/MWCNT fiber resists the harsh conditions of good solvents for PVA as well as high temps. over the m.p. of PVA, whereas pure PVA fiber is unstable in these environments. The significantly enhanced elec. cond. and chem. stability can be realized through the post-thermal curing process, which is attributed to the coalescence between adjacent AgNBs and addnl. intensive crosslinking of PVA. These remarkable characteristics make our conducting fibers suitable for applications in e-textiles such as water leakage detectors and wearable heaters. In particular, heating behavior of e-textiles by Joule heating can accelerate the desorption of phys. trapped moisture from the fiber surface, resulting in the fully reversible operation of water leakage monitoring. This smart e-textile sensor based on highly stable and conductive composite fibers will pave the way for diverse e-textile applications.
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    Ahmed, A.; Jalil, M. A.; Hossain, M. M.; Moniruzzaman, M.; Adak, B.; Islam, M. T.; Parvez, M. S.; Mukhopadhyay, S. A PEDOT:PSS and Graphene-Clad Smart Textile-Based Wearable Electronic Joule Heater with High Thermal Stability. J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, 16204– 16215,  DOI: 10.1039/D0TC03368E

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    19

    A PEDOT:PSS and graphene-clad smart textile-based wearable electronic Joule heater with high thermal stability

    Ahmed, Abbas; Jalil, Mohammad Abdul; Hossain, Md. Milon; Moniruzzaman, Md.; Adak, Bapan; Islam, M. Tauhidul; Parvez, Md. Shohan; Mukhopadhyay, Samrat

    Journal of Materials Chemistry C: Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices (2020), 8 (45), 16204-16215CODEN: JMCCCX; ISSN:2050-7534. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    Intelligent, highly conductive, robust, and flexible electronic textile-embedded smart devices hold surging interest in the wearable personalized heating system or thermo therapy. However, designing of these structures with desirable thermo therapy properties hinges on certain aspects such as fast temporal responsiveness, localized tunable heating characteristics, reliability, and stable conductive media over several mech. disturbances as well as readily scalable opportunities. To address these issues, in this work, a facile and scalable dip-coating approach was devised to develop a stretchable, thermally stable, and electroconductive composite cotton textile with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (CGP). The electromech. properties of CGPs were greatly enhanced due to crystallog. and intra-intermol. hydrogen bond energy/distance modification. The CGPs fabricated through the systematic dip-coating and drying approach demonstrated outstanding morphol. synergies and structural benefits, providing effective endurance against deformations with excellent stable heating up to 60% strain. The composite heater endowed rapidly responsive (15-25 s) Joule heating characteristics, stable heating/cooling cycle and excellent durability to wash. The real-time operation of a wearable fabric heater attached to the finger and palm area of the hand is presented, suggesting its excellent avenues in the personalized electronic health care system through tunable and specific region-wise body temp. management for thermo therapy applications.
20. 20

    Wang, B.; Yang, K.; Cheng, H.; Ye, T.; Wang, C. A Hydrophobic Conductive Strip with Outstanding One-Dimensional Stretchability for Wearable Heater and Strain Sensor. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 404, 126393  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126393

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    20

    A hydrophobic conductive strip with outstanding one-dimensional stretchability for wearable heater and strain sensor

    Wang, Bo; Yang, Kun; Cheng, Haonan; Ye, Ting; Wang, Chaoxia

    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2021), 404 (), 126393CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) are popular materials for strain sensors that can detect joint movements and monitor human health. However, it is still a challenge to balance the mech. strength, resistance, wide function range and durability of CPCs. Herein, a textile-based CPCs, PFNS (polypyrrole/β-FeOOH modified nylon (contg. 30% polyurethane)), has been prepd. via in-situ hydrolysis of Fe3+ and in-situ polymn. of pyrrole. The stacked acicular β-FeOOH constructs more space for polypyrrole growth, rendering PFNS lower resistance (5 cm, 0.308 kΩ) and higher electrothermal temp. (50.4°C at 12 V) than PNS (without β-FeOOH, 5 cm, 0.493 kΩ, 41.3°C at 12 V). The rough polypyrrole layer endows PFNS with good hydrophobicity that can be still maintained under 100% strain and after electrothermal heating. The PFNS possesses outstanding one-dimensional stretchability (100% strain), fast response time (0.39-0.61 s) and recovery time (0.55-0.92 s) for the strains of 2.5%-10%, good sensitivity (3.24 MPa-1 in a high stress of 0.123 MPa and gauge factor of 3.06 in a 20% strain), and long-term sensing function (>1500 cycles). Furthermore, PFNS presents excellent detection capability for subtle, middle and large joint movements (e.g., pronouncing, back bending, push-up exercise, walking and jumping), indicating its flourishing prospect in wearable strain sensors.
21. 21

    Tian, T.; Wei, X.; Elhassan, A.; Yu, J.; Li, Z.; Ding, B. Highly Flexible, Efficient, and Wearable Infrared Radiation Heating Carbon Fabric. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 417, 128114  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128114

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    21

    Highly flexible, efficient, and wearable infrared radiation heating carbon fabric

    Tian, Tianhe; Wei, Xuedian; Elhassan, Ahmed; Yu, Jianyong; Li, Zhaoling; Ding, Bin

    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2021), 417 (), 128114CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)

    The IR radiation heating textiles have attracted increasing attention aiming to address the warmth retention issue in cold weather. It still remains challenging to develop high-efficiency heating products with fast heating rate and stable heat generation. Here, a highly flexible, efficient, and wearable IR radiation heating carbon fabric (CF) was rationally constructed using textile forming technique. Inspired by the biomimetic adhesion, the carbon fabric was chem. modified by dopamine to improve the interfacial activity on the fiber surface. IR radiation materials including tourmaline, ZrO2, and medical stone nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully introduced into the carbon fabric through interfacial adhesion. The permanent spontaneous polarization of both CF matrix and IR radiation NPs can induce an enhanced current in the heater by creating an addnl. elec. field, benefiting to produce a fast electrothermal response and favorable heat preservation. It was found that 30% tourmaline@PDA@CF, 9% ZrO2@PDA@CF, and 15% medical stone@PDA@CF exhibited excellent heat generation performance among different samples with different ingredients. The temp. can be rapidly raised up from room temp. to 58.3°C, 60°C, 59.5°C resp. for these three samples in 10 min under a voltage of 10 V. More importantly, the composite CF is highly shape adaptive and can be fully integrated into a neck guard or industrial carpet for real application. It is expected that this IR radiation heating CF can be widely applied in the fields of personal warmth, phys. therapy, biomedical treatment, and wearable flexible electronics.
22. 22

    Li, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Li, X.; Zhang, J.; Lou, H.; Shi, X.; Cheng, X.; Peng, H. A Smart, Stretchable Resistive Heater Textile. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 41– 46,  DOI: 10.1039/C6TC04399B

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    22

    A smart, stretchable resistive heater textile

    Li, Yiming; Zhang, Zhitao; Li, Xueyi; Zhang, Jing; Lou, Huiqing; Shi, Xiang; Cheng, Xunliang; Peng, Huisheng

    Journal of Materials Chemistry C: Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices (2017), 5 (1), 41-46CODEN: JMCCCX; ISSN:2050-7534. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    A new kind of flexible and stretchable strip-shaped thermochromic resistive heater (TRH) has been fabricated by incorporating an aligned carbon nanotube sheet and a thermochromic silicone elastomer. This strip-shaped TRH demonstrates rapid thermal response and high stability even under stretching at a speed of 2 mm s-1. The resulting TRH textiles woven from the strip-shaped TRHs are flexible, stretchable, and breathable, and they can stably work under various deformations such as twisting. The temps. of TRH textiles during working can be visually evaluated from the designed patterns for both high efficiency and safety. The weaving structure in the TRH textile is available for local heating, which has been demonstrated for thermal therapy.
23. 23

    Souri, H.; Bhattacharyya, D. Wool Fabrics Decorated with Carbon-Based Conductive Ink for Low-Voltage Heaters. Mater. Adv. 2022, 3, 3952– 3960,  DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00981H

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    23

    Wool fabrics decorated with carbon-based conductive ink for low-voltage heaters

    Souri, Hamid; Bhattacharyya, Debes

    Materials Advances (2022), 3 (9), 3952-3960CODEN: MAADC9; ISSN:2633-5409. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    Smart textiles have extensively progressed in recent years and have expanded the potential scope and market of textiles, esp. in areas of sensing, energy storage and heating. A great opportunity still exists to develop heaters based on natural fiber-based fabrics that are soft, light wt., and biodegradable. In this study, a simple, environmentally friendly, and scalable process to prep. highly conductive wool fabrics (CWFs) is reported. This multi-step process consists of stir coating and dip coating techniques using highly conductive ink based on graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and carbon black (CB) particles, followed by the cold-pressing process. Time-dependent temp. profiles and heat distribution anal. of the CWFs showed superior electrothermal performance to the heaters reported in the literature, reaching a surface temp. of more than 230°C with a low applied voltage of 4.5 V (or an equiv. input power of ∼7.2 W). To demonstrate their potential application, the concept of a sandwich-structured and large size heating device was designed and the device was fabricated using a 3 × 3 array of CWFs.
24. 24

    Salam, B.; Soo, G. C. Y.; Shan, X. C.; Lok, B. K. Washability of Flexible Printed Circuitry for Wearable Electronics Applications. In 2020 IEEE 22nd Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC); IEEE: Singapore, 2020; pp 207– 209.

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25. 25

    Han, S.; Kim, J.; Lee, Y.; Bang, J.; Kim, C. G.; Choi, J.; Min, J.; Ha, I.; Yoon, Y.; Yun, C.-H. Transparent Air Filters with Active Thermal Sterilization. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 524– 532,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02737

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    Transparent Air Filters with Active Thermal Sterilization

    Han, Seonggeun; Kim, Jaewon; Lee, Youngseok; Bang, Junhyuk; Kim, Cheol Gyun; Choi, Junhwa; Min, Jinki; Ha, Inho; Yoon, Yeosang; Yun, Cheol-Heui; Cruz, Mutya; Wiley, Benjamin J.; Ko, Seung Hwan

    Nano Letters (2022), 22 (1), 524-532CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)

    The worldwide proliferation of COVID-19 poses the urgent need for sterilizable and transparent air filters to inhibit virus transmission while retaining ease of communication. We introduce copper nanowires to fabricate transparent and self-sterilizable air filters. Copper nanowire air filter (CNAF) allowed visible light penetration, thereby can exhibit facial expressions, helpful for better communication. CNAF effectively captured particulate matter (PM) by mech. and electrostatic filtration mechanisms. The temp. of CNAF could be controlled by Joule-heating ≤100° with thermal stability. CNAF successfully inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli because of the oligodynamic effect of copper. With heat sterilization, the antibacterial efficiency against Geobacter anodireducens was greatly improved ≤99.3% within 10 min. CNAF showed high reusability with stable filtration efficiency and thermal antibacterial efficacy after 5 repeated uses. Our result suggests an alternative form of active antimicrobial air filter in prepn. for the current and future pandemic situations.
26. 26

    Shin, J.; Jeong, S.; Kim, J.; Choi, Y. Y.; Choi, J.; Lee, J. G.; Kim, S.; Kim, M.; Rho, Y.; Hong, S.; Choi, J. I.; Grigoropoulos, C. P.; Ko, S. H. Dynamic Pore Modulation of Stretchable Electrospun Nanofiber Filter for Adaptive Machine Learned Respiratory Protection. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 15730– 15740,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06204

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    Dynamic Pore Modulation of Stretchable Electrospun Nanofiber Filter for Adaptive Machine Learned Respiratory Protection

    Shin, Jaeho; Jeong, Seongmin; Kim, Jinmo; Choi, Yun Young; Choi, Joonhwa; Lee, Jae Gun; Kim, Seongyoon; Kim, Munju; Rho, Yoonsoo; Hong, Sukjoon; Choi, Jung-Il; Grigoropoulos, Costas P.; Ko, Seung Hwan

    ACS Nano (2021), 15 (10), 15730-15740CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)

    The recent emergence of highly contagious respiratory disease and the underlying issues of worldwide air pollution jointly heighten the importance of the personal respirator. However, the incongruence between the dynamic environment and nonadaptive respirators imposes physiol. and psychol. adverse effects, which hinder the public dissemination of respirators. To address this issue, we introduce adaptive respiratory protection based on a dynamic air filter (DAF) driven by machine learning (ML) algorithms. The stretchable elastomer fiber membrane of the DAF affords immediate adjustment of filtration characteristics through active rescaling of the micropores by simple pneumatic control, enabling seamless and constructive transition of filtration characteristics. The resultant DAF-respirator (DAF-R), made possible by ML algorithms, successfully demonstrates real-time predictive adapting maneuvers, enabling personalizable and continuously optimized respiratory protection under changing circumstances.
27. 27

    Faucher, S.; Lundberg, D. J.; Liang, X. A.; Jin, X.; Phillips, R.; Parviz, D.; Buongiorno, J.; Strano, M. S. A Virucidal Face Mask Based on the Reverse-flow Reactor Concept for Thermal Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. AIChE J. 2021, 67, e17250  DOI: 10.1002/aic.17250

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    A virucidal face mask based on the reverse-flow reactor concept for thermal inactivation of SARS-CoV-2

    Faucher, Samuel; Lundberg, Daniel James; Liang, Xinyao Anna; Jin, Xiaojia; Phillips, Rosalie; Parviz, Dorsa; Buongiorno, Jacopo; Strano, Michael S.

    AIChE Journal (2021), 67 (6), e17250CODEN: AICEAC; ISSN:0001-1541. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

    While facial coverings reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by viral filtration, masks capable of viral inactivation by heating can provide a complementary method to limit transmission. Inspired by reverse-flow chem. reactors, we introduce a new virucidal face mask concept driven by the oscillatory flow of human breath. The governing heat and mass transport equations are solved to evaluate virus and CO2 transport. Given limits imposed by the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 thermal inactivation, human breath, safety, and comfort, heated masks may inactivate SARS-CoV-2 to medical-grade sterility. We detail 1 design, with a vol. of 300 mL at 90° that achieves a 3-log redn. in viral load with minimal impedance within the mask mesh, with partition coeff. of ∼2. This is the 1st quant. anal. of virucidal thermal inactivation within a protective face mask, and addresses a pressing need for new approaches for personal protective equipment during a global pandemic.
28. 28

    Stavrakis, A. K.; Simić, M.; Stojanović, G. M. Electrical Characterization of Conductive Threads for Textile Electronics. Electronics 2021, 10, 967,  DOI: 10.3390/electronics10080967

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    Electrical characterization of conductive threads for textile electronics

    Stavrakis, Adrian K.; Simic, Mitar; Stojanovic, Goran M.

    Electronics (Basel, Switzerland) (2021), 10 (8), 967CODEN: ELECGJ; ISSN:2079-9292. (MDPI AG)

    In recent years, advancements in technol. are constantly driving the miniaturization of electronic devices, not only in the renowned domain of Internet-of-Things but also in other fields such as that of flexible and textile electronics. As the latter forms a great ecosystem for new devices, that could be functional such as heating garments or sensory, many suppliers have already started producing and bringing to market conductive threads that can be used by researchers and the mass public for their work. However, to date, no extensive characterization has been carried out with respect to the elec. performance of such threads and that is what this article is aiming to amend. Four com. available threads by two different suppliers were put under test, to establish their limitations in terms of max. power handling, both continuous and instantaneous. They were subsequently examd. at a microscopic scale as well, to verify any potential caveats in their design, and any hidden limitations. A preliminary profile for each of the four threads was successfully established.
29. 29

    Simić, M.; Stavrakis, A. K.; Sinha, A.; Premčevski, V.; Markoski, B.; Stojanović, G. M. Portable Respiration Monitoring System with an Embroidered Capacitive Facemask Sensor. Biosensors 2022, 12, 339,  DOI: 10.3390/bios12050339

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    Portable Respiration Monitoring System with an Embroidered Capacitive Facemask Sensor

    Simic, Mitar; Stavrakis, Adrian K.; Sinha, Ankita; Premcevski, Velibor; Markoski, Branko; Stojanovic, Goran M.

    Biosensors (2022), 12 (5), 339CODEN: BIOSHU; ISSN:2079-6374. (MDPI AG)

    Respiration monitoring is a very important indicator of health status. It can be used as a marker in the recognition of a variety of diseases, such as sleep apnea, asthma or cardiac arrest. The purpose of the present study is to overcome limitations of the current state of the art in the field of respiration monitoring systems. Our goal was the development of a lightwt. handheld device with portable operation and low power consumption. The proposed approach includes a textile capacitive sensor with interdigitated electrodes embroidered into the facemask, integrated with readout electronics. Readout electronics is based on the direct interface of the capacitive sensor and a microcontroller through just one analog and one digital pin. The microcontroller board and sensor are powered by a smartphone or PC through a USB cable. The developed mobile application for the Android operating system offers reliable data acquisition and acts as a bridge for data transfer to the remote server. The embroidered sensor was initially tested in a humidity-controlled chamber connected to a com. impedance analyzer. Finally, in situ testing with 10 volunteering subjects confirmed stable operation with reliable respiration monitoring.
30. 30

    Company DIS Export – Import Belgrade, Serbia.

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    Qureshi, S.; Stojanović, G. M.; Simić, M.; Jeoti, V.; Lashari, N.; Sher, F. Silver Conductive Threads-Based Embroidered Electrodes on Textiles as Moisture Sensors for Fluid Detection in Biomedical Applications. Materials 2021, 14, 7813,  DOI: 10.3390/ma14247813

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    Silver Conductive Threads-Based Embroidered Electrodes on Textiles as Moisture Sensors for Fluid Detection in Biomedical Applications

    Qureshi, Saima; Stojanovic, Goran M.; Simic, Mitar; Jeoti, Varun; Lashari, Najeebullah; Sher, Farooq

    Materials (2021), 14 (24), 7813CODEN: MATEG9; ISSN:1996-1944. (MDPI AG)

    Wearable sensors have become part of our daily life for health monitoring. The detection of moisture content is crit. for many applications. In the present research, textile-based embroidered sensors were developed that can be integrated with a bandage for wound management purposes. The sensor comprised an interdigitated electrode embroidered on a cotton substrate with silver-tech 150 and HC 12 threads, resp., that have silver coated continuous filaments and 100% polyamide with silver-plated yarn. The said sensor is a capacitive sensor with some leakage. The change in the dielec. const. of the substrate as a result of moisture affects the value of capacitance and, thus, the admittance of the sensor. The moisture sensor's operation is verified by measuring its admittance at 1 MHz and the change in moisture level (1-50) μL. It is obsd. that the sensitivity of both sensors is comparable. The identically fabricated sensors show similar response and sensitivity while wash test shows the stability of sensor after washing. The developed sensor is also able to detect the moisture caused by both artificial sweat and blood serum, which will be of value in developing new sensors tomorrow for smart wound-dressing applications.
32. 32

    Payne-James, J.; Byard, R. W.; Corey, T. S. Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine. J. Leg. Med. 2006, 27, 361– 366

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    Batteries Made from Recycled Face Masks, Https://Www.Springwise.Com/Innovation/Sustainability/Batteries-Made-from-Recycled-Masks, (accessed on September 15, 2022).

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    Zou, Y.; Bo, L.; Li, Z. Recent Progress in Human Body Energy Harvesting for Smart Bioelectronic System. Fundam. Res. 2021, 1, 364– 382,  DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.05.002

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    Recent progress in human body energy harvesting for smart bioelectronic system

    Zou, Yang; Bo, Lin; Li, Zhou

    Fundamental Research (2021), 1 (3), 364-382CODEN: FRUEBH; ISSN:2667-3258. (Elsevier B.V.)

    From every heartbeat to every footstep, human beings dissipate energy all the time. Researchers are trying to harvest energy from the human body and convert it into electricity, which can be supplied to electronic medical devices closely related to human health. Such an energy recycling form is currently a research hotspot in the fields of energy harvesting and bioelectronics. This review firstly summarizes the distribution and characteristics of three primary energy sources contained in the human body, including thermal energy, chem. energy, and mech. energy. Afterwards, the applicable energy harvesting technologies and corresponding working mechanisms for different energy sources are introduced. Some typical demos and practical applications of each type of human body energy harvesting technol. are also presented. Specifically, the advantages and crit. issues of different energy harvesting technologies are summarized, and corresponding promising solns. are also provided. Besides, the interaction strategies between various energy harvesting devices and the human body are summarized from the aspects of wearable and implantable applications. Finally, the concept of a self-powered closed-loop bioelectronic system (SCBS) is put forward for the first time, which organically combines portable electronic devices, implantable electronic medical devices, energy harvesting devices, and the human body. The prospect of symbiosis between the SCBS and the human body is provided. The demands and future development trends of the SCBS are also discussed.