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Investigating the Flexural Behavior of a Two-Span High-Performance Concrete Beam Using Experimentally Derived Stress Block Parameters
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  • Asif Iqbal A. Momin*
    Asif Iqbal A. Momin
    Department of Civil Engineering, BLDEA’s Vachana Pitamaha Dr. P.G Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Bijapur, Karnataka 586103, India
    *Email: [email protected]
    More by Asif Iqbal A. Momin
  • Aijaz Ahmad Zende*
    Aijaz Ahmad Zende
    Department of Civil Engineering, BLDEA’s Vachana Pitamaha Dr. P.G Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Bijapur, Karnataka 586103, India
    *Email: [email protected]
    More by Aijaz Ahmad Zende
  • Rajesab B. Khadiranaikar
    Rajesab B. Khadiranaikar
    Department of Civil Engineering, SECAB Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Bijapur, Karnataka 586109, India
    More by Rajesab B. Khadiranaikar
  • Abdullah H. Alsabhan
    Abdullah H. Alsabhan
    Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
    More by Abdullah H. Alsabhan
  • Shamshad Alam
    Shamshad Alam
    Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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  • Mohammad Amir Khan
    Mohammad Amir Khan
    Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotia College of Engineering, Knowledge Park I, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
    More by Mohammad Amir Khan
  • Mohammad Obaid Qamar
    Mohammad Obaid Qamar
    Department of Civil Engineering (Environmental Science & Engineering), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
    More by Mohammad Obaid Qamar
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ACS Omega

Cite this: ACS Omega 2023, 8, 20, 17992–17999
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https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c01197
Published May 9, 2023

Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under

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Abstract

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High-performance concrete (HPC) is increasingly used in construction due to its superior strength and durability. However, current stress block parameters used for designing normal-strength concrete cannot be safely applied to HPC. To address this issue, new stress block parameters have been proposed through experimental works, which are used for designing HPC members. In this study, the behavior of HPC was investigated using these stress block parameters. Two-span beams made of HPC were tested under five-point bending, and an idealized stress block curve was derived from the experimental stress–strain curve for grades 60, 80, and 100 MPa. Based on the stress block curve, equations for the ultimate moment of resistance, depth of the neutral axis, limiting moment of resistance, and maximum depth of the neutral axis were proposed. An idealized load–deformation curve was also developed, which identified four significant events: first cracking, yielding of reinforced steel, crushing of concrete with spalling of cover, and ultimate failure. The predicted values were found to be in good agreement with the experimental values, and the average location of the first crack was identified to be 0.270 L, measured from the central support on either side of the span. These findings provide important insights for the design of HPC structures, contributing to the development of more resilient and durable infrastructure.

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1. Introduction

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Concrete is the most commonly utilized building material across the world. It has been used for centuries in the construction of various types of structures, from simple residential buildings to complex bridges and high-rise buildings. In the past few years, the demand for high-performance concrete (HPC) has increased due to its superior properties and improved performance compared to conventional concrete. HPC is a type of concrete that has enhanced mechanical, physical, and chemical properties that are achieved by using a combination of advanced admixtures and/or high-strength cementitious materials. Innovations in concrete technology have led to the development of high-strength concretes such as high-strength concrete (HSC) and high-performance concrete (HPC), which have increased compressive strength and better long-term performance than conventional concrete. (1,2) HPC offers several advantages over conventional concrete, including lower permeability, enhanced durability, and greater resistance to environmental factors. (3,4) Reinforced HPC exhibits superior flexural behavior compared to reinforced normal strength concrete (NSC) or HSC, underscoring the importance of investigating its behavior under flexure. The design of reinforced concrete beams is governed by the strength and deformation characteristics of concrete under different types of loads, including flexure, shear, and axial loads. The study of the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams is of paramount importance to design a safe and reliable structure.
Designing HPC beams to withstand flexure can be a challenging task, as most standard codes and methods used for NSC cannot be applied to HSC. (5,6) To study the flexural behavior of higher-strength concretes, researchers have put forward stress block parameters and verified their experimental results, proposing substantial changes to current codes. (7−14) Stress block parameters have also been proposed for special types of concretes, such as geopolymer concrete (GPC). (15,16) However, it is unclear whether these parameters can be applied to HPC. While the ultimate strain of concrete recommended by the American code 441-R96 (17) is 0.003, other codes such as EC-2, (18) Canadian code, (19) and IS Code (20) limit it to 0.0035. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a thorough investigation of the design recommendations provided by various codes to accurately determine the strength of HPC beams under flexure.
This research aims to investigate the flexural behavior of two-span HPC beams with the help of experimental investigation and numerical analysis. The stress block parameters proposed for HSC and GPC will be examined for their applicability to HPC beams. The study will include the effect of various parameters, like beam depth, reinforcement ratio, and span-to-depth ratio, on the flexural behavior of HPC beams. This study will also provide insight into the behavior of HPC beams under flexure, and the results will be compared with the predictions of different codes. The knowledge gained from this study will be useful in designing safe and economical HPC beams under flexure, which will ultimately result in the development of safer and more durable structures.
The introductory section presents a brief overview of the importance of HPC in construction and the challenges associated with designing HPC members using current stress block parameters developed for normal-strength concrete. The study proposes new stress block parameters through experimental investigation and uses them to investigate the behavior of HPC. The testing procedure, including the preparation of the specimens, instrumentation, and loading arrangement, is described, followed by a detailed explanation of the data analysis methods, including the derivation of the idealized stress block curve and equations for the ultimate moment of resistance, depth of the neutral axis, limiting moment of resistance, and maximum depth of the neutral axis. Finally, the development of the load–deformation curve and the identification of the four significant events are explained. The paper aims to enhance the clarity and organization and emphasizes the significance of the findings for the design of HPC structures.

2. Methodology

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The current study aims to explore the performance of reinforced HPC beams in a five-point bending test, conducted experimentally on two-span beams, as illustrated in Figure 1. Eight beams, as presented in Table 1, were cast for the flexure test and subjected to a monotonic single-point load at each span under five-point bending. The concrete grade and the longitudinal tension reinforcement were varied in this experimental program. The rectangular beam size of 150 mm × 230 mm with a span length of 1500 mm is chosen for the test specimens for the flexure test. The HPC beams for the above-stated strength were cast for different areas of tension and compression steel to investigate the behavior of under-reinforced sections. For the casting of the beam specimen, steel of grade Fe-500 was used throughout the investigation in the current study. To prevent shear failure according to IS-code specifications, two-legged transverse reinforcements with a diameter of 10 mm were provided at a spacing of 100 mm. To ensure even distribution of stress, steel plates measuring 90 mm by 150 mm by 12.5 mm are placed at the beam’s supports and loading points. Compressive and tensile strains are measured using LVDTs affixed at the midpoint and center support of the specimens along the beam’s depth. To measure deformations of the hinge portion, a series of four LVDTs were fixed at the expected position of the plastic hinges. The position of these LVDTs is shown in Figure 2. A bearing of 150 mm on either side was provided to provide an overall length of 3.3 m. To ensure adequate stiffness at the mid-support of each beam, a pair of plates measuring 150 mm by 150 mm is incorporated into the beam, as demonstrated in Figure 3.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Two-span continuous HPC beam specimen in flexure.

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Figure 2

Figure 2. Beam specimen with LVDTs to measure ultimate strain.

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Photograph courtesy of Aijaz Ahmad Zende. Copyright 2023.

Figure 3

Figure 3. Connection at mid-support.

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Table 1. Details of Beam Specimens
   longitudinal reinforcement% of reinforcement (ρ) longitudinal reinforcement ratio ρ/ρb
designationtarget concrete strength (MPa)cube strength (MPa), fcktensioncompressiontensioncompressionbalanced reinforcement, ρbtensioncompression
60DB16084.983 # 12 mm2 # 16 mm1.2091.4334.8230.2510.297
60DB285.852 # 16 + 1 # 10 mm3 # 16 mm1.7132.1504.8730.3520.441
60DB383.643 # 16 mm2 # 20 + 1 # 12 mm2.1732.6714.7470.4580.563
80DB18090.213 # 10 mm2 # 12 + 1 # 8 mm0.8310.9755.1200.1620.190
80DB287.792 # 12 + 1 # 8 mm2 # 16 mm0.9751.4184.9830.1960.285
100DB1100107.683 # 12 mm2 # 16 mm1.1971.4186.1120.1960.232
100DB2108.612 # 16 + 1 # 10 mm3 # 16 mm1.7132.1506.1650.2780.349
100DB3102.733 # 16 mm2 # 20 + 1 # 12 mm2.1732.6715.8310.3730.458

3. Stress Block Parameters

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Various codal provisions have unique stress block parameters, which usually apply to a compressive strength lower than 50 MPa. As a result, efforts are being made to establish stress block parameters specifically for high-performance concrete (HPC). An idealized stress block curve for HPC is derived based on experimental data that takes into account three different concrete strength ranges. Polynomial curves that best fit the observed behavior of each concrete grade were drawn using data from experiments and a literature review. (21−26) These curves are presented in Figure 4. An idealized stress block curve, illustrated in Figure 5, is obtained by using the curves derived from the polynomial fitting of the experimental and literature survey data. The coefficients k1, k2, and k3 represent the stress factor, centroid factor, and area factor, respectively. The value of k1 is obtained by taking the mean of the stress values at ultimate strain, which is confirmed by other researchers. (27) The approximation of the k1 value was found to be consistent with the literature review. Additionally, for k2 and k3, which are obtained from an assumed stress block, the approximated values were found to be comparable to those reported in the literature. The values of x1 and x2 can be determined from the strain diagram as follows:
x1=23xuandx2=13xu
(1)

Figure 4

Figure 4. Stress–strain curves for HPC.

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Figure 5

Figure 5. Equivalent stress block parameters.

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The stress factor k1 is computed as the average stress at ultimate strain from experimental results for three concrete grades. The area factor k3 was determined by calculating the area of the stress blocks. Values of k1 and k3 are found to be 0.896 and 0.777, respectively.
Equation 2 provides a method to determine the depth of the centroid of compression zone from the extreme compression fiber by taking the moment of area. Using this method, the centroid factor k2 was found to be 0.405.
x¯=0.405xu
(2)
The total compressive force can be calculated using eq 3, which takes into account the coefficients k1, k2, and k3 and a partial safety factor of 1.3.
Cu=0.535fckbxu
(3)
The flexural strength of an HPC beam section can be determined by taking the moment of the compressive force, Cu or Tu, using eqs 4 and 5, which is based on the stress block parameters discussed above. Equations 6 and 7 give the depth of neutral axis (NA) and limiting moment of resistance.
Mu=0.535fckbxu(d−0.405xu)
(4)
Mu=0.87fyAstd(1−0.658Astfyfckbd)
(5)
Table 2 presents the proposed equations and stress block parameters.
Table 2. Stress Block Parameters and Proposed Equations
parameterequation/value
stress factor k1k1 = 0.896
centroid factor k2k2 = 0.405
area factor k3k3 = 0.777
flexural strength of reinforced HPC beam
depth of NA
(6)
limiting moment of resistance
(7)

4. Flexural Behavior of Two-Span HPC Beams

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In the case of two-span HPC beams, the ultimate moment of failure by experiment is calculated using the moment-distribution method. The maximum positive moment is considered the failure moment under ultimate load. The equations for maximum positive and negative moments as derived by the moment-distribution method are given by eqs 8 and 9.
The ultimate moment of resistance is predicted using the defined stress block parameters. The stress block-derived ultimate moment of resistance ranges between 0.81 and 1.02 times the experimental ultimate moment at failure, as shown in the results presented in Figure 6 and Table 3. The graph depicts a variation in the ratio of the predicted ultimate moment to the experimental moment as a function of tension reinforcement percentage and concrete characteristic strength. Figure 7 also depicts the variation of the ratios Mu/bd2 for both the predicted and experimental moments of resistance for the M60 grade of HPC. Hence, it can be noted that the above equation for the moment of resistance predicts desirable results for continuous beams.
Mu,+ve=0.15625wL
(8)
Mu,−ve=0.1875wL
(9)

Figure 6

Figure 6. Variation of Mu/Mexp with ρ and grade of concrete.

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Figure 7

Figure 7. Variation of Mu/bd2 with ρ for M60 grade.

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Table 3. Flexural Experimental Test Results
designationdfck (MPa)ρ (%)Pu (kN)xu (mm)Mu,exp (kN m)Mu,pred (kN m)Mu,pred/Mu,exp
60DB116484.981.209235.4522.5527.5923.810.86
60DB216285.851.713310.5031.6236.3932.500.89
60DB316283.642.173355.5040.7341.6639.770.95
80DB123790.210.831228.0014.7526.7224.670.92
80DB223687.790.975240.0017.7828.1328.671.02
100DB1164107.681.197250.0017.7929.3024.110.82
100DB2162108.611.713349.6024.9940.9733.080.81
100DB3162102.732.173367.5033.1643.0740.610.94

4.1. Load–Deflection Variation

The experimental data in Figures 8–10 depict load versus deflection curves of two-span HPC beam specimens. During the testing process, it was seen that the deformation capacities of some HPC beams decrease as the tension steel reinforcement increases at nearly the same load levels. This suggests that ductility increases by decreasing the tension steel reinforcement since the longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio has a greater impact than the strength of the concrete. Figure 11 displays an idealized load–deformation curve based on all beam specimens. The curve is divided into four segments, labeled A, B, C, and D, representing significant events observed during the experiments: first cracking, yielding of reinforced steel, crushing of concrete with spalling of cover, and ultimate failure, respectively. This idealized curve represents the behavior of all HPC beams tested in the study. The load–deformation curve in zones A and B corresponds to reduced beam stiffness, while zones C and D represent a reduction in the applied load. This behavior was observed in all tested beams.

Figure 8

Figure 8. Load–deflection curve for M60 grade.

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Figure 9

Figure 9. Load–deflection curve for M80 grade.

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Figure 10

Figure 10. Load–deflection curves for M100 grade.

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Figure 11

Figure 11. Ideal load–deflection curve.

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The selected experimental beam models were designed to be under-reinforced and were confirmed to be so after testing. The results of the experiments, including load, deflection, and the location of the first visible crack, are shown in Table 4. The first visible cracks were measured from the observer’s left support, and the deflections at failure were also recorded. As shown in Figure 12, the load at the first visible crack increased as the percentage of longitudinal tension steel and the grade of HPC increased. The average location of the first crack was found to be 0.270 L, measured from the central support on either side of the span. The beams failed in the tension zone, with a mean load of 76.70% of the ultimate load. The load at the first visible crack increased with an increase in the longitudinal reinforcement ratio. As the load increased, the cracks propagated due to the yielding of the reinforcing steel, followed by crushing of the concrete and spalling of the cover at the compression zones. Last, the load-carrying capacity was lost with the formation of a greater number of cracks. These results are important as they provide valuable information on the behavior of under-reinforced HPC beams under loading.

Figure 12

Figure 12. Load at first visible crack for two-span HPC beam specimens.

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Table 4. Observations at First Crack for Two-Span HPC Beam Specimens
beam designationpercentage of longitudinal tension steel (%)load at first crack (kN)deflection at first crack (mm)location of first crack from the left support of the observer in the tension zone (mm)crack width at failure (mm)
60DB11.2091807.000.61 L2.5
60DB21.7132226.800.30 L2.5
60DB32.1732487.600.09 L2.3
80DB10.8311824.000.17 L2.2
80DB20.9751873.650.21 L2.1
100DB11.1971937.800.17 L1.8
100DB21.7132638.520.30 L1.7
100DB32.1732948.100.31 L1.7

4.2. Crack Propagation

Figures 13–15 show the crack patterns and failure modes of beams tested for all grades. When the load was applied to the test specimen, a few hair cracks were seen, and with the further increase in load, the first crack appeared approximately near the center support, i.e., 0.270 L from the center support on either side. The cracks observed were in the form of a diagonal pattern starting from the top fiber of the beam for negative moments at an average distance of 0.13 L from the center support and moving toward the bottom center of the support from both sides, as shown in Figure 16 for beam specimen 60DB3. Simultaneously, for positive moments, the cracks appeared on the bottom fiber and propagated in a diagonal pattern toward the top and end supports, as shown in Figure 17 for beam specimen 100DB2. As the load on the HPC beam increased, the cracks began to move toward the supports due to an increase in shear stress. This behavior has been observed by numerous researchers in the study of high-strength beams, as documented in previous research papers. (28,29) However, for beam specimens 80DB1 and 80DB2, the final failure was due to shear cracks that developed at the supports. The increase in loading frequency resulted in the development of microcracks on the beams, which eventually progressed into macrocracks. In the case of specimen 60SB3, the width of the cracks at failure load reached as high as 2.6 mm. This finding is consistent with the observations made by several other researchers regarding the progression of cracks in high-strength beams under repeated loading. (30)

Figure 13

Figure 13. Crack patterns and failure modes for M60 grade.

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Figure 14

Figure 14. Crack patterns and failure modes for M80 grade.

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Figure 15

Figure 15. Crack patterns and failure modes for M100 grade.

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Figure 16

Figure 16. Crack pattern at mid-support for the M60 grade HPC 60DB3 beam specimen.

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Figure 17

Figure 17. Crack pattern at the center of the span for the M100 grade HPC 100DB2 beam specimen.

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4.3. Crack Width

Table 4 presents the crack widths measured during the ultimate load testing of the HPC beams. The experimental results revealed that the beams displayed vertical or flexural cracks before the final failure, with cracks extending beyond the pure bending zone, like flexural cracks. The findings suggest that with an increase in concrete strength, the crack widths decrease owing to the brittle behavior of the material. However, varying the longitudinal tension reinforcement ratio had a minimal effect on crack width. Concrete strength was found to have a greater influence than longitudinal reinforcement on crack width. Longitudinal tension reinforcement can help control crack widths in HPC beams. Using mineral admixtures to produce denser concrete with a stronger interface zone can also help reduce cracks. (31)

4.4. Neutral Axis (NA) Depth Variation

Table 5 shows the NA depth variation, which was experimentally obtained by studying the strain distribution at the tension reinforcement and compression zone of concrete. The data presented in Table 5 demonstrates that there is a direct relationship between the percentage of longitudinal tension reinforcement and the depth of the neutral axis in HPC beams. As the percentage of longitudinal tension reinforcement increases, so does the depth of the NA. This is because the increase in longitudinal tension reinforcement increases the tensile capacity of the beam, which in turn leads to a deeper NA to resist the increased bending moment. (32) The NA depth was found to decrease just after cracking, and at a later stage, it remained the same or decreased slightly. To investigate this behavior in more detail, comparisons were made between the experimentally obtained NA depth and the predicted values from equivalent stress block parameters developed for HPC using eq 6. These comparisons are shown in Table 5. It can be observed from both results, i.e., NA depth for HPC beams obtained by experimental results and predicted using stress block parameters developed for HPC, that a lower tensile reinforcement assures a ductile failure for HPC beams for all the three grades of concrete (M60, M80, and M100). It can be observed that the experimental NA depth xexp/d lies between 0.147 to 0.213 and xpred/d lies between 0.137 to 0.205. Thus, xpred/d is in the same range of xexp/d, which clarifies that the predicted stress block parameters suit the variation of NA depth for HPC. The present investigations considered an ultimate strain of 0.00375 for the development of stress block parameters to evaluate the predicted NA depth, which is higher than the ultimate strain of 0.003 mentioned by many other researchers. The ratios of xexp/dand xu, max/d as predicted from the stress block parameters as per eq 6 are also presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Variation of Neutral Axis Depth for Two-Span HPC Beam Specimens
beam designationpercentage of longitudinal tension steel (%)xpred/dxexp/dcompressive strain at 85% of Mutensile strain at 85% of Mu
60DB11.2090.1370.1470.330.00310.01805
60DB21.7130.1950.2030.460.00300.01185
60DB32.1730.2510.2570.580.00310.00903
80DB10.8310.0620.0640.150.00310.04580
80DB20.9750.0750.0810.180.00310.03519
100DB11.1970.1080.1180.270.00310.02355
100DB21.7130.1540.1620.370.00320.01676
100DB32.1730.2050.2130.480.00330.01208

5. Conclusions

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The present study experimentally investigated the behavior of two-span HPC beams under a monotonic five-point bending test. A total of eight beams were cast, varying the concrete grade and longitudinal tension reinforcement, to study the behavior of under-reinforced sections. The following conclusions are drawn from the present experimental work:
1.

This research paper presents stress block parameters specifically for HPC. The coefficient values obtained are k1 = 0.896, k2 = 0.405, and k3 = 0.77. It was found that stress block parameters designed for NSC are not suitable for HPC, and new parameters are recommended for designing HPC members.

2.

The experimental results showed that increasing the percentage of longitudinal tension steel for beams of the same grade of HPC led to an increase in the load corresponding to the first visible crack. The beams failed in the tension zone, with an average of 76.70% of the ultimate load. The cracks appeared on the bottom fiber and propagated diagonally toward the top and end supports as the load increased due to an increase in shear stress.

3.

Considering the experimental stress–strain curves of HPC for grades 60, 80, and 100 MPa, an idealized stress block curve is predicted using the best fitting curve. The equation for the moment of resistance of HPC beams is derived using the idealized stress block. The moment of resistance of the HPC beam specimens predicted using the derived equation agrees quite closely with the experimental flexural strength for two-span beams.

4.

Based on the observation of experimental load–deformation curves, an ideal load–deformation curve is proposed, which follows four significant events identified as first cracking, yielding of reinforced steel, crushing of concrete with spalling of cover, and ultimate failure.

5.

The results of the study indicate that increasing the amount of tension steel reinforcement in HPC beams can lead to a decrease in deformation capacity at a similar load level. Therefore, it is suggested that ductility can be improved by reducing the amount of tension steel reinforcement, as the longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio has a greater influence than the strength of the concrete.

6.

The experimentally obtained NA depth was compared to predicted values using stress block parameters developed for HPC, and it was found that a lower tensile reinforcement assures ductile failure for HPC beams for all three grades of concrete.

Author Information

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  • Corresponding Authors
    • Asif Iqbal A. Momin - Department of Civil Engineering, BLDEA’s Vachana Pitamaha Dr. P.G Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Bijapur, Karnataka 586103, India;  Email: [email protected]
    • Aijaz Ahmad Zende - Department of Civil Engineering, BLDEA’s Vachana Pitamaha Dr. P.G Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Bijapur, Karnataka 586103, India;  Email: [email protected]
  • Authors
    • Rajesab B. Khadiranaikar - Department of Civil Engineering, SECAB Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Bijapur, Karnataka 586109, India
    • Abdullah H. Alsabhan - Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
    • Shamshad Alam - Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
    • Mohammad Amir Khan - Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotia College of Engineering, Knowledge Park I, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
    • Mohammad Obaid Qamar - Department of Civil Engineering (Environmental Science & Engineering), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
  • Notes
    The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgments

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The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Researchers Supporting Project Number RSP2023R473, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

References

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This article references 32 other publications.

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    Mehta, P. K. High-performance, high-volume fly ash concrete for sustainable development. In Proceedings of the International workshop on sustainable development and concrete technology; Iowa State University: Ames, IA, USA. 2004 May 14. pp. 3– 14.
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    Kodur, V. K. R.; Dwaikat, M. Flexural response of reinforced concrete beams exposed to fire. ACI Struct. J. 2008 Mar, 9, 45– 54,  DOI: 10.1680/stco.2008.9.1.45
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    Ahmed, G. H.; Ahmed, H.; Ali, B.; Alyousef, R. Assessment of high performance self-consolidating concrete through an experimental and analytical multi-parameter approach. Materials. 2021 Feb 19, 14, 985,  DOI: 10.3390/ma14040985
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    Assessment of high performance self-consolidating concrete through an experimental and analytical multi-parameter approach
    Ahmed, Ghafur H.; Ahmed, Hawreen; Ali, Babar; Alyousef, Rayed
    Materials (2021), 14 (4), 985CODEN: MATEG9; ISSN:1996-1944. (MDPI AG)
    High-performance self-consolidating concrete is one of the most promising developments in the construction industry. Nowadays, concrete designers and ready-mix companies are seeking optimum concrete in terms of environmental impact, cost, mech. performance, as well as fresh-state properties. This can be achieved by considering the mentioned parameters simultaneously; typically, by integrating conventional concrete systems with different types of high-performance waste mineral admixts. (i.e., micro-silica and fly ash) and ultra-high range plasticizers. In this study, fresh-state properties (slump, flow, restricted flow), hardened-state properties (d., water absorption by immersion, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, stress-strain relationship, modulus of elasticity, oven heating test, fire-resistance, and freeze-thaw cycles), and cost of highperformance self-consolidating concrete (HPSCC) prepd. with waste mineral admixts., were examd. and compared with three different ref. mixes, including normal strength-vibrated concrete (NSVC), high-strength self-compacted concrete (HSSCC), and high-performance highlyviscous concrete (HPVC). Then, a multi parameter anal. approach was considered to identify the optimum concrete mix in terms of cost, workability, strength, and durability.
  7. 7
    Tintero, D. L.; Benito, E. K.; Maunahan, H. S.; Madlangbayan, M. S. Estimating the flexural strength of corroded reinforced concrete beams based on rectangular compressive stress block. J. Eng. Res. 2023 Jan 20, 11, 100005  DOI: 10.1016/j.jer.2023.100005
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  8. 8
    Ng, P. L.; Barros, J. A.; Kaklauskas, G.; Lam, J. Y. K. Deformation analysis of fibre-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams by tension-stiffening approach. Compos. Struct. 2020 Feb 15, 234, 111664  DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111664
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    Deformation analysis of fibre-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams by tension-stiffening approach
    Ng, P. L.; Barros, J. A. O.; Kaklauskas, G.; Lam, J. Y. K.
    Composite Structures (2020), 234 (), 111664CODEN: COMSE2; ISSN:1879-1085. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) is free from corrosion problem and is a viable alternative reinforcement material for concrete structures in lieu of steel reinforcing bars. Since FRP has lower elastic modulus compared to steel, the serviceability aspect of FRP reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) members should be particularly considered in the structural anal. and design. This study addresses the deformation anal. of FRP-RC flexural members with thorough consideration of the tension-stiffening phenomenon in post-cracking state. The approaches for analyzing the tension-stiffening flexural response of FRP-RC beams are presented. These include the use of empirical or theor. models to compute effective flexural stiffness, the use of finite element method in conjunction with nonlinear constitutive material models, and the use of tensile stress block in combination with member anal. Among them, the latter is a relatively simple anal. approach. Aiming for serviceability assessment of FRP-RC beams in structural engineering practice to circumvent sophisticated theor. approaches and constitutive models, parametrized tensile stress block is derived based on tension stress fields computed from finite element anal., and is proposed for use in member anal. for prediction of deflections. Four FRP-RC beam specimens tested in the literature are analyzed to verify the proposed tensile stress block. Close agreement between the exptl. and anal. results is achieved, thereby endorsing the applicability and reliability of the proposed method.
  9. 9
    Ziara, M. M.; Haldane, D.; Hood, S. Proposed changes to flexural design in BS 8110 to allow over-reinforced sections to fail in a ductile manner. Mag. Concr. Res. 2000 Dec, 52, 443– 454,  DOI: 10.1680/macr.2000.52.6.443
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  10. 10
    Ng, P. L.; Gribniak, V.; Jakubovskis, R.; Rimkus, A. Tension stiffening approach for deformation assessment of flexural reinforced concrete members under compressive axial load. ACI Struct. J. 2019 Dec, 20, 2056– 2068,  DOI: 10.1002/suco.201800286
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  11. 11
    Wang, X.; Liu, J.; Zhang, S. Behavior of short circular tubed-reinforced-concrete columns subjected to eccentric compression. Eng. Struct. 2015 Dec 15, 105, 77– 86,  DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.001
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  12. 12
    Gopalakrishnan, S.; Balasubramanian, K.; Krishnamoorthy, T. S.; Bharatkumar, B. H. Investigations on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing supplementary cementitious materials. ACI Mater. J. 2001 Jun 1, 199, 645– 664,  DOI: 10.14359/10540
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  13. 13
    Momin, A. I.; Khadirnaikar, R. B.; Zende, A. A. Flexural strength and behavioral study of high-performance concrete beams using stress-block parameters. Int. J. Eng., Trans. B 2021 Nov 1, 34, 2557– 2565,  DOI: 10.5829/ije.2021.34.11b.18
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  14. 14
    Lee, C. S.; Jeon, J. S. Drift limit state predictions of rectangular reinforced concrete columns with superelastic shape memory alloy rebars. J. Build. Eng. 2022, 54, 104546  DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104546
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  15. 15
    Kocaer, O.; Aldemir, A. Compressive stress–strain model for the estimation of the flexural capacity of reinforced geopolymer concrete members. ACI Struct. J. , 2022,  DOI: 10.1002/suco.202200914 .
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  16. 16
    Tran, T. T.; Pham, T. M.; Hao, H. Rectangular stress-block parameters for fly-ash and slag based geopolymer concrete. InStructures ; 2019 Jun 1. Vol. 19. pp. 143– 155 Elsevier.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  17. 17
    State of the Art Report on High-Strength Concrete Columns. ACI 441R-1996; American Concrete Institute.
    Google Scholar
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    British Standard Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures─Part; Thomas Telford 2004 Dec 23; 1(1): 230.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  19. 19
    Canadian Standards Association (CSA A23.3–04). Design of concrete structures; Canadian Standards Association: Mississauga, Ont. 2004.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  20. 20
    Standard I. Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of practice (IS-456: 2000); Bureau of Indian Standards: New Delhi, July. 2000.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  21. 21
    Nedderman, W. H. Flexural stress distribution in very-high strength concrete. PhD diss., University of Texas at Arlington, 1973.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  22. 22
    Rusch, H. Tests on the strength of the flexural compression zone. Bulletin Berlin, Deutscher Ausschuss Für Stahlbeton. 1955, 120, 94
    Google Scholar
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  23. 23
    Ibrahim, H. H.; MacGregor, J. G. Modification of the ACI rectangular stress block for high-strength concrete. ACI Struct. J. 1997 Jan 1, 94, 40– 48,  DOI: 10.14359/459
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    Tan, T.-H.; Nguyen, N.-B. Flexural behavior of confined high-strength concrete columns. ACI Struct. J. 2005 Mar 1, 102, 198– 205,  DOI: 10.14359/14270
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    Khadiranaikar, R. B.; Awati, M. M. Concrete stress distribution factors for high-performance concrete. J. Struct. Eng. 2012 Mar 1, 138, 402– 415,  DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000465
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    Zende, A. A.; Khadiranaikar, R. B.; Momin, A. I. Shear Behavior of High Strength Self-Compacting Concrete Slender Beams Without Web Reinforcement. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 2022 Mar, 26, 1,  DOI: 10.6180/jase.202301_26(1).0001
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    Zende, A. A.; Khadiranaikar, R. B.; Momin, A. I. A. Shear behaviour of high strength self-compacting concrete with varying stirrup spacing. Int. J. Struct. Eng. 2022, 12, 374– 387,  DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2022.126192
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    Aliş, B.; Yazici, C.; Özkal, F. M. Investigation of Fire Effects on Reinforced Concrete Members via Finite Element Analysis. ACS Omega 2022 Jul 20, 7, 26881– 26893,  DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03414
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    30
    Investigation of Fire Effects on Reinforced Concrete Members via Finite Element Analysis
    Alis, Betul; Yazici, Casim; Mehmet Ozkal, Fatih
    ACS Omega (2022), 7 (30), 26881-26893CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)
    Structural deterioration during fire leads to significant economic losses, severe injuries, and deaths. Research to accurately est. the impact of fire on structural security and performance, and to identify ways to reduce it, has been increasing recently with capital investments in the building and infrastructure sectors. This research aims to establish a reliable algorithm for simulating the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under thermal and structural loads. The proposed algorithm is based on the combination of thermal and structural analyses using the sequential link technique. These analyses use material characteristics such as cond., sp. heat, stress-strain relationship, and thermal expansion to capture thermal and structural responses during the heating phases according to Eurocode 1 and Eurocode 2 using the finite element method. Beam models in the study, which have been exposed to the ISO-834 fire curve, were designed to exhibit flexural failure. Nonlinear numerical anal. results have mostly coincided with the previous studies regarding the residual load-bearing capacity. Depending on the outcomes of the previous exptl. studies, an RC member's structural strength increases when the internal temp. is between 150 and 250°C and degrdn. starts after 300°C. This outcome has been supported by the previous numerical and exptl. studies, propounding the accuracy of preferred modeling and anal. approaches. As the essential distinctness of the research, the effects of elevated temps. on the bonding behavior between concrete and rebar were considered for numerical analyses.
  31. 31
    Momin, A. I. A.; Khadiranaikar, R. B.; Zende, A. A. Modulus of Elasticity of High-Performance Concrete Beams Under Flexure-Experimental Approach. In: Ranadive, M. S.; Das, B. B.; Mehta, Y. A.; Gupta, R (eds) Recent Trends in Construction Technology and Management. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering , 2023: vol 260. Springer: Singapore.
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    Junaid, M. T.; Elbana, A.; Altoubat, S.; Al-Sadoon, Z. Experimental study on the effect of matrix on the flexural behavior of beams reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars. Compos. Struct. 2019 Aug 15, 110930  DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.110930
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  • Abstract

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    Figure 1

    Figure 1. Two-span continuous HPC beam specimen in flexure.

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    Figure 2

    Figure 2. Beam specimen with LVDTs to measure ultimate strain.

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    Photograph courtesy of Aijaz Ahmad Zende. Copyright 2023.

    Figure 3

    Figure 3. Connection at mid-support.

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    Photograph courtesy of Aijaz Ahmad Zende. Copyright 2023.

    Figure 4

    Figure 4. Stress–strain curves for HPC.

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    Figure 5

    Figure 5. Equivalent stress block parameters.

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    Figure 6

    Figure 6. Variation of Mu/Mexp with ρ and grade of concrete.

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    Figure 7

    Figure 7. Variation of Mu/bd2 with ρ for M60 grade.

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    Figure 8

    Figure 8. Load–deflection curve for M60 grade.

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    Figure 9

    Figure 9. Load–deflection curve for M80 grade.

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    Figure 10

    Figure 10. Load–deflection curves for M100 grade.

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    Figure 11

    Figure 11. Ideal load–deflection curve.

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    Figure 12

    Figure 12. Load at first visible crack for two-span HPC beam specimens.

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    Figure 13

    Figure 13. Crack patterns and failure modes for M60 grade.

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    Photograph courtesy of Aijaz Ahmad Zende. Copyright 2023.

    Figure 14

    Figure 14. Crack patterns and failure modes for M80 grade.

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    Figure 15

    Figure 15. Crack patterns and failure modes for M100 grade.

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    Figure 16

    Figure 16. Crack pattern at mid-support for the M60 grade HPC 60DB3 beam specimen.

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    Figure 17

    Figure 17. Crack pattern at the center of the span for the M100 grade HPC 100DB2 beam specimen.

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  • References

    This article references 32 other publications.

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      Cheng, B.; Gu, X.; Gao, Y.; Ma, P.; Yang, W.; Wu, J. Rheological and Mechanical Properties of High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites with a Low Water–Cement Ratio. ACS Omega 2022 Mar 9, 7, 9142– 9151,  DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05068
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      Rheological and Mechanical Properties of High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites with a Low Water-Cement Ratio
      Cheng, Baojun; Gu, Xiaowei; Gao, Yuxin; Ma, Pengfei; Yang, Wen; Wu, Jing
      ACS Omega (2022), 7 (11), 9142-9151CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)
      High-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites (HPFRCCs) have been widely used in structural engineering due to their excellent performance. With the trend of lightwt. construction, these materials, which can be used in prefabricated components, are becoming more and more important. This study investigated the influence of the water-cement (w/c) ratio, within the 0.19-0.28 range, on the rheol. and mech. properties of HPFRCCs; the pore structure and microstructure were obsd. to evaluate its effect. An elastic modulus test showed that a smaller w/c ratio would result in a higher rigidity of the material. Both the yield shear stress and plastic viscosity decreased to significantly different degrees with an increasing w/c ratio; a decrease in the yield shear stress and plastic viscosity was conducive to air discharge from the composite and, hence, reduced the air content. Most of the internal pores had a diam. of 20-100 nm or larger than 200 nm, while the proportion of those with a diam. of 100-200 nm was relatively low. When the w/c ratio was below 0.22, the flexural and compressive strengths barely increased due to an increment in the no. of larger pores (i.e., diam. >200 nm). The results showed that the yield shear stress, plastic viscosity, pore uniformity, and the no. of pores with a diam. above 200 nm are the dominant factors affecting the HPFRCC performance at a low w/c ratio.
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      Mehta, P. K. High-performance, high-volume fly ash concrete for sustainable development. In Proceedings of the International workshop on sustainable development and concrete technology; Iowa State University: Ames, IA, USA. 2004 May 14. pp. 3– 14.
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      Kodur, V. K. R.; Dwaikat, M. Flexural response of reinforced concrete beams exposed to fire. ACI Struct. J. 2008 Mar, 9, 45– 54,  DOI: 10.1680/stco.2008.9.1.45
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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      Ahmed, G. H.; Ahmed, H.; Ali, B.; Alyousef, R. Assessment of high performance self-consolidating concrete through an experimental and analytical multi-parameter approach. Materials. 2021 Feb 19, 14, 985,  DOI: 10.3390/ma14040985
      6
      Assessment of high performance self-consolidating concrete through an experimental and analytical multi-parameter approach
      Ahmed, Ghafur H.; Ahmed, Hawreen; Ali, Babar; Alyousef, Rayed
      Materials (2021), 14 (4), 985CODEN: MATEG9; ISSN:1996-1944. (MDPI AG)
      High-performance self-consolidating concrete is one of the most promising developments in the construction industry. Nowadays, concrete designers and ready-mix companies are seeking optimum concrete in terms of environmental impact, cost, mech. performance, as well as fresh-state properties. This can be achieved by considering the mentioned parameters simultaneously; typically, by integrating conventional concrete systems with different types of high-performance waste mineral admixts. (i.e., micro-silica and fly ash) and ultra-high range plasticizers. In this study, fresh-state properties (slump, flow, restricted flow), hardened-state properties (d., water absorption by immersion, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, stress-strain relationship, modulus of elasticity, oven heating test, fire-resistance, and freeze-thaw cycles), and cost of highperformance self-consolidating concrete (HPSCC) prepd. with waste mineral admixts., were examd. and compared with three different ref. mixes, including normal strength-vibrated concrete (NSVC), high-strength self-compacted concrete (HSSCC), and high-performance highlyviscous concrete (HPVC). Then, a multi parameter anal. approach was considered to identify the optimum concrete mix in terms of cost, workability, strength, and durability.
    7. 7
      Tintero, D. L.; Benito, E. K.; Maunahan, H. S.; Madlangbayan, M. S. Estimating the flexural strength of corroded reinforced concrete beams based on rectangular compressive stress block. J. Eng. Res. 2023 Jan 20, 11, 100005  DOI: 10.1016/j.jer.2023.100005
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    8. 8
      Ng, P. L.; Barros, J. A.; Kaklauskas, G.; Lam, J. Y. K. Deformation analysis of fibre-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams by tension-stiffening approach. Compos. Struct. 2020 Feb 15, 234, 111664  DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111664
      8
      Deformation analysis of fibre-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams by tension-stiffening approach
      Ng, P. L.; Barros, J. A. O.; Kaklauskas, G.; Lam, J. Y. K.
      Composite Structures (2020), 234 (), 111664CODEN: COMSE2; ISSN:1879-1085. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) is free from corrosion problem and is a viable alternative reinforcement material for concrete structures in lieu of steel reinforcing bars. Since FRP has lower elastic modulus compared to steel, the serviceability aspect of FRP reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) members should be particularly considered in the structural anal. and design. This study addresses the deformation anal. of FRP-RC flexural members with thorough consideration of the tension-stiffening phenomenon in post-cracking state. The approaches for analyzing the tension-stiffening flexural response of FRP-RC beams are presented. These include the use of empirical or theor. models to compute effective flexural stiffness, the use of finite element method in conjunction with nonlinear constitutive material models, and the use of tensile stress block in combination with member anal. Among them, the latter is a relatively simple anal. approach. Aiming for serviceability assessment of FRP-RC beams in structural engineering practice to circumvent sophisticated theor. approaches and constitutive models, parametrized tensile stress block is derived based on tension stress fields computed from finite element anal., and is proposed for use in member anal. for prediction of deflections. Four FRP-RC beam specimens tested in the literature are analyzed to verify the proposed tensile stress block. Close agreement between the exptl. and anal. results is achieved, thereby endorsing the applicability and reliability of the proposed method.
    9. 9
      Ziara, M. M.; Haldane, D.; Hood, S. Proposed changes to flexural design in BS 8110 to allow over-reinforced sections to fail in a ductile manner. Mag. Concr. Res. 2000 Dec, 52, 443– 454,  DOI: 10.1680/macr.2000.52.6.443
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    10. 10
      Ng, P. L.; Gribniak, V.; Jakubovskis, R.; Rimkus, A. Tension stiffening approach for deformation assessment of flexural reinforced concrete members under compressive axial load. ACI Struct. J. 2019 Dec, 20, 2056– 2068,  DOI: 10.1002/suco.201800286
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    11. 11
      Wang, X.; Liu, J.; Zhang, S. Behavior of short circular tubed-reinforced-concrete columns subjected to eccentric compression. Eng. Struct. 2015 Dec 15, 105, 77– 86,  DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.001
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    12. 12
      Gopalakrishnan, S.; Balasubramanian, K.; Krishnamoorthy, T. S.; Bharatkumar, B. H. Investigations on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing supplementary cementitious materials. ACI Mater. J. 2001 Jun 1, 199, 645– 664,  DOI: 10.14359/10540
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    13. 13
      Momin, A. I.; Khadirnaikar, R. B.; Zende, A. A. Flexural strength and behavioral study of high-performance concrete beams using stress-block parameters. Int. J. Eng., Trans. B 2021 Nov 1, 34, 2557– 2565,  DOI: 10.5829/ije.2021.34.11b.18
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    14. 14
      Lee, C. S.; Jeon, J. S. Drift limit state predictions of rectangular reinforced concrete columns with superelastic shape memory alloy rebars. J. Build. Eng. 2022, 54, 104546  DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104546
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    15. 15
      Kocaer, O.; Aldemir, A. Compressive stress–strain model for the estimation of the flexural capacity of reinforced geopolymer concrete members. ACI Struct. J. , 2022,  DOI: 10.1002/suco.202200914 .
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    16. 16
      Tran, T. T.; Pham, T. M.; Hao, H. Rectangular stress-block parameters for fly-ash and slag based geopolymer concrete. InStructures ; 2019 Jun 1. Vol. 19. pp. 143– 155 Elsevier.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    17. 17
      State of the Art Report on High-Strength Concrete Columns. ACI 441R-1996; American Concrete Institute.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    18. 18
      British Standard Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures─Part; Thomas Telford 2004 Dec 23; 1(1): 230.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    19. 19
      Canadian Standards Association (CSA A23.3–04). Design of concrete structures; Canadian Standards Association: Mississauga, Ont. 2004.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    20. 20
      Standard I. Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of practice (IS-456: 2000); Bureau of Indian Standards: New Delhi, July. 2000.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    21. 21
      Nedderman, W. H. Flexural stress distribution in very-high strength concrete. PhD diss., University of Texas at Arlington, 1973.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    22. 22
      Rusch, H. Tests on the strength of the flexural compression zone. Bulletin Berlin, Deutscher Ausschuss Für Stahlbeton. 1955, 120, 94
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    23. 23
      Ibrahim, H. H.; MacGregor, J. G. Modification of the ACI rectangular stress block for high-strength concrete. ACI Struct. J. 1997 Jan 1, 94, 40– 48,  DOI: 10.14359/459
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    24. 24
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      Zende, A. A.; Khadiranaikar, R. B.; Momin, A. I. Shear Behavior of High Strength Self-Compacting Concrete Slender Beams Without Web Reinforcement. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 2022 Mar, 26, 1,  DOI: 10.6180/jase.202301_26(1).0001
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      Zende, A. A.; Khadiranaikar, R. B.; Momin, A. I. A. Shear behaviour of high strength self-compacting concrete with varying stirrup spacing. Int. J. Struct. Eng. 2022, 12, 374– 387,  DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2022.126192
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      Aliş, B.; Yazici, C.; Özkal, F. M. Investigation of Fire Effects on Reinforced Concrete Members via Finite Element Analysis. ACS Omega 2022 Jul 20, 7, 26881– 26893,  DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03414
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      Investigation of Fire Effects on Reinforced Concrete Members via Finite Element Analysis
      Alis, Betul; Yazici, Casim; Mehmet Ozkal, Fatih
      ACS Omega (2022), 7 (30), 26881-26893CODEN: ACSODF; ISSN:2470-1343. (American Chemical Society)
      Structural deterioration during fire leads to significant economic losses, severe injuries, and deaths. Research to accurately est. the impact of fire on structural security and performance, and to identify ways to reduce it, has been increasing recently with capital investments in the building and infrastructure sectors. This research aims to establish a reliable algorithm for simulating the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under thermal and structural loads. The proposed algorithm is based on the combination of thermal and structural analyses using the sequential link technique. These analyses use material characteristics such as cond., sp. heat, stress-strain relationship, and thermal expansion to capture thermal and structural responses during the heating phases according to Eurocode 1 and Eurocode 2 using the finite element method. Beam models in the study, which have been exposed to the ISO-834 fire curve, were designed to exhibit flexural failure. Nonlinear numerical anal. results have mostly coincided with the previous studies regarding the residual load-bearing capacity. Depending on the outcomes of the previous exptl. studies, an RC member's structural strength increases when the internal temp. is between 150 and 250°C and degrdn. starts after 300°C. This outcome has been supported by the previous numerical and exptl. studies, propounding the accuracy of preferred modeling and anal. approaches. As the essential distinctness of the research, the effects of elevated temps. on the bonding behavior between concrete and rebar were considered for numerical analyses.
    31. 31
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      Junaid, M. T.; Elbana, A.; Altoubat, S.; Al-Sadoon, Z. Experimental study on the effect of matrix on the flexural behavior of beams reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars. Compos. Struct. 2019 Aug 15, 110930  DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.110930
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.