This publication is Open Access under the license indicated. Learn More
Article
Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Potential of Phytogenic Selenium Nanoparticle- and Light Regime-Mediated In Vitro Caralluma tuberculata Callus Culture ExtractClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Amir Ali*Amir Ali*Email: [email protected]Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanMore by Amir Ali
- Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani*Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani*Email: [email protected]Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanPakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad 44000, PakistanMore by Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani
- Naveed Iqbal RajaNaveed Iqbal RajaDepartment of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanMore by Naveed Iqbal Raja
- Sher MohammadSher MohammadBiotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) Tarnab Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, PakistanMore by Sher Mohammad
- M. Sheeraz AhmadM. Sheeraz AhmadUniversity Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanMore by M. Sheeraz Ahmad
- Juan Pedro Luna-AriasJuan Pedro Luna-AriasDepartment of Cell Biology, and Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Ph.D. Program, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 07360, MexicoMore by Juan Pedro Luna-Arias
ACS Omega
Cite this: ACS Omega 2024, 9, 18, 20101–20118
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
research-article
Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under
CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
.
License Summary*
You are free to share (copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format within the parameters below:
Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.
Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.
Non-Commercial (NC): Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted.
No Derivatives (ND): Derivative works may be created for non-commercial purposes, but sharing is prohibited.
*Disclaimer
This summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials.
Abstract
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
In vitro plant cultures have emerged as a viable source, holding auspicious reservoirs for medicinal applications. This study aims to delineate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential of phytosynthesized selenium nanoparticle (SeNP)- and light stress-mediated in vitro callus cultures of Caralluma tuberculata extract. The morphophysicochemical characteristics of biogenic SeNPs were assessed through a combination of analytical techniques, including UV–visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-rays, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and zeta potential spectroscopy. The antioxidative potential of the callus extract 200 and 800 μg/mL concentrations was assessed through various tests and exhibited pronounced scavenging potential in reducing power (26.29%), ABTS + scavenging (42.51%), hydrogen peroxide inhibition (37.26%), hydroxyl radical scavenging (40.23%), and phosphomolybdate (71.66%), respectively. To inspect the hypoglycemic capacity of the callus extract, various assays consistently demonstrated a dosage-dependent relationship, with higher concentrations of the callus extract exerting a potent inhibitory impact on the catalytic sites of the alpha-amylase (78.24%), alpha-glucosidase (71.55%), antisucrase (59.24%), and antilipase (74.26%) enzyme activities, glucose uptake by yeast cells at 5, 10, and 25 mmol/L glucose solution (72.18, 60.58 and 69.33%), and glucose adsorption capacity at 5, 10, and 25 mmol/L glucose solution (74.37, 83.55, and 86.49%), respectively. The findings of this study propose selenium NPs and light-stress-mediated in vitro callus cultures of C. tuberculata potentially operating as competitive inhibitors. The outcomes of the study were exceptional and hold promising implications for future medicinal applications.
This publication is licensed under
CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
.
License Summary*
You are free to share(copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format within the parameters below:
Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.
Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.
Non-Commercial (NC): Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted.
No Derivatives (ND): Derivative works may be created for non-commercial purposes, but sharing is prohibited.
*Disclaimer
This summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials.
License Summary*
You are free to share(copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format within the parameters below:
Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.
Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.
Non-Commercial (NC): Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted.
No Derivatives (ND): Derivative works may be created for non-commercial purposes, but sharing is prohibited.
*Disclaimer
This summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials.
License Summary*
You are free to share(copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format within the parameters below:
Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.
Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.
Non-Commercial (NC): Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted.
No Derivatives (ND): Derivative works may be created for non-commercial purposes, but sharing is prohibited.
*Disclaimer
This summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials.
License Summary*
You are free to share(copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format within the parameters below:
Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.
Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.
Non-Commercial (NC): Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted.
No Derivatives (ND): Derivative works may be created for non-commercial purposes, but sharing is prohibited.
*Disclaimer
This summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials.
License Summary*
You are free to share(copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format within the parameters below:
Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.
Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.
Non-Commercial (NC): Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted.
No Derivatives (ND): Derivative works may be created for non-commercial purposes, but sharing is prohibited.
*Disclaimer
This summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials.
Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society
Introduction
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
Caralluma tuberculata is a valuable phytotherapeutic herb belonging to the Caralluma genus within the Apocynaceae family. Previously mentioned in the literature as Brussocia tuberculata, C. tuberculata is a petite, upright, and succulent perennial herb, reaching a height of 45 cm to 1 m. It is native and critically endangered in Pakistan, while also being present in arid regions across Asia, Africa, and southeastern Europe. This plant is not only utilized as an edible plant but also recognized for antidiabetic properties. (1) Research findings indicate that the succulent stem of C. tuberculata contains abundant secondary metabolites, including pregnane, flavonoid, gallic acid, ferculic acid, quercetin, catechin, rutin, reducing sugar, and tannin which exhibit robust antidiabetic potential. (2,3) These secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic compounds, play a pivotal role in counteracting oxidative stress. Beyond their capacity to donate hydrogen or electrons, these compounds serve as stable radical intermediates, effectively functioning as antioxidants. (4) Additionally, phenolic compounds offer protective effects to human consumers when these plants are included in their diet. (5) Generally, the antioxidative prowess of phenolic compounds within plant extracts demonstrates efficacy at low concentrations, bearing significance for the prevention of severe illnesses in humans. (6) An extensive investigation was conducted on the utilization of natural bioactive compounds and revealed promising effects in the treatment of various metabolic disorders. (93) Consequently, exploring the antioxidative potential of extracts derived from different plant species contributes to understanding their potential as sources of novel antioxidant agents. (7) The primary step in quantifying the antioxidant activity in plant extracts involves selecting an appropriate method. A range of methodologies exists for determining this parameter, but the wide variability in experimental conditions among these methods complicates the selection and meaningful comparison of outcomes across different studies. The existing methods for quantifying the antioxidant activity can be categorized according to the process through which the administered compounds operate, chain-breaking reactions, with the most commonly employed single electron transfer methods encompassing the ferric reducing assay, reducing power assay, hydrogen peroxide assay, and hydroxyl radical assay. (4)
Glucose stands as the principal bioenergetic source for nearly all biological entities. Glycolysis, a fundamental cellular progression, plays a pivotal role in the generation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). (8) The etiology of diabetes stems from chronically elevated blood glucose levels and impaired insulin production. Pancreatic cell damage leads to decreased insulin secretion, preventing glucose absorption into cells, and resulting in persistent blood glucose accumulation. This hyperglycemia compromises various bodily functions and establishes diabetes as a prominent global metabolic disorder. A recent investigation carried out by World of Statistics, a group affiliated with the Georgia State University Department of Mathematics and Statistics, indicates that Pakistan has the highest diabetes prevalence rate globally, standing at 30.8%. This comprehensive study collected data from 38 nations, with Pakistan leading the list, followed by Kuwait at 24.9% and Egypt at 20.9% (Dental News report 2023). (9)
Diabetes mellitus type-2 is often attributed to prolonged high glucose intake or the deterioration of pancreatic cells responsible for insulin production. This condition elevates the risk of cardiopathies, junction inflammation, renal ailments, excessive urine excretion, and myocardial infarctions. The majority of diabetic cases, over 95%, fall under type-2 diabetes, with the remainder attributed to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus arising from genetic anomalies in insulin-producing cells. (10) In the year 2014, the World Health Organization (11) documented a statistical finding, revealing that 85% of adults aged 18 and above were afflicted with diabetes. By 2019, diabetes was responsible for 1.5 million deaths, representing 48% of deaths attributed to diabetes, with an average age of around 70 years. As oxidative stress resulting from diabetes poses a significant threat to the body, the exploration of naturally nutrient-rich herbal sources as alternatives to synthetic antidiabetic drugs, which carry substantial health risks, becomes imperative. Consequently, the identification of novel and safe antidiabetic herbal sources is of paramount importance. Remarkably, C. tuberculata has gained substantial traction for diabetes care in both urban and rural residents. Earlier research has extensively investigated the diverse bioactive properties of Caralluma spp., including antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antirheumatic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The consumption of C. tuberculata as a medicinal nutrient-rich food has endowed it with a revered status, and its pharmacological applications continue to expand. (12) Various extracts derived from Caralluma species have exhibited beneficial antihyperglycemic effects, suggesting a promising avenue for diabetes management. An investigation clarified the antioxidant effects of C. tuberculata in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Various doses of C. tuberculata were administered, revealing that the use of C. tuberculata powder had a positive influence on blood glucose levels. Additionally, plant materials from C. tuberculata were observed to alleviate the oxidative stress induced by diabetes in rats. (70) Considering the outcomes, it is evident that the optimal dose of C. tuberculata exhibits noteworthy antioxidant and antihyperglycemic effects. Consequently, we suggest that C. tuberculata could be regarded as a preventive agent for safeguarding tissues against oxidative stress associated with diabetes complications. It examined the impact of the Caralluma fimbriata extract on insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Their research substantiated that the hydroalcoholic extract of C. fimbriata effectively enhanced the plasma glucose and insulin levels. Consequently, it can be inferred that the use of C. fimbriata extract may prove beneficial in mitigating insulin resistance and alleviating oxidative stress. (71) The antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of C. fimbriata was assessed in a diabetic rat model. The study results indicated that the ethanolic extract demonstrated superior antidiabetic activity in lowering blood glucose levels compared to that of the aqueous extract. The findings regarding the antidiabetic efficacy of the ethanolic extract support the traditional medicinal use of C. fimbriata as an efficient herbal remedy for managing diabetes in folk medicine. (72) Another examination also explored the antidiabetic properties of the alcoholic extract of Caralluma sinaica. The researchers observed a noteworthy decrease in glucose levels at different concentrations of C. sinaica, surpassing the effects of clinically available glibenclamide drugs. These favorable outcomes endorse the potential use of this plant as an effective antidiabetic agent in the treatment of this serious medical condition. (73)
The utilization of a plant in vitro culture for the fabrication of bioactive compounds has emerged as a promising avenue for advancing drug development and clinical research within pharmacology and medicine. Extracts derived from plant cell cultures, in the form of fractions and isolated compounds, have garnered significant attention as potential bioactive agents. (13,14) The induction of callus through in vitro cultivation has been observed to yield a diverse array of active compounds, including ferulic acid, catechin, rutin, coumarins, quercetin, caffeic acid, and gallic acid. The modulation of secondary metabolite production is affected by external stimuli such as nanoelicitors and light stress. (15) The scientific community has recently employed nanoparticles (NPs) in a variety of research fields because of their nano size, which ranges from 1 to 100 nm. (74) Biosynthesis has emerged as a viable approach for producing nanoparticles beneficial for both human health and the environment. Utilizing biological systems provides a rapid, efficient, and eco-friendly means of nanoparticle synthesis. (75) Moreover, the toxicity and size characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) can be tailored to suit specific applications. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, actinobacteria, fungi, yeast, microalgae, and viruses, have been extensively investigated for their ability to synthesize nanoparticles. (76) Researchers have explored green synthesis, employing plant extracts as a safe and environmentally friendly strategy to address concerns related to nanotoxicity. (77) To mitigate health and environmental risks, biosynthesis of nanoparticles is preferred, as they are produced and capped by reducing agents. Many studies have employed the biological technique, using different plant parts such as leaves, stems, roots, and fruits, to synthesize metal or metal oxide nanoparticles. Plants contain diverse biomolecules, including proteins, coenzymes, and carbohydrates, which aid in the reduction of metal salts into nanoparticles. Several plant species have been explored for their ability to stabilize and reduce selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). (78) Plant extracts, rich in various compounds, such as proteins, lignin, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, organic acids, and sterols, have been utilized for the green synthesis and stabilization of SeNPs. Aloe vera leaf extract, for instance, has been demonstrated to contain natural reductants and stabilizers, playing a crucial role in reducing Se salt and synthesizing SeNPs. (79) Additionally, Vitis vinifera (raisin) garlic clove extract (Allium sativum) has been employed as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the green synthesis of SeNPs. (80) Selenium (Se) plays a crucial role in plant growth, enhancing root development, glucose metabolism, and chloroplast ultrastructure. It facilitates chlorophyll biosynthesis, prevents chlorophyll degradation, and boosts antioxidant enzyme activity. (81,82) Recent investigations (83,84) indicate that the application of Se nanoparticles (Se-NPs) encourages higher production of secondary metabolites in plants. In line with this, a study by ref (85) demonstrated that Se-induced phenol and flavonoid accumulation in lettuce resulted in improved antioxidant efficacy and stress adaptation. Notably, the application of Se-NPs significantly elevated polyphenol levels and enhanced the antioxidant system in wheat plants, ultimately mitigating reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage to cellular organelles. SeNPs can act as a bioactive form of selenium and provide beneficial effects on plant cell growth. SeNPs possess strong antioxidant properties, which can help plants mitigate oxidative stress caused by ROS. (86) In vitro cultures, especially callus cultures, are often subjected to stress conditions, and the presence of SeNPs can protect the callus cells from damage caused by ROS. They can promote cell division and improve the overall biomass production, which is desirable in in vitro callus cultures aiming for regeneration. SeNPs at optimal levels are generally considered biocompatible and nontoxic to living organisms. This characteristic makes them suitable for applications in plant tissue culture systems, where they should not negatively affect the viability and development of callus cells. (2)
For this purpose, we have previously established a protocol for the interactive role of phytomediated selenium NPs and varying light treatments on the growth and biologically active compound production in in vitro C tuberculata callus cultures. (2) However, no report in the previous report exists on the investigations of antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of in vitro calli of C. tuberculata treated with SeNPs and light regimes. Therefore, the current study explored for the first time the antioxidant capabilities of SeNP- and light stress-mediated in vitro cultures of C. tuberculata in the presence of diverse radical species. This assessment confirms the potential utility of callus extracts for biological systems. Moreover, this study also scrutinized the blood sugar-lowering capability of the callus extract by suppressing the enzyme’s catalytic functions which are responsible for disaccharide and polysaccharide digestion, thereby reducing glucose release within the body. The callus extract from C. tuberculata acts as a competitive inhibitor in enzymatic reactions, assuming an antienzyme role. The comprehensive outcomes of various in vitro assays underscore that selenium nanoparticle- and light stress-mediated in vitro cultures of C. tuberculata exhibit considerable antioxidant capabilities and possess remarkable antienzyme potential. The findings from this investigation support the viability of employing SeNP- and light stress-mediated in vitro callus extracts from C. tuberculata for in vivo studies and subsequent pharmacological trials.
Materials and Methodology
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs)
For the green formulation of selenium NPs, about 5 g of weighed garlic cloves were meticulously collected and thoroughly rinsed with both tap and distilled water. Subsequently, the washed cloves were finely chopped and then introduced into distilled water (400 mL) under constant stirring. The resultant garlic extract was meticulously filtered via filter paper Whatman no. 1. The procedure for the formulation of SeNPs commenced with the preparation of a 10 mM salt solution of sodium selenite that was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, constituting 20 mL of volume. To this solution was cautiously added 10 mL of the previously prepared garlic extract dropwise, employing constant magnetic agitation. After the mixing process, the solution was subjected to pH 6, incubation period of 4 to 6 days, maintained at 36 °C, and agitated at 120 rpm using an orbital shaker. These incubation conditions were upheld in a light-free environment. The occurrence of SeNP formation was visually confirmed as the solution transitioned from its original colorless state to a distinctive brick-red hue. The ensuing mixture underwent a centrifugation step, characterized by a 15 min spin at 10,000 rpm and room temperature. The resulting pellet containing the SeNPs was subjected to two rounds of resuspension and centrifugation. The pellet was then delicately treated with 2 mL of methanol, and the purified SeNP-enriched pellet was meticulously dried and stored, awaiting its application in experimental procedures. (16)
Characterization of SeNPs
The initial verification of the existence of plant-based SeNPs was substantiated by using UV–visible spectrometry (UV-2300 TECHCOMP). The absorbance spectrum was then recorded across the wavelength range of 200–700 nm using a spectrophotometer. To discern the chemical moiety present in the SeNPs, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR Model NICOLET 6700, Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA) spectrometry was employed. For structural analysis of the SeNPs, a scanning electron microscope (JSM5910 JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) was employed. Elemental composition analysis of the phytosynthesized SeNPs was determined by using an energy-dispersive X-ray model (EDX SIGMA). (17) The patterns obtained from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) study of recently synthesized SeNPs were documented by using a Siefert X-ray diffractometer. To analyze the surface charge and particle size of the phytomediated SeNPs, the dynamic light scattering technique was performed by utilizing a Malvern Zetasizer nanosizer. The size analyzed ranged from 0.1 to 10,000 nm.
Collaborative Impact of Selenium NPs along Light Regimes on Callus Growth Kinetics and Proliferation
All callus cultures, which were initiated and had reached the fourth week of growth, were placed on culture media enriched with plant growth regulators (PGRs) (2,4-D: 0.5 mg/L and BA: 2 mg/L), as well as SeNPs at a 100 μg/L concentration. These cultures were then incubated under conditions of complete darkness for 2 weeks. After that, cultures were transferred to a standard light environment to facilitate callus proliferation. (2) The growth chamber conditions were carefully set to maintain a light cycle of 16 h, followed by an 8 h dark photoperiod. The temperature within the chamber was held at 25 ± 1 °C and 70% relative humidity. The proliferated calli were collected after 56 days and further used for antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.
Preparation of Callus Culture Extract
Approximately 300 mg calli samples were employed for further phytochemical constituent analysis. The powdered sample was crushed and then blended with 50% methanol. This mixture was kept on a shaker operating for 1 day at 24 rpm under 25–30 °C. Afterward, 30 min of sonication was followed by 30 min of vortexing and an additional 15 min of sonication. (18) The resulting sample mixtures were centrifuged for 10 min at 6500 rpm. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected, syringe-filtered, and then transferred into Eppendorf tubes. Samples were stored at 4 °C for phytochemical analysis.
Antioxidant Potential Evaluation of SeNP-Mediated Callus Culture of C. tuberuclata
ABTS Antioxidant Assay
The ABTS antioxidant assay was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of in vitro-derived calli extract, followed by the protocol of ref (19). The preparation of the mixture under reaction involved combining the callus extract (1 mL) of various concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) with 1 mL of ABTS + solution containing K2S2O8 as an oxidizing agent. 1 mL of methanol was employed as a negative control, whereas ascorbic acid functioned as the positive control. Following a 6 min incubation period, the absorbance of the reaction mixture was assessed at 734 nm to calculate the percentage of inhibition.
Assay for Hydrogen Peroxide Antioxidant Activity
The hydrogen peroxide activity assay was performed by following the protocol documented by Yakoob et al. (19) Various levels of callus extract (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) were equipped and each concentration was mixed with 300 μL of phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4), and 600 μL of hydrogen peroxide was strongly agitated for 10 min; then, the absorbance was analyzed by using a spectrophotometer at 230 nm. As a standard, C6H8O6 was utilized, while the blank solution consisted of a phosphate buffer.
Hydroxyl Radical Antioxidant Assay
The antioxidant potential of calli extract against the hydroxyl radical was conducted following the established procedure outlined in ref (10). The resulting reaction mixture has 750 μL of various concentrations of callus extract (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL), sodium phosphate buffer at 45, 15 μL of deoxyribose, 150 μL of a solution containing both FeSO4 (10 mM) and 10 mM of EDTA, 15 μL of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2:10 mM), and of deionized water (525 μL). Furthermore, the solution was incubated for a duration of 4 h. To stop the reaction, 75 μL of trichloroacetic acid (2.8%) and 75 μL of TBA (1% in a 50 mM NaOH solution) were introduced. The sample was then subjected to a 10 min heating period in a boiling water bath.
Reducing Power Assay
Reducing power activity was performed by using the methodology established by ref (22). In this assay, 100 μL of various levels of calli extract (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL), 1% potassium ferricyanide solution comprising 2.5 mL, was combined with 250 μL of a 0.2 mol/L sodium phosphate buffer solution. This resultant mixture was then incubated at a 50 °C temperature for a period of 30 min. To terminate the reaction, 2.5 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid was added; after that, centrifugation was done at 3000 rpm for about 10 min. The supernatant was collected, and 0.5 mL of 0.1% ferric chloride solution and 2.5 mL of deionized water were added. Subsequently, the absorbance was measured by a spectrophotometer (specifically, Model U-2900) at 700 nm.
Investigation of Total Antioxidant Activity by the Phosphomolybdate Method
The assessment of the total antioxidant potential of the callus extract was conducted following the procedure outlined by ref (20). In this procedure, 0.5 mL of the sample solution was combined with 4.5 mL of reagent solution, which includes 4 mM ammonium molybdate, 0.6 M sulfuric acid, and 28 mM sodium phosphate. Following that, the sample mixture containing tubes was placed in a water bath at 95 °C for a period of 90 min, and the absorbance was checked with the help of a spectrophotometer at 695 nm wavelength. The total antioxidant activity of the sample was quantified based on the 695 nm absorbance.
Hypoglycemic Potential
Glucose Uptake by Yeast Cells
For glucose uptake assessment, 5 μg yeast was mixed in 1 mL of deionized water and vigorously vortexed for about 10–15 min. Afterward, the solution was centrifuged at 21,000 rpm for 5 min. Subsequently, a 10% (v/v) yeast suspension was prepared in deionized water. In the experimental setup, 100 μL of various concentrations of callus extract (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) was taken and properly mixed with various concentrations (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L) of glucose solution (1 mL) and incubated at 37 °C for 10 min. A volume of 100 μL of yeast suspension was added for reaction initiation, followed by vortexing, and the entire solution was incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. The reaction mixture was then subjected to centrifugation at 3800 rpm (rpm) for 5 min, and the content of glucose was analyzed at 540 nm wavelength. (19) The percentage of glucose uptake by yeast cells was determined through the following formula
Glucose Adsorption Capacity
To determine the capacity of glucose adsorption, we followed the formula provided by ref (21). Various levels of callus extract (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) were individually combined with 1 mL of glucose solution at concentrations of 5, 10, and 25 mmol/L. The resulting mixtures were gently mixed and placed in an incubator at 37 °C for 6 h. After incubation, the samples were subjected to centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 20 min. The supernatant was collected, and the glucose content was determined by using a glucose oxidase-peroxidase assay, and the absorbance was measured at 520 nm. In this experiment, acarbose served as the positive control.
Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Assay
Alpha-amylase inhibition assays were conducted in accordance with the procedure described by ref (22). Different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) of DMSO-mediated callus extract were used. The reaction sample was prepared by adding 3 mg of alpha-amylase in a reaction mixture consisting of 20 molar (mM) phosphate buffer at pH 6.7, along with 6.5 molar (mM) sodium chloride. Subsequently, 250 μL of this prepared sample solution was combined with the callus extract, and this resulting mixture was subjected to incubation at 37 °C for 30 min. After the initial incubation, 250 μL of a 0.5% starch solution in a 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.9 was added, followed by further incubation at 37 °C. To terminate the reaction, 2 mL of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (96 mM) color reagent was introduced. After that, a microplate was placed in a water bath at boiling temperature for 5 min and allowed to cool at room temperature. The sample absorbance was measured through a UV–visible spectrophotometer at 540 nm wavelength, and Glucobay was used as the reference medication.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay
The alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity was conducted by following the protocol described by ref (23). Around 5 g enzyme powder was mixed in 1 mL of maleate buffer to form a dilute suspension. For the initiation of enzymatic reaction, 200 μL of the substrate was added specifically to p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, which was present at a concentration of 2 mmol. Subsequently, this mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Subsequently, to halt the reaction, the test tube containing the sample solution was placed in a water bath at boiling temperature for 5 min. Moreover, in the resulting reaction mixture, 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (100 μL) was added, and the absorbance was checked at 400 nm of the liberated p-nitrophenol by using a spectrophotometer. In this assay, the Glucobay drug was used as the standard.
Sucrase Inhibition Assay
In the assessment of sucrase inhibition potential, 10 μL of various concentrations of callus (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) and crude enzyme solution were combined with 100 μL of maleate buffer. This solution mixture was incubated for 10 min at 37 °C. The enzymatic reaction commenced with the introduction of 100 μL of the substrate, which consisted of 60 mmol of sucrose. Subsequently, again, the mixture was kept for incubation at 37 °C for 0.5 h in a water bath. To halt the reaction, the sample mixture containing glass tubes was immersed in a boiling water bath for 10 min. The quantification of the glucose liberated during this process was carried out by using a glucometer. A control sample without callus extract was included, with Glucobay serving as the reference medication. (10)
Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition Assay
The procedure outlined by Kim et al. (24) served as the basis for the assessment of this activity. About 80 μL of each callus extract, spanning a range of various concentrations (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL), was combined with phosphate buffer (90 μL) and 20 μL of porcine pancreatic lipase (4 mg/mL). This resulting sample was then subjected to incubation for 37 min at 37 °C temperature. The reaction was initiated by introducing 10 μL of p-nitrophenyl butyrate substrate (10 mM p-NPB) dissolved in dimethylformamide. The sample was incubated at 37 °C for 0.5 h, and then the inhibitory potential of lipase was estimated by assessing the hydrolysis of p-NPB to p-nitrophenol. An ELISA microplate reader (BK-EL10 C) was used to measure at a 405 nm wavelength, and Orlistat was employed as the standard.
Statistical Analysis
Each experiment was carried out using a set of three replicates. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 20, employing ANOVA (analysis of variance). To assess significant variations in means, Duncan’s multiple range test was used to differentiate between them.
Results and Discussion
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
Biosynthesis and Characterization of SeNPs
In our current research, we have confirmed that the use of garlic clove extract serves as an effective reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of SeNPs. We employed various characterization techniques to validate the formulation of the phytosynthesized SeNPs. The initial confirmation of nanoparticle synthesis was evident through a distinct change in color to brick red upon the addition of garlic extract (Figure 1). According to this method, after the addition of garlic clove extract, SeNPs were fabricated, reducing selenite to selenium, as shown by the color change. At the beginning of the reaction, the solution was colorless and then became brick red after incubation for 5 days in the orbital shaker, and the intensity of red color increased after 2 additional days of incubation, and then no further color changes were experienced. The red color of the mixture was due to the excitation of the surface plasmon vibration of the SeNPs, indicating that elemental SeNPs were formed. (16) Additionally, a UV–visible absorption spectrum in the range of 200–500 nm further confirmed the synthesis of SeNPs, with characteristic peaks observed at 262 nm, indicative of surface plasma resonance in the biosynthesized selenium NPs. This finding aligns with previous scientific reports that have observed similar peaks in garlic clove extract-mediated SeNPs. (16) To further investigate the role of garlic extract in reducing, capping, and stabilizing SeNPs, FT-IR spectroscopy was conducted. Our results revealed peaks at 3434 cm–1, confirming the presence of OH and NH groups, crucial in SeNP synthesis. Peaks at 2950, 1510, and 10220 cm–1 manifested the stretching of carbon and hydrogen bonds, stretching of the C═C alkene bonds, and stretching of the C–O group, suggesting the involvement of these functional groups in the reduction of sodium selenite by the clove extract. Additional absorption peaks at 1442 and 700 cm–1 may be attributed to the presence of aldehyde, carboxylic, oxygen, nitrogen, and amine groups. These findings align with earlier studies highlighting the importance of functional groups (C═C, O–H, N–H, and C═O) in the biosynthesis of SeNPs. (25,26) The size range of SeNPs was verified through SEM, which indicated a size range of 40–100 nm with a spherical shape. These observations are consistent with prior research on Brassica oleracea-mediated SeNPs, which exhibited similar spherical, rectangular, and irregular shapes, with sizes ranging from 10 to 25 nm. (27) Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) further substantiated the presence of selenium in the SeNPs, as indicated by atomic signals of selenium in conjunction with those of carbon, oxygen, and sodium. XRD analysis unveiled the amorphous character of SeNPs. The XRD spectrum exhibited prominent peaks, which were ascribed to metallic SeNPs adopting a trigonal phase. Additional peaks in the pattern were elucidated as indicative of the presence of selenium oxide, a result of partial oxidation due to the presence of oxygen in the medium. (28,29) The assessment of the zeta potential played a crucial role in evaluating nanoparticle stability. Zeta potential, representing the potential at the shear plane, provides valuable insights into the stability of colloidal dispersion systems. In our case, the particle size of the SeNPs was determined to be 60.43 ± 0.75 nm. The zeta potential analysis yielded a significant finding, indicating a robust level of stability. The graph displayed the particle size distribution, with the abscissa representing the size in nanometers and the ordinate indicating the corresponding intensity in percentage terms, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1
Figure 1. Visual representation of SeNPs biosynthesized via garlic clove extract. Sodium selenite salts were used as precursors in the synthesis. The bioactive compounds present in the garlic extract serve as reducing agents, donating electrons to the selenium precursor. This reduction step converts the soluble selenium ions into selenium atoms, which then aggregate to form nanoparticles. (2) This figure has been sourced from our previously published work, corresponding by Ali et al., (2) 2023. Ali A, Mashwani Z-u-R, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Luna-Arias JP, Ahmad A and Kaushik P (2023). Phytomediated SeNPs and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front. Plant Sci. 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325359 (https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Analysis of SeNPs synthesized via plant-mediated process. (A) Illustration depicting UV–visible spectrophotometry evaluation of green synthesis of SeNP peak at 262 nm. (B) SEM image illustrating SeNPs synthesized through a green process with 40–80 nm size. (C) XRD image of green synthesized SeNPs. (D) Electron-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis image of SeNPs synthesized via a green approach, verifying the presence of selenium. (E) Peaks at the FT-IR image of phytosynthesized SeNPs. (F) SeNP size distribution by intensity. (2) This figure has been sourced from our previously published work, corresponding by Ali et al., (2) 2023. Ali A, Mashwani Z-u-R, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Luna-Arias JP, Ahmad A and Kaushik P (2023). Phytomediated SeNPs and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front. Plant Sci. 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325359 (https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement).
Callus Proliferation
C. tuberculata, a plant recognized for its medicinal properties, edibility, and native status, carries substantial significance due to its abundance of bioactive metabolites, presenting a wide array of therapeutic possibilities. Nevertheless, sustainable cultivation of this plant confronts challenges like overexploitation, alterations in natural conditions, a sluggish growth rate, and insufficient biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in wild populations. Therefore, in our previous work, we meticulously examined the photocatalytic function of SeNPs in conjunction with optimized PGRs across various light conditions. We focused on their impact on the growth patterns and the production of bioactive antidiabetic compounds within the callus culture of C. tuberculata. (2) From this research, we observed that the synergistic application of phytosynthesized SeNPs alongside controlled light exposure resulted in significant disparities in both callus growth and the production of secondary metabolites (Figure 3). Among all the treatments we applied, the most favorable outcomes in terms of callus proliferation and secondary metabolite production were achieved with the judicious combination and appropriate concentrations of SeNPs (30) under specific culture conditions, involving a 2 weeks’ incubation in a dark environment, followed by exposure to normal light. The calluses that developed under the same approach were utilized to check their antioxidant activities and antidiabetic potential through in vitro assay.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Caralluma tuberculata Callus cultures were utilized for antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Callus grown on MS media supplemented with 2,4-D and BA (0.5 + 3 mg/L) under normal light (A). Callus grown on MS media supplemented with Se NPs (100 μg/L) + 2,4-D and BA (0.5 + 3 mg/L) subjected to complete darkness for 2 weeks, after which normal light conditions were restored (B). Ali A, Mashwani ZU, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Luna-Arias JP. (2) Phytomediated SeNPs and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front in Plant Sci. 2023 Sep 22; 14:1253193. (2) This figure has been sourced from our previously published work, corresponding to Ali et al., (2) 2023. Ali A, Mashwani Z-u-R, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Luna-Arias JP, Ahmad A and Kaushik P (2023). Phytomediated SeNPs and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front. Plant Sci. 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325359 (https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement).
Biological Activities (Antioxidant and Antihypoglycemic Potential) of SeNP-Mediated In Vitro Callus Culture Extract of C. tuberculata
C. tuberculata plant was specifically used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus ailments. Plant phenolic compounds are one of the most diverse and widespread groups of natural antioxidants and minimize the adverse effect of free radicals in organisms, cosmetics, and food products. The current study was focused on the biological properties of the in vitro callus material to confirm the ethno-pharmacological applications. Therefore, we have used the SeNP- and light regime-mediated callus culture extract for antioxidant and antihypoglycemic activities compared with untreated calli extract. Overall, SeNPs and light-treated callus extract showed strong antioxidant and antidiabetic potential due to the abundant amount of polyphenols and antidiabetic compounds (Figure 3).
Antioxidant Activities
Reducing Power
The presence of antioxidants is strongly correlated with reducing properties, contributing hydrogen atoms, disrupting free-radical chains, and exerting their antioxidative effects. (30) Consequently, it is plausible that C. tuberculata boasts an elevated antioxidant content, which interferes with radical chain reactions by engaging free radicals to establish stability. The robust antioxidant profile of C. tuberculata is elucidated by its performance in the reduction power assay. Thus, the present study delved into the effects of SeNP- and light-mediated conditions on C. tuberculata calli. The treated calli extract exhibited a reduced power activity of 26.29%. By comparison, the reducing power assay yielded values of 17.39% for untreated calli extract and 40.47% for the ascorbic acid scavenging potential (Figure 4a). The outcomes from the treatment involving SeNP- and light-facilitated callus extract were slightly below those of ascorbic acid, yet they displayed efficacy in quenching radicals as the extract concentrations increased. It is worth noting that the reducing power analysis presented concentration dependence and sensitivity to culture conditions. (31) In our study, calli exposed to the nanoparticles and light treatment exhibited a higher reducing power compared to untreated callus extracts. This contrast arises from the enhanced antioxidant systems developed in response to stress induced by ROS in the culture,. (32) The in vitro-cultivated C. tuberculata extract simulates the functions of diverse antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase. These enzymes initiate various biological outcomes, including counteracting intracellular ROS toxicity. Through the transfer of hydrogen atoms, these antioxidants thwart lipid peroxidation and disrupt the propagation of free-radical chains. (33) This efficient reducing capability swiftly extinguishes any radical species present in the environment surrounding the C. tuberculata methanolic extract. Similar observations emerged from another study involving callus extracts from C. tuberculata, where reducing power activity was exhibited. (34) Likewise, the reducing power of callus extracts from five distinct in vitro-cultivated Ocimum species (Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum basilicum, and Ocimum americanum) was also explored. The study unveiled notable activity primarily attributed to the heightened accumulation of polyphenols within the callus extracts. (35)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Antioxidant activities (a) demonstrate the reducing power of Caralluma tuberculata callus extract. (b) Illustration of the scavenging potential of Caralluma tuberculata callus extract against ABTS + radicals. (c) Exhibition of the quenching power of Caralluma tuberculata callus extract. (d) Display of the potential of Caralluma tuberculata callus extract to cleave hydroxyl radicals. (e) Depiction of the results of the phosphomolybdate assay for Caralluma tuberculata callus extract. For all antioxidant activities, the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Significance was determined by a p-value less than 0.05, and this determination was confirmed through post hoc testing.
ABTS Antioxidant Assay
The radical scavenging capability of the in vitro-cultivated callus from C. tuberculata underscores its effectiveness in ABTS + sanitation efforts. The ABTS + appraisal gauges the capacity of antioxidants to neutralize oxidizing agents generated by ABTS+. The formation of ABTS + radicals occurs through a potent interaction between ABTS + salt and potassium persulfate. As the potential of antioxidants to scavenge increases, there is a reduction in absorbance. The initial blue/green color of the ABTS + solution transitions to pale yellow and eventually becomes colorless. In the context of this study, the percentage scavenging efficacy of ascorbic acid registered at 45.24%. In comparison, the percentage for SeNP- and light-treated callus extract reached 42.51%, while untreated in vitro-cultivated callus extract exhibited a scavenging potential of 31.37%. This noteworthy scavenging potential holds promising implications for commercial applications (Figure 4b). Corroborating prior findings, Noreen et al. (36) demonstrated that extracts derived from C. tuberculata shoots exhibited the highest percentage reduction in ABTS + radical species. This phenomenon implies that callus extracts selectively counteract ROS within normal cells, safeguarding them from oxidative stress. (37) The outcomes of this investigation unveil that C. tuberculata callus has a significant medicinal value and beneficial phytochemicals boasting heightened antioxidant potential. This capacity to avert radical chain reactions stands out. Similarly, the extract from Caralluma flava demonstrated noteworthy radical-scavenging attributes in ABTS assays, positioning C. flava as a promising reservoir of antioxidants, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. (38) A study conducted by ref (90) examined the antioxidant and inhibitory capabilities of the methanolic extract from Secamone afzelii leaves. The findings revealed the extract’s remarkable total antioxidant activity, along with significant inhibition of DPPH, and ABTs. These inhibitory effects are attributed to the abundant presence of polyphenols, suggesting potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.
Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Assay
Hydrogen peroxide instigates the generation of hydroxyl radicals, which in turn induce lipid oxidation within uncovered cells, leading to DNA impairment and cell demise. Swift contact with hydrogen peroxide poses a significant risk to one’s well-being, as it triggers skin irritation where they intersect. Mitochondria, pivotal organelles governed by a specific enzyme influencing cellular development and mortality, play a crucial role. Fortunately, the enzyme responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide into harmless components is naturally present within cells. (39) In essence, the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide within bodily cells serves as a safeguard against more perilous agents such as superoxide radicals. However, when the body faces conditions of illness, these enzyme functions wane. Consequently, hydrogen peroxide levels surge beyond safe thresholds, diminishing scavenging capacity and culminating in lipid peroxidation. Recent research has illuminated the efficacy of SeNP- and light-mediated in vitro callus extracts from C. tuberculata in effectively curtailing hydrogen peroxide levels within cells. The potency of callus extract in scavenging hydrogen peroxide was contingent on the concentration (ranging from 50 to 800 μg/mL), as elucidated in Figure 4c. Remarkably, the scavenging potential of nanoparticle-treated and light-regulated callus extracts registered at 37.26%, signifying a slightly lower activity compared to the antioxidant prowess of ascorbic acid at 40.18%, and untreated callus extract at 27.53%. In comparison to earlier findings, the methanolic extract of Randia echinocarpa, Spondias pinnata, Gymnema sylvestre, and R. arvensis exhibited superior H2O2 scavenging abilities when evaluated for biological activities (40) The methanolic extract derived from the callus culture of C. tuberculata impressively quells hydrogen peroxide, potentially due to its phenolic groups, capable of donating electrons to neutralize hydrogen peroxide into harmless water (H2O) (Figure 5).
Figure 5
Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrates the antioxidant mechanisms of the bioactive constituents derived from C. tuberculata, focusing on their impact across various cellular organelles. These bioactive metabolites effectively traverse the plasma membrane, subsequently interacting with and binding to diverse organelles. This orchestrated interaction plays a pivotal role in neutralizing free-radical species. When a particular organelle generates ROS, the resultant byproducts are conveyed to other organelles. As these byproducts travel and reach different organelles, the bioactive compounds seamlessly associate with ROS molecules, preemptively mitigating any potential disruptions. This intricate interplay serves as a buffer against the emergence of oxidative disturbances. Consequently, these secondary metabolites emerge as crucial agents in diminishing oxidative stress, reinforcing cellular equilibrium.
Hydroxyl Radical (OH•)-Scavenging Activity
Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive chemical species with a fleeting existence. (41) Radicals lacking oxygen possess unpaired electrons, rendering them inherently unstable. Among ROS in biological systems, hydroxyl radicals cause the most damage. The decomposition of H2O2 primarily generates hydroxyl radicals. A significant concern is the absence of any enzymatic defense against hydroxyl radicals in living systems, unlike superoxide dismutase which can quench superoxide radicals. (42) Living organisms continuously produce primary ROS entities, namely O2– radicals and OH radicals, by converting oxygen into water through a reduction process. (39) Moreover, hydroxyl radicals possess a particularly detrimental trait in their aptitude to disrupt protein disulfides and denature fibrinogen. Consequently, proteins undergo abnormal unfolding and refolding, leading to structural deformities. (43) In vitro, cultivated callus extracts, treated with SeNPs and specific light conditions, exhibited a 40.23% degradation potential against hydroxyl radicals. Similarly, at the highest concentration of 800 μg/mL, ascorbic acid displayed a 42.47% degradation potential. Callus extracts grown without nanoparticle treatment exhibited a degradation potential. These radical species interact with antioxidants, which can effectively neutralize them before initiating harm. (44) C. tuberculata produces various secondary metabolites, many of which possess antioxidant properties. Thus, the current study aimed to verify the callus extract’s ability to scavenge free radicals (Figure 4d). Similarly, extracts from Schima wallichii demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of hydroxyl free-radical generation. Various plant extracts have also exhibited the capability to scavenge hydroxyl free radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. (45,48)
Phosphomolybdate Assay
The assessment of the total antioxidant capacity of the callus extract from C. tuberculata was conducted using the phosphomolybdate assay, as outlined by Prieto et al. (20) This method hinges on the capability of an extract containing antioxidant compounds to contribute an electron to Mo (VI), leading to its reduction to Mo (V) and the consequent formation of a green phosphomolybdenum V complex. This complex exhibits a maximum absorbance at 695 nm. Figure 4e illustrates the antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extract derived from the in vitro-grown callus of C. tuberculata. Notably, calli extract treated with SeNPs and specific light conditions displayed a remarkable antioxidant capacity of 71.66%. This was followed by ascorbic acid at 76.66%, while the untreated calli extract exhibited an activity of 59.33%. It is worth noting that ascorbic acid was employed as a positive control and proved to be comparatively more effective than that of the in vitro calli extracts (Figure 5e). In a similar vein, Khan et al. (49) delved into the phosphomolybdate assay applied to Launea procumbens. Their study unveiled a notable correlation between the results of the phosphomolybdenum assay and the polyphenolic content present in plant extracts. The results derived from the phosphomolybdate assay conducted on the callus extract of C. tuberculata, as reported in this study, potentially suggest the extract’s substantial richness in the antioxidant content. (46,47)
Hypoglycemic Potential of SeNP-Mediated In Vitro Callus Culture of C. tuberculata
Glucose Uptake by Yeast Cells
Insulin plays a crucial role in glucose regulation by facilitating its absorption from the bloodstream and storing it in glycogen stored in muscular and hepatic cells. Additionally, glucose undergoes utilizing glycolysis for ATP production, and any surplus glucose is converted into fat for long-term energy reservoir. However, in cases of hyperglycemia, such as when pancreatic cells oxidize and there is increased glucose intake through the diet, elevated blood sugar levels can occur due to reduced insulin levels, which impairs glucose absorption into liver cells. (50) While various medications are available for hyperglycemia, the growing number of diabetic patients motivates researchers to explore novel diabetes management approaches. Plant extracts are harnessed to mimic the insulin mechanism involving capturing excess glucose from the external environment and facilitating its absorption into yeast cells. Metformin, a widely recognized medication for hyperglycemia, served as the standard drug in our study. We tested three different glucose concentrations (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L), and at a concentration of 800 μg/mL, selenium nanoparticle-mediated callus extract exhibited a remarkable 72.18% glucose absorption for the 25 mmol/L glucose solution. For 5 and 10 mmol/L glucose concentrations, the same callus extract demonstrated glucose absorbance percentages of 60.58 and 69.33%, respectively (Figure 6). Metformin exhibited glucose absorption percentages of 78.37, 70.43, and 67.33% for the corresponding glucose concentrations (Figure 7). The affinity of the callus extract for glucose increased with higher glucose concentrations in the solution. In summary, SeNP-mediated and light-treated callus extract from C. tuberculata displayed a strong attraction to glucose molecules, equivalent to metformin. Correspondingly, Rehman et al. (51) reported that extracts from Cassia nimophila enhanced glucose uptake through the plasma membrane of yeast cells, with a linear increase observed with increasing test sample concentrations. In another study, Rehman et al. (51) found that the methanolic extract of Butea monosperma significantly promoted glucose uptake by yeast cells compared to the control. The antidiabetic properties of the methanolic extract from callus culture can likely be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds in C. tuberculata, as confirmed by our previous study. (2)
Figure 6
Figure 6. Graph illustrates the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard metformin (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing glucose uptake using the yeast cell assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard metformin (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing glucose adsorption assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Glucose Adsorption
The assessment of a natural drug’s potential as an antidiabetic agent often involves in vitro assays to determine its ability to adsorb glucose. These assays not only offer insights into its in vivo antidiabetic potential but can also shed light on the drug’s mechanism of action. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the glucose adsorption capacity of the in vitro C. tuberculata callus extract in comparison to a synthetic drug. The impact of the callus extract on in vitro glucose adsorption is illustrated in Figure 8. Our research revealed that the extract displayed a notable ability to adsorb glucose at various concentrations. Additionally, we observed a direct correlation between the amount of glucose and the extent of adsorption in the test sample. At a concentration of 800 μg/mL, the callus extract mediated by SeNPs displayed notable glucose absorption percentages of 70.51, 77.19, and 82.47% for glucose concentrations of 5, 10, and 25 mmol/L, respectively (Figure 7). Metformin, in comparison, demonstrated glucose absorption rates of 74.37, 83.55, and 86.46%, corresponding to the respective glucose concentrations (Figure 8). This suggests that the test extract possesses the capability to bind glucose even at lower concentrations. The ability of the callus extract to adsorb glucose is probably linked to the presence of secondary metabolites contained within the extract. Within the intestinal lumen, this glucose adsorption by the extract might play a role in mitigating the postprandial increase in blood glucose levels. (52) Comparable findings have been documented for fractions obtained from Averrhoa carambola, which exhibited significant glucose adsorption properties, aiding in the control of blood glucose concentration. (53)
Figure 8
Figure 8. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard Glucobay (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing the alpha-amylase inhibition assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Assay
Alpha-amylase, an enzyme found in the saliva of all animals, including humans, is an essential element of the gastrointestinal system that is released by the parotid glands. It functions optimally within a pH range of 6.7–7.0. (43) This intestinal enzyme plays a vital role in breaking down the 1,4 glycosidic linkage of polysaccharides and producing their monosaccharides, facilitating their incorporation into the bloodstream (43) (
Figure 9
Figure 9. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard Glucobay (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 10
Figure 10. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard Glucobay (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing the sucrase inhibition assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 11
Figure 11. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard Orlistat at three different concentrations (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing antilipase inhibition activity was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 12
Figure 12. Illustration of the inhibitory capacity of secondary metabolites in C. tuberculata against alpha-glucosidases and alpha-amylase is described schematically. These secondary metabolites operate by diminishing the creation of the complex formed between the enzyme and substrate through the occlusion of the enzyme’s active site. This decline in metabolic activity results in a diminished liberation of glucose from the bloodstream.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay
Alpha-glucosidases show a pivotal role in the breakdown of macromolecules such as starch and carbohydrates, converting complex polysaccharides into readily accessible monosaccharides, primarily glucose. (58) These enzymes specifically target the terminal alpha-1,4-linkages found in a number of carbohydrate residues. Alpha-glucosidase is predominantly synthesized in the small intestine, where it resides on the microvilli lining of the intestinal walls. Its primary function is to catalyze the cleavage of alpha (1 → 4) bonds within polysaccharides, thereby releasing monosaccharides into the surrounding environment (59) (Figure 12). In our current study, we employed phytosynthesized SeNPs and induced light stress during in vitro callus culture to serve as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity. This inhibition effectively reduces the hydrolysis of polysaccharides, indirectly regulating blood sugar levels. Our research results revealed that these nanoparticle- and light-stressed calli exhibited a remarkable 51.28% inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity at an 800 μg/mL concentration. Furthermore, we compared these findings to the performance of Glucobay, a widely recognized drug for hypoglycemia, which demonstrated 65.58% inhibition at 800 μg/mL concentration. Notably, at a lower concentration of 200 μg/mL, the enzyme inhibition achieved with our callus extract was 71.55%, whereas Glucobay achieved 45.83% inhibition, underscoring the effectiveness of our approach (Figure 9). The inhibitory percentages obtained with our callus extract closely approached the results obtained with the standard medication. The activity of α-glucosidase inhibited by the methanolic extract of C. tuberculata callus in our study likely stems from a combination of metabolites. The secondary metabolites present in C. tuberculata are known to interact with the various amino acids of α-glucosidase, either modifying or reducing its enzymatic efficacy. (60) This decrease or slowdown of enzyme activity causes a reduction in carbohydrate digestion, subsequently leading to lower glucose availability for intestinal absorption. (61) Prior studies have also shown that 37 out of 45 plant extracts of various plants possess the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase activity compared to acarbose. (62) There are three enzymes, alpha-amylase, sucrase, and alpha-glucosidase, responsible for the carbohydrates’ breakdown. Inhibition of these enzymes may cause carbohydrate digestion to be delayed and glucose absorption to be reduced; as a result, the blood glucose increase after a meal is reduced. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase are inhibited by drugs like acarbose, voglibose, and miglitol, but they create some unfavorable side effects in the body like bloating, intestinal discomfort, diarrhea, and so forth. (87) In consideration of this problem, an ethnopharmacological study lists over 1200 plants with antidiabetic activity that are used to treat DM, demonstrating the significance of conventional folk medicines. (88) Secondary metabolites in C. tuberculate may structurally resemble the natural substrates of these enzymes. By having a structure similar to that of the substrates, these metabolites can compete with them for binding to the active site of the enzyme. When the metabolite occupies the active site, it prevents the enzyme from interacting with its usual substrate, thus inhibiting the enzymatic reaction. Some bioactive compounds act as noncompetitive inhibitors by binding to a site on the enzyme other than the active site. This binding induces a conformational change in the enzyme that alters its catalytic efficiency. Noncompetitive inhibition does not involve direct competition with the substrate, but it still hinders the enzyme’s ability to function effectively. It can also influence gene expression, leading to a reduction in the level of production of enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion. This indirect effect decreases the overall activity of alpha-amylase, sucrase, and glucosidase. (89)
Sucrase Inhibition Assay
Every day, the human body relies on a multitude of enzymes that serve a wide range of functions. These enzymes play distinct roles in regulating various aspects of cellular metabolism. Among them, sucrase is a crucial enzyme responsible for breaking down sucrose, which is a major component of our daily dietary intake. (58) Sucrase is an enzyme responsible for cleaving alpha 1–4 glycosidic bonds, liberating glucose and fructose molecules within the organism. These monosaccharides are efficiently captivated through the microvilli’s surfaces during digestion, specifically at the tips or apex of the small intestine epithelium. The process of disaccharide breakdown into monosaccharides and their subsequent absorption into the bloodstream lead to an elevation in blood glucose levels. This can give rise to metabolic challenges in the form of hyperglycemia, as observed in prior research by Yakoob et al. (19) in 2016 and Preety et al. in 2020. (91) The inhibition of sucrase by in vitro-raised C. tuberculata extract from callus leads to a decrease in sucrose breakdown, indirectly resulting in a reduction in glycemic levels. At elevated concentrations of 800 μg/mL Se NPs and light stress-treated calli extract, the inhibitory potential was 59.24% and that of standard Glucobay was 67.48%, respectively (Figure 10). While untreated calli extract showed 51.66% inhibition. Se NP- and light-stress-mediated calli extract inhibitory effect were observed to tightly bind to the enzyme’s active site, rendering it incapable of performing its catalytic function. While numerous studies have explored the sucrase activity of plant extracts, it is unfortunate that no data are reported regarding the in vitro sucrase activity of callus extracts from C. tuberculata. These results align with the previous study, which also observed sucrase-inhibitory activity in the tested plants Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Rhodiola crenulata and were examined to diminish the catalytic efficacy of the sucrase enzyme, thereby reducing its ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose. (31,64) Food-inspired peptides from spinach Rubisco have been tested for their antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity in vitro and in vivo to evaluate their ability to maintain or lose the original activity. (92) The peptides show the best antioxidant and inhibitory activities suggesting a possible use in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a potential drug in new nutraceutical properties.
Antilipase Inhibition Activity
Obesity is a severe metabolic disease that is characterized by irregularities in calorie consumption and expenditure. Efficient lipid digestion is crucial, and pancreatic lipase plays a key role in this process that is produced and released by the pancreas. The exploration of medicinally important plants and their phytoconstituent’s effects on lipase enzymes and triglyceride absorption has gained significant attention. Natural compounds found in plants have shown promise in combating obesity, and current strategies are shifting toward managing obesity with these natural products, which contain numerous phytochemicals that can synergistically act against antiobesity. (65) The antilipase potential is one of the extensively researched mechanisms for evaluating the potential effectiveness of natural products as agents to combat obesity. (12) In our recent research study, we prepared methanolic extracts from the callus culture of C. tuberculata and investigated their antilipase activity by using various concentrations from 0 to 800 μg/mL. The inhibitory activities against lipase enzymes are depicted in Figure 11. Both the Orlistat drug and the callus extracts exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory potential. As the concentration of Orlistat and callus extracts increased, the lipase inhibition activity also increased. Notably, among all the examined extracts at various concentrations, the phytosynthesized SeNP- and light stress-mediated in vitro callus extract demonstrated significant in vitro inhibition of porcine pancreatic lipase activity (74.26%) at 800 μg/mL concentration. Furthermore, the methanolic extract from untreated calli showed 50.48% inhibition of porcine pancreatic lipase. The outcomes of the current study were compared to the standard antilipase compound, Orlistat, which exhibited 71.30% antilipase inhibition activity. Orlistat, a pharmaceutical compound derived from the Streptomyces toxytricini bacterium, is a conventional medication in the market recognized for its ability to block the activity of pancreatic lipase enzymes. This enzyme plays a crucial role in breaking down dietary triglycerides (DTG) in the small intestine. Nevertheless, the prolonged use of Orlistat has been linked to undesirable consequences, such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal issues. (66) Plants are believed to exert antiobesity effects through various mechanisms, including the digestion and absorption of lipids, enhanced energy expenditure, reduced lipogenesis, and increased triglyceride breakdown. Previous studies have explored the efficacy of various medicinal and edible plant extracts, affirming their potential as antiobesity natural agents when compared to Orlistat. (67) Additionally, the Ocimum dayi organic extract also demonstrated antilipase potential. (68) Vinifera leaf extracts have shown robust antilipase activity compared to Orlistat. (69) Similarly, our results support the notion that in vitro cultured callus extracts of C. tuberculata possess significant antilipase potential. In conclusion, the identification of plant-based natural phytomolecules capable of combating weight gain offers a promising and timely opportunity for the development of cost-effective and safe clinical approaches to address obesity and diabetes.
Conclusions
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
The findings from this research study established the first comprehensive assessment regarding the scavenging potential of free radicals in the context of oxidative stress and hypoglycemic activity of in vitro-raised callus extracts. The applications of phytosynthesized SeNP- and light-mediated callus cultures of C. tuberculata have revealed their maximum potential in terms of antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects. Notably, the response of the callus extract exhibits a dose-dependent relationship, with concentrations of 200 and 800 μg/mL validating the effectiveness of the callus extract in various assays such as ABTs (42.51%), reducing power assay (26.29%), hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (37.26%), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (40.23%), and phosphomolybdate assay (71.66%), and the results closely align with the standards. Furthermore, in antienzyme assays, SeNP- and light-mediated callus extracts exhibit superior inhibition of alpha-amylase (78.24%), alpha-glucosidase (71.55%), antisucrase (59.24%), antilipase (74.26%), glucose uptake by yeast cells (72.18%), and glucose adsorption assay (86.49%) compared to Glucobay and metformin standards. The hypoglycemic potential of the callus extract functions as a competitive inhibitor, hindering the catalytic activity of enzymes responsible for breaking down disaccharides and polysaccharides. This action leads to a decrease in the release of glucose in the body. The study suggests that phytosynthesized and light stress-mediated in vitro callus culture may act synergistically to enhance antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential. The results from in vitro assays shed light on the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of C. tuberculata callus extracts, laying the groundwork for drug development. The connection between in vitro assay concentrations and dosage and exposure patterns relevant to animals or humans in real-life situations remains unclear. Additionally, determining the extent to which the phytochemicals employed in the in vitro model reach the actual site of action poses a challenge. Therefore, animal trials are required to validate and develop an effective and potent bioactive compound for the management of type-2 DM treatment.
Author Information
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
- Amir Ali - Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8436-3316;
Amir Ali, Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani designed the research. Amir Ali collected the data. Amir Ali, Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani, Sher Mohammad processed the data. Amir Ali, Juan Pedro Luna-Arias drew and beautified data images. Amir Ali wrote the original manuscript. Juan Pedro Luna-Arias, Naveed Iqbal Raja, M. Sheeraz Ahmad provided suggestions and improved the manuscript. Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani provided resources and supervision. All authors have read and agreed to publish the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
The authors are deeply grateful to the staff of PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi and the Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab Farm Peshawar for their continuous stimulating support to these studies.
References
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
This article references 93 other publications.
- 1Abdul-Aziz Al-Yahya, M.; Abdel-Sattar, E.; Guittet, E. Pregnane glycosides from Caralluma russeliana. J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63 (10), 1451– 1453, DOI: 10.1021/np990530cGoogle Scholar1https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD3M%252FkvVaisw%253D%253D&md5=df7a52360bacc5f3cf17d0c61c0583acPregnane glycosides from Caralluma russelianaAbdul-Aziz Al-Yahya M; Abdel-Sattar E; Guittet EJournal of natural products (2000), 63 (10), 1451-3 ISSN:0163-3864.The aerial parts of Caralluma russeliana yielded four new pregnane glycosides, russeliosides A-D (1-4), in addition to a known flavone glycoside, luteolin 4'-O-beta-D-neohesperidoside. The structures of compounds 1-4 were elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic methods.
- 2Ali, A.; Mashwani, Z. U.; Raja, N. I.; Mohammad, S.; Luna-Arias, J. P.; Ahmad, A.; Kaushik, P. Phytomediated selenium nanoparticles and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front. Plant Sci. 2023, 14, 1253193, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1253193Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 3Bader, A.; Braca, A.; De Tommasi, N.; Morelli, I. Further constituents from Caralluma negevensis. Phytochem 2003, 62 (8), 1277– 1281, DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00678-7Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 4Gulcin, İ. Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: An updated overview. Arch. Toxicol. 2020, 94 (3), 651– 715, DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3Google Scholar4https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXltFShsrk%253D&md5=a7e2e58feaafdf9dec2aaa257f8137ccAntioxidants and antioxidant methods: an updated overviewGulcin, IlhamiArchives of Toxicology (2020), 94 (3), 651-715CODEN: ARTODN; ISSN:0340-5761. (Springer)A review. Antioxidants had a growing interest owing to their protective roles in food and pharmaceutical products against oxidative deterioration and in the body and against oxidative stress-mediated pathol. processes. These methods are classified, described, and discussed in this review. For this purpose, the most common methods used in vitro detn. of antioxidant capacity of food constituents were examd. Also, a selection of chem. testing methods was critically reviewed and highlighted. In addn., their advantages, disadvantages, limitations and usefulness were discussed and investigated for pure mols. and raw exts. In addn., the most important advantages and shortcomings of each method were detected and highlighted. The chem. principles of methods of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical (ABTS·+) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radical scavenging, Fe3+-Fe2+ transformation assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing power assay (Cuprac). The first section is devoted to the main components in the food and pharmaceutical applications. The second general section comprises some definitions of the main antioxidant methods commonly used for the detn. of the antioxidant activity of components. In addn., some chem., mechanistic and kinetic basis, and tech. details of the used methods are given.
- 5Khan, T.; Ullah, M. A.; Garros, L.; Hano, C.; Abbasi, B. H. Synergistic effects of melatonin and distinct spectral lights for enhanced production of anti-cancerous compounds in callus cultures of Fagonia indica. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 2019, 190, 163– 171, DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.010Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 6Shebis, Y.; Iluz, D.; Kinel-Tahan, Y.; Dubinsky, Z.; Yehoshua, Y. Natural antioxidants: function and sources. Food Nutr. Sci. 2013, 4, 649, DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.46083Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 7Chaves, N.; Santiago, A.; Alías, J. C. Quantification of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts: Analysis of sensitivity and hierarchization based on the method used. Antioxid 2020, 9 (1), 76, DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010076Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 8Ajila, C.; Leelavathi, K. U.; Prasada Rao, U. Improvement of dietary fiber content and antioxidant properties in soft dough biscuits with the incorporation of mango peel powder. J. Cereal. Sci. 2008, 48 (2), 319– 326, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.10.001Google Scholar8https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtVarsLrE&md5=921526110224f743cbb0bb2d5026b6caImprovement of dietary fiber content and antioxidant properties in soft dough biscuits with the incorporation of mango peel powderAjila, C. M.; Leelavathi, K.; Prasada Rao, U. J. S.Journal of Cereal Science (2008), 48 (2), 319-326CODEN: JCSCDA; ISSN:0733-5210. (Elsevier Ltd.)Consumption of natural bioactive compds. such as polyphenols, carotenoids and dietary fiber offers health benefits including protection against cardiovascular diseases, cancer and other degenerative diseases. Mango peel is a major byproduct obtained during processing of mango products such as mango pulp and amchur. Currently, mango peel is discarded which contributes to environmental pollution. In the present study, mango peel was incorporated into biscuits and improvement in the nutraceutical properties of the biscuits was studied. The studies indicated that mango peel contained 51.2% of total dietary fiber, 96 mg GAE/g of polyphenols and 3092 μg/g of carotenoids. Farinograph characteristics of the wheat flour incorporated with mango peel powder (MPP) showed an increase in water absorption from 60 to 68%. Soft dough biscuits were prepd. using different levels (5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0%) of MPP and objective, sensory and nutritional properties of the biscuits were evaluated. The total dietary fiber content increased from 6.5 to 20.7% with a high proportion of sol. dietary fiber with incorporation of 20% MPP. The content of polyphenols increased from 0.54 to 4.50 mg/g and carotenoid content increased from 17 to 247 μg/g of biscuit with 20% incorporation of MPP. The biscuits incorporated with mango peel exhibited improved antioxidant properties. Acceptable biscuits with mango flavor were obtained by incorporating 10% MPP. Thus, the results indicated that wheat flour incorporated with MPP yielded dietary fiber enriched biscuits with improved antioxidant properties.
- 9https://www.dentalnewspk.com/22-May-2023/pakistan-has-highest-diabetes-prevalence-in-world (accessed May 22, 2023).Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 10Keshari, A. K.; Srivastava, R.; Singh, P.; Yadav, V. B.; Nath, G. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cestrum nocturnum. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 2020, 11 (1), 37– 44, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.11.003Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 11Edet, E. E.; Atangwho, I. J.; Akpanabiatu, M. I.; Edet, T. E.; Uboh, F. E.; David-Oku, E. Effect of Gongronema latifolium leaf extract on some liver enzymes and protein levels in diabetic and non diabetic rats. J. Pharm. Biomed Sci. 2011, 1 (5), 104– 107Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 12Bashir, A.; Abbas, S. J.; Hussain, F.; Bashir, S.; Ahmad, D. Study on Caralluma tuberculata nutritional composition and its importance as medicinal plant. Pak. J. Bot. 2014, 46 (5), 1677– 1684Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 13Zhong, J.-J. Biochemical engineering of the production of plant-specific secondary metabolites by cell suspension cultures. Plant Cells 2001, 72, 1– 26, DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45302-4_1Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 14Ali, A.; Mohammad, S.; Khan, M. A.; Raja, N. I.; Arif, M.; Kamil, A.; Mashwani, Z. U. Silver nanoparticles elicited in vitro callus cultures for accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites in Caralluma tuberculata. Artif. Cells, Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2019, 47 (1), 715– 724, DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1577884Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 15Mohammad, S.; Khan, M. A.; Ali, A.; Khan, L.; Khan, M. S.; Mashwani, Z. u. R. Feasible production of biomass and natural antioxidants through callus cultures in response to varying light intensities in olive (Olea europaea. L) cult. Arbosana. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol. 2019, 193, 140– 147, DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.03.001Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 16Anu, K.; Singaravelu, G.; Murugan, K.; Benelli, G. Green-synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using garlic cloves (Allium sativum): biophysical characterization and cytotoxicity on Vero cells. J. Clust. Sci. 2017, 28, 551– 563, DOI: 10.1007/s10876-016-1123-7Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 17Javed, B.; Nadhman, A. Phytosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles from Mentha longifolia: Their structural evaluation and therapeutic potential against HCT116 colon cancer, Leishmanial and bacterial cells. Appl. Nanosci. 2020, 10, 3503– 3515, DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01428-5Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Khan, M. A.; Abbasi, B. H.; Ahmed, N.; Ali, H. Effects of light regimes on in vitro seed germination and silymarin content in Silybum marianum. Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 46, 105– 110, DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.035Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Yakoob, A. T.; Tajuddin, N. B.; Mohammed Hussain, M. I.; Mathew, S.; Qadri, I.; Govindaraju, A. Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook F. ex benth. root mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles. Pharmacogn. J. 2016, 8 (6), 579– 586, DOI: 10.5530/pj.2016.6.10Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 20Prieto, P.; Pineda, M.; Aguilar, M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem. 1999, 269 (2), 337– 341, DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4019Google Scholar19https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXis1Kmtbk%253D&md5=4eb51fdb91f0befa90aea3117faf2d26Spectrophotometric Quantitation of Antioxidant Capacity through the Formation of a Phosphomolybdenum Complex: Specific Application to the Determination of Vitamin EPrieto, Pilar; Pineda, Manuel; Aguilar, MiguelAnalytical Biochemistry (1999), 269 (2), 337-341CODEN: ANBCA2; ISSN:0003-2697. (Academic Press)A spectrophotometric method was developed for the quant. detn. of antioxidant capacity. The assay is based on the redn. of Mo(VI) to Mo(V) by the sample analyte and the subsequent formation of a green phosphate/Mo(V) complex at acidic pH. The method has been optimized and characterized with respect to linearity interval, repetitivity and reproducibility, and molar absorption coeffs. for the quantitation of several antioxidants, including vitamin E. The phosphomolybdenum method, in combination with hexane mono-phasic extn., has also been adapted for the specific detn. of vitamin E in seeds. The results obtained with the proposed method were validated by comparison with a std. HPLC method. The phosphomolybdenum method is routinely applied in the lab. to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of plant exts. and to det. vitamin E in a variety of grains and seeds, including corn and soybean. (c) 1999 Academic Press.
- 21Harish, M.; Ahmed, F.; Urooj, A. In vitro hypoglycemic effects of Butea monosperma Lam. leaves and bark. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 51, 308– 314, DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0496-8Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 22Paul, S.; Majumdar, M. In-Vitro Antidiabetic Propensities, Phytochemical Analysis, and Mechanism of Action of Commercial Antidiabetic Polyherbal Formulation “Mehon”. in Proceedings; MDPI, 2020.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 23Sohail; Sawati, L.; Ferrari, E.; Stierhof, Y. D.; Kemmerling, B.; Mashwani, Z. u. R. Molecular effects of biogenic zinc nanoparticles on the growth and development of Brassica napus L. revealed by proteomics and transcriptomics. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 798751, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.798751Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 24Kim, Y. M.; Lee, E. W.; Eom, S. H.; Kim, T. H. Pancreatic lipase inhibitory stilbenoids from the roots of Vitis vinifera. International Food Sci. Nutr. 2014, 65 (1), 97– 100, DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.832172Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 25Ragavan, P.; Ananth, A.; Rajan, M. Impact of selenium nanoparticles on growth, biochemical characteristics and yield of cluster bean Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotech. 2017, 2 (6), 2917– 2926, DOI: 10.22161/ijeab/2.6.19Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 26Menon, S.; Agarwal, H.; Shanmugam, V. K. Catalytical degradation of industrial dyes using biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles and evaluating its antimicrobial activities. Sustain. Environ. Res. 2021, 31 (1), 2, DOI: 10.1186/s42834-020-00072-6Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 27Dhanraj, G.; Rajeshkumar, S. Anticariogenic effect of selenium nanoparticles synthesized using brassica oleracea. J. Nanomater. 2021, 2021, 1– 9, DOI: 10.1155/2021/8115585Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 28Ye, X.; Chen, L.; Liu, L.; Bai, Y. Electrochemical synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and formation of sea urchin-like selenium nanoparticles by electrostatic assembly. Mater. Lett. 2017, 196, 381– 384, DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.03.072Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 29Chen, T.; Tang, Q.; Zhong, X.; Bai, Y.; Chen, T.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Zheng, W. Surface decoration by Spirulina polysaccharide enhances the cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenium nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed. 2012, 835– 844, DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S28278Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 30Irshad, M.; Zafaryab, M.; Singh, M.; Rizvi, M. Comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity of Cassia fistula extracts. Int. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 2012, 1– 6, DOI: 10.1155/2012/157125Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 31Li, W.-T.; Chuang, Y.-H.; Hsieh, J.-F. Characterization of maltase and sucrase inhibitory constituents from Rhodiola crenulata. Foods 2019, 8 (11), 540, DOI: 10.3390/foods8110540Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Zia, M.; Mannan, A.; Chaudhary, M. F. Effect of growth regulators and amino acids on artemisinin production in the callus of Artemisia absinthium. Pak. J. Bot. 2007, 39, 799Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 33Yen, G.-C.; Chen, H.-Y. Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995, 43 (1), 27– 32, DOI: 10.1021/jf00049a007Google Scholar32https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXivFOrtrc%253D&md5=bbb1f81417a90cb5a5d78e77f71d88b7Antioxidant Activity of Various Tea Extracts in Relation to Their AntimutagenicityYen, Gow-Chin; Chen, Hui-YinJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (1995), 43 (1), 27-32CODEN: JAFCAU; ISSN:0021-8561. (American Chemical Society)The relationship between antioxidant activity and antimutagenicity of various tea exts. (green tea, pouchong tea, oolong tea, and black tea) was investigated. All tea exts. exhibited markedly antioxidant activity and reducing power, esp. oolong tea, which inhibited peroxidn. of linoleic acid by 73.6%. Tea exts. exhibited a 65-75% scavenging effect on superoxide at a dose of 1 mg and 30-50% scavenging effect on hydrogen peroxide at a dose of 400 μg. They scavenged 100% hydroxyl radical at a dosage of 4 mg, except in the case of black tea. Tea exts. also showed a 50-70% scavenging effect on α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical. The antioxidant activity and the scavenging effects on active oxygen decreased in the order semifermented tea > nonfermented tea > fermented tea. Tea exts. showed strong antimutagenic action against five indirect mutagens, i.e., aflatoxin B1, Trp-P-1, Glu-P-1, benzo[a]pyrene, and IQ, esp. in the case of oolong and pouchong teas. The antioxidant effect of tea exts. was well correlated to their antimutagenicity in some cases but varied with the mutagen and antioxidative properties.
- 34Rehman, R.; Chaudhary, M.; Khawar, K.; Lu, G.; Mannan, A.; Zia, M. In vitro propagation of Caralluma tuberculata and evaluation of antioxidant potential. Biologia 2014, 69 (3), 341– 349, DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0322-zGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 35Song, H.; Kumar, P.; Arivazhagan, G.; Lee, S. I.; Yoon, H. M.; Kim, I. H.; Kwon, H. J.; Kim, J. M.; Hakkim, F. L. Antioxidant property of leaves and calluses extracts of in-vitro grown 5 different Ocimum species. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2012, 39 (3), 146– 153, DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2012.39.3.146Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Noreen, S.; Hussain, I.; Tariq, M. I.; Iqbal, S.; Batool, F.; Ghumman, S. A.; Noureen, S.; Kausar, T. Influence of Extraction Scheme on the Antioxidant Potential of Caralluma tuberculata. Not Sci. Biol. 2018, 10 (3), 340– 347, DOI: 10.15835/nsb10310290Google Scholar35https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhvVGhsrrO&md5=be4c0000fce68f04e835512962473b32Influence of extraction scheme on the antioxidant potential of Caralluma tuberculataNoreen, Sobia; Hussain, Ishtiaq; Tariq, Muhammad Ilyas; Iqbal, Shah; Batool, Fozia; Ghumman, Shazia Akram; Noureen, Shazia; Kausar, TusneemNotulae Scientia Biologicae (2018), 10 (3), 340-347CODEN: NSBOBD; ISSN:2067-3264. (AcademicPres)Herbal industry of developing countries is facing several tech. issues related to the extn. conditions in order to attain the max. yield of a plant ext. with max. therapeutic attributes. Therefore the present study was aimed to investigate the best technique for resp. herbal products. The effect of three different extn. techniques: ultrasonic assisted extn., microwave assisted and orbital shaker assisted extn., by using three solvents (80% methanol, ethanol, and Et acetate) on the antioxidant potential of Caralluma tuberculata stem (non-conventional vegetable) exts. were investigated. Folin-Ciocalteu method was applied on tested samples in order to find the concn. of total phenols. Therefore, the optimized ext. of high yield and max. total phenolic content was selected for further anal. like total flavonoid contents, FRAP, DPPH and ABTS scavenging potential. Quantification of phenolic acids in the exts. was also carried out by HPLC. Significant variation was obsd. in the yield of total phenols within the exts., but better results were obtained in aq. methanolic ext. of ultrasonic assisted extn., followed by microwave assisted and orbital shaker assisted extn. Present findings supported the view that ultrasonic assisted extn. can be used for phytochems. profiling, activity guided assays and the development of herbal products. Correlation coeffs. of active principles indicated a significant relationship to antioxidant capacity P < 0.05.
- 37Homayouni-Tabrizi, M.; Asoodeh, A.; Mashreghi, M.; Rezazade Bazaz, M.; Kazemi Oskuee, R.; Darroudi, M. Attachment of a frog skin-derived peptide to functionalized cerium oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther. 2016, 22, 505– 510, DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9531-yGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 38Karthishwaran, K.; Shamisi, S. O.; Kurup, S. S.; Sakkir, S.; Cheruth, A. J. Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant capacities with special emphasis on enzyme activities and in vitro studies in Caralluma flava NE Br. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 2018, 32 (1), 156– 162, DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1379362Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 39Keser, S.; Celik, S.; Turkoglu, S.; Yilmaz, O.; Turkoglu, I. The investigation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna Jacq). J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 3 (2), 51, DOI: 10.5455/jice.20140120103320Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 40Deghima, A.; Righi, N.; Rosales-Conrado, N.; León-González, M. E.; Gómez-Mejía, E.; Madrid, Y.; Baali, F.; Bedjou, F. Bioactive polyphenols from Ranunculus macrophyllus Desf. Roots: Quantification, identification and antioxidant activity. S. Afr. Bot. 2020, 132, 204– 214, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.03.036Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 41Hayyan, M.; Hashim, M. A.; AlNashef, I. M. Superoxide ion: generation and chemical implications. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116 (5), 3029– 3085, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00407Google Scholar40https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XisVGqsrw%253D&md5=ad9278a28e8776ce6b2fcb40c062c70cSuperoxide Ion: Generation and Chemical ImplicationsHayyan, Maan; Hashim, Mohd Ali; AlNashef, Inas M.Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2016), 116 (5), 3029-3085CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)Superoxide ion (O2•-) is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse chem. and biol. systems. However, the chem. knowledge of O2•- is rather scarce. In addn., numerous studies on O2•- were conducted within the latter half of the 20th century. Therefore, the current advancement in technol. and instrumentation will certainly provide better insights into mechanisms and products of O2•- reactions and thus will result in new findings. This review emphasizes the state-of-the-art research on O2•- so as to enable researchers to venture into future research. It comprises the main characteristics of O2•- followed by generation methods. The reaction types of O2•- are reviewed, and its potential applications including the destruction of hazardous chems., synthesis of org. compds., and many other applications are highlighted. The O2•- environmental chem. is also discussed. The detection methods of O2•- are categorized and elaborated. Special attention is given to the feasibility of using ionic liqs. as media for O2•-, addressing the latest progress of generation and applications. The effect of electrodes on the O2•- electrochem. generation is reviewed. Finally, some remarks and future perspectives are concluded.
- 42Jeong, J. B.; Seo, E. W.; Jeong, H. J. Effect of extracts from pine needle against oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis induced by hydroxyl radical via antioxidant activity. Food Chem. Toxicol 2009, 47 (8), 2135– 2141, DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.034Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Navada, K. M.; Nagaraja, G. K.; D’Souza, J. N.; Kouser, S.; Nithyashree, B. R.; Manasa, D. J. Bio-fabrication of multifunctional nano-ceria mediated from Pouteria campechiana for biomedical and sensing applications. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 2022, 424, 113631, DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113631Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 44Halliwell, B. Free radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal view. Nutr. Rev. 2012, 70 (5), 257– 265, DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00476.xGoogle Scholar43https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38rotlOgsQ%253D%253D&md5=b1473e876e33f7d37a11013b2e8f781eFree radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal viewHalliwell BarryNutrition reviews (2012), 70 (5), 257-65 ISSN:.This article looks back to the antioxidant/free radical field in 1994 and discusses how it has progressed in the past 18 years. In some areas, there has been little change: the role of oxygen radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the origin or progression of most human diseases remains uncertain, with cancer and neurodegenerative disease being likely exceptions. Even in diseases in which ROS are involved there has been little progress in developing effective antioxidant treatments. Mega-doses of dietary antioxidants have also generally failed to prevent human disease, in part because they do not decrease oxidative damage in vivo (as revealed by robust biomarkers). However, some strategies that are known to delay disease onset may act, at least in part, by decreasing oxidative damage levels. Nevertheless, far more is known today about endogenous antioxidant defenses and how they are regulated, which has led to a deeper understanding of how some ROS can act as signaling molecules. Increasing endogenous antioxidant levels (e.g., by supplying "pro-oxidants") may be a better approach to therapeutics and disease prevention than consuming large doses of "dietary antioxidants."
- 45Shantabia, L.; Jagetiaa, G. C.; Alib, M. A.; Tomcha, T. Antioxidant Potential of Croton Caudatus Leaf Extract Invitro , 2014.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 46Lalhminghlui, K.; Jagetia, G. C. Evaluation of the free-radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of Chilauni, Schima wallichii Korth in vitro. Future Sci. OA 2018, 4 (2), FSO272, DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0086Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 47Lalrinzuali, K.; Vabeiryureilai, M.; Jagetia, G. The analysis of antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of selected medicinal plants of Mizoram. Genome Biol. Evol. 2016, 6, 1, DOI: 10.5376/gab.2015.06.0011Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 48Jagetia, G. C.; Venkatesha, V. A. Effect of mangiferin on radiation-induced micronucleus formation in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2005, 46 (1), 12– 21, DOI: 10.1002/em.20124Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 49Khan, R. A.; Khan, M. R.; Sahreen, S.; Ahmed, M. Assessment of flavonoids contents and in vitro antioxidant activity of Launaea procumbens. Chem. Cent. J. 2012, 6 (1), 43, DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-43Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 50Khorrami, M. B.; Sadeghnia, H. R.; Pasdar, A.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M.; Riahi-Zanjani, B.; Hashemzadeh, A.; Zare, M.; Darroudi, M. Antioxidant and toxicity studies of biosynthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 2915– 2926, DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s194192Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 51Rehman, G.; Hamayun, M.; Iqbal, A.; Ul Islam, S.; Arshad, S.; Zaman, K.; Ahmad, A.; Shehzad, A.; Hussain, A.; Lee, I. In vitro antidiabetic effects and antioxidant potential of Cassia nemophila pods. Biomed. Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 1824790, DOI: 10.1155/2018/1824790Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Das, C. M. S.; Devi, S. G. In vitro glucose binding activity of Terminalia bellirica. Asian. Int. J. Pharm. Clin 2015, 8 (2), 320– 323Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 53Vasant, R. A.; Narasimhacharya, A. Antidotal activity of Averrhoa carambola (Star fruit) on fluoride induced toxicity in rats. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2014, 7 (2), 103– 110, DOI: 10.2478/intox-2014-0014Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 54Vignesh, A.; Amal, T. C.; Janani Sree, S.; Selvakumar, S.; Vasanth, K. Conservation linkages of endangered medicinal plant and exploration of phytochemicals, pharmaceutical screening and in silico validation against diabetics using in vivo wild and in vitro regenerated plant Boucerosia diffusa Wight. 3 Biotech 2023, 13 (7), 237, DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03645-5Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 55Abdel-Sattar, E. A.; Abdallah, H. M.; Khedr, A.; Abdel-Naim, A. B.; Shehata, I. A. Antihyperglycemic activity of Caralluma tuberculata in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013, 59, 111– 117, DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.060Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Bellamakondi, P. K.; Godavarthi, A.; Ibrahim, M. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of Caralluma umbellata Haw. BioImpacts: BI 2014, 4 (3), 113– 116, DOI: 10.15171/bi.2014.003Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 57Tabatabaei-Malazy, O.; Larijani, B.; Abdollahi, M. Targeting metabolic disorders by natural products. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 2015, 14, 57, DOI: 10.1186/s40200-015-0184-8Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 58Lopes, M.; Aniceto, D.; Abrantes, M.; Simões, S.; Branco, F.; Vitória, I.; Botelho, M. F.; Seiça, R.; Veiga, F.; Ribeiro, A. In vivo biodistribution of antihyperglycemic biopolymer-based nanoparticles for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2017, 113, 88– 96, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.037Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 59Hirst, S. M.; Karakoti, A. S.; Tyler, R. D.; Sriranganathan, N.; Seal, S.; Reilly, C. M. Anti-inflammatory properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles. Small 2009, 5 (24), 2848– 2856, DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901048Google Scholar58https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhs1SjsrvJ&md5=97f630aacec4f3d427e2892ec6fbcb0dAnti-inflammatory Properties of Cerium Oxide NanoparticlesHirst, Suzanne M.; Karakoti, Ajay S.; Tyler, Ron D.; Sriranganathan, Nammalwar; Seal, Sudipta; Reilly, Christopher M.Small (2009), 5 (24), 2848-2856CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)The valence and oxygen defect properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) suggest that they may act as auto-regenerative free radical scavengers. Overprodn. of the free radical nitric oxide (NO) by the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was implicated as a crit. mediator of inflammation. NO is correlated with disease activity and contributes to tissue destruction. The ability of nanoceria to scavenge free radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibit inflammatory mediator prodn. in J774A.1 murine macrophages is investigated. Cells internalize nanoceria, the treatment is nontoxic, and oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory iNOS protein expression are abated with stimulation. In vivo studies show nanoceria deposition in mouse tissues with no pathogenicity. Taken together, it is suggested that cerium oxide nanoparticles are well tolerated in mice and are incorporated into cellular tissues. Furthermore, nanoceria may have the potential to reduce ROS prodn. in states of inflammation and therefore serve as a novel therapy for chronic inflammation.
- 60Niaz, A.; Adnan, A.; Bashir, R.; Mumtaz, M. W.; Raza, S. A.; Rashid, U.; Tan, C. P.; Tan, T. B. The In vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of Various Solvent Fractions of Tamarix dioica and 1H-NMR Based Metabolite Identification and Molecular Docking Analysis. Plants 2021, 10 (6), 1128, DOI: 10.3390/plants10061128Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 61Chaudhary, A.; Raza, S.; Mumtaz, M.; Adnan, A.; Mukhtar, H.; Akhtar, M. Metabolite profiling and antidiabetic attributes of ultrasonicated leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2020, 10 (8), 353, DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.284430Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 62Elya, B.; Basah, K.; Mun’Im, A.; Yuliastuti, W.; Bangun, A.; Septiana, E. K. Screening of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from some plants of Apocynaceae, Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rubiaceae. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012, 2012, 1– 6, DOI: 10.1155/2012/281078Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 63William, J.; John, P.; Mumtaz, M. W.; Ch, A. R.; Adnan, A.; Mukhtar, H.; Sharif, S.; Raza, S. A.; Akhtar, M. T. Antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition and phytochemical profiling of Hyophorbe lagenicaulis leaf extracts. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7022 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7022Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 64Antora, R. A.; Rabeta, M. S.; Norazatul Hanim, M. R. Evaluation of in vitro sucrase Inhibitory and non-enzymatic glycation properties of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. leaves. Food Res. 2012, 2, 368, DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.2(4).076Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 65Lin, X.; Li, H. Obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics. Front. Endocrinol. 2021, 12, 706978, DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.706978Google Scholar64https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB2cngsFOqtA%253D%253D&md5=711ab95376d8b1f4125a5d52dbf2cb42Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and TherapeuticsLin Xihua; Li HongFrontiers in endocrinology (2021), 12 (), 706978 ISSN:1664-2392.Obesity is a complex multifactorial disease that accumulated excess body fat leads to negative effects on health. Obesity continues to accelerate resulting in an unprecedented epidemic that shows no significant signs of slowing down any time soon. Raised body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders, resulting in dramatic decrease of life quality and expectancy. The main cause of obesity is long-term energy imbalance between consumed calories and expended calories. Here, we explore the biological mechanisms of obesity with the aim of providing actionable treatment strategies to achieve a healthy body weight from nature to nurture. This review summarizes the global trends in obesity with a special focus on the pathogenesis of obesity from genetic factors to epigenetic factors, from social environmental factors to microenvironment factors. Against this background, we discuss several possible intervention strategies to minimize BMI.
- 66Melmed, S.; Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book; Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 67del Castillo-Santaella, T.; Maldonado-Valderrama, J.; Cabrerizo-Vílchez, M. Á.; Rivadeneira-Ruiz, C.; Rondon-Rodriguez, D.; Gálvez-Ruiz, M. J. Natural inhibitors of lipase: Examining lipolysis in a single droplet. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015, 63 (47), 10333– 10340, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04550Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 68Solowey, E.; Lichtenstein, M.; Sallon, S.; Paavilainen, H.; Solowey, E.; Lorberboum-Galski, H. Evaluating medicinal plants for anticancer activity. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 1– 12, DOI: 10.1155/2014/721402Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 69Jaradat, N.; Zaid, A. N.; Hussein, F.; Zaqzouq, M.; Aljammal, H.; Ayesh, O. Anti-lipase potential of the organic and aqueous extracts of ten traditional edible and medicinal plants in Palestine; a comparison study with orlistat. Medicines 2017, 4 (4), 89, DOI: 10.3390/medicines4040089Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 70Poodineh, J.; Khazaei Feizabad, A.; Nakhaee, A. Antioxidant activities of caralluma tuberculata on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Drug Dev. Res. 2015, 76 (1), 40– 47, DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21239Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 71Sudhakara, G.; Mallaiah, P.; Sreenivasulu, N.; Sasi Bhusana Rao, B.; Rajendran, R.; Saralakumari, D. Beneficial effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of caralluma fimbriata against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in wistar male rats. J. Physiol. Biochem. 2014, 70 (2), 311– 320, DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0304-1Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 72Anitha, R.; Ashwini, S. Antihyperglycemic activity of caralluma fimbriata: An in vitro approach. Phcog. Mag. 2017, 13 (51), S499, DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_59_17Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 73Habibuddin, M.; Daghriri, H. A.; Humaira, T.; Qahtani, M. S. A.; Hefzi, A. A. Antidiabetic effect of alcoholic extract of caralluma sinaica l. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rabbits. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 117 (2), 215– 220, DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.021Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 74Khan, I.; Saeed, K.; Khan, I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arab. J. Chem. 2019, 12, 908– 931, DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011Google Scholar73https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXotlWqt74%253D&md5=8805b174a66260908cb7d5754feb8d08Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicitiesKhan, Ibrahim; Saeed, Khalid; Khan, IdreesArabian Journal of Chemistry (2019), 12 (7), 908-931CODEN: AJCRDR; ISSN:1878-5352. (Elsevier B.V.)A review: A detailed overview of the synthesis, properties and applications of nanoparticles (NPs) exist in different forms. NPs are tiny materials having size ranges from 1 to 100 nm. They can be classified into different classes based on their properties, shapes or sizes. The different groups include fullerenes, metal NPs, ceramic NPs, and polymeric NPs. NPs possess unique phys. and chem. properties due to their high surface area and nanoscale size. Their optical properties are reported to be dependent on the size, which imparts different colors due to absorption in the visible region. Their reactivity, toughness and other properties are also dependent on their unique size, shape and structure. Due to these characteristics, they are suitable candidates for various com. and domestic applications, which include catalysis, imaging, medical applications, energy-based research, and environmental applications. Heavy metal NPs of lead, mercury and tin are reported to be so rigid and stable that their degrdn. is not easily achievable, which can lead to many environmental toxicities.
- 75Thakkar, K. N.; Mhatre, S. S.; Parikh, R. Y. Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 2010, 6, 257– 262, DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.002Google Scholar74https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXksVCgtLc%253D&md5=55ea028714ff1df8eb56f71c15af711eBiological synthesis of metallic nanoparticlesThakkar, Kaushik N.; Mhatre, Snehit S.; Parikh, Rasesh Y.Nanomedicine (Philadelphia, PA, United States) (2010), 6 (2), 257-262CODEN: NANOBF; ISSN:1549-9634. (Elsevier Inc.)A review. The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an active area of academic and, more importantly, "application research" in nanotechnol. A variety of chem. and phys. procedures could be used for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. However, these methods are fraught with many problems including use of toxic solvents, generation of hazardous byproducts, and high energy consumption. Accordingly, there is an essential need to develop environmentally benign procedures for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. A promising approach to achieve this objective is to exploit the array of biol. resources in nature. Indeed, over the past several years, plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and viruses have been used for prodn. of low-cost, energy-efficient, and nontoxic metallic nanoparticles. In this review, we provide an overview of various reports of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by biol. means.
- 76Yadav, V. K.; Khan, S. H.; Malik, P.; Thappa, A.; Suriyaprabha, R.; Ravi, R. K.; Choudhary, N.; Kalasariya, H.; Gnanamoorthy, G. Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications for wastewater treatment. Microbial Biotechnology: Basic Research and Applications 2020, 147– 187, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2817-0_7Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 77Ahmad, S.; Munir, S.; Zeb, N.; Ullah, A.; Khan, B.; Ali, J.; Bilal, M.; Omer, M.; Alamzeb, M.; Salman, S. M.; Ali, S. Green nanotechnology: a review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles─an eco-friendly approach. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 5087– 5107, DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S200254Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 78Thapa, M.; Choudhury, S. R. Green synthesized nanoparticles: Physicochemical properties and mode of antimicrobial activities. Compr. Anal. Chem. 2021, 94, 49– 79, DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2020.12.006Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 79Fardsadegh, B.; Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, H. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their in vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains. Green Process. Synth. 2019, 8, 399– 407, DOI: 10.1515/gps-2019-0007Google Scholar78https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitlansbjL&md5=c151c16ba3be0c2264308a1d316be85eAloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strainsFardsadegh, Borna; Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, HodaGreen Processing and Synthesis (2019), 8 (1), 399-407CODEN: GPSREC; ISSN:2191-9550. (Walter de Gruyter GmbH)Selenium as an essential trace element for the health of the humans was used to hydrothermally synthesis of selenium nanoparticle (Se NPs) using Aloe vera leaf ext. (ALE). Effects of synthesis parameters namely; amt. of ALE (1-5 mL) and amt. of Na2SeO3 soln. (10-30 mL), on the particle size and color intensity of the soln. contg. Se NPs were studied using response surface methodol. FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, DLS analyzer and TEM were used to det. the specifications of the ALE and synthesized Se NPs. Obtained results indicated that the ALE contained several bioactive compds., which they had hydroxyl and amide I groups in their structures and these two functional groups had key roles in the redn. of the selenium ions to form Se NPs and stabilizing of them. Furthermore, spherical fabricated Se NPs using obtained optimum synthesis parameters, 4.92 mL of ALE and 13.03 mL of Na2SeO3 soln., had color intensity, mean particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index values of 3.0% a.u., 50 nm, -18 mV and 0.344, resp. according to the DLS anal. The synthesized Se NPs had also high antibacterial and antifungal activities against 4 selected pathogenic bacteria and spoilage fungi strains.
- 80Sharma, G.; Sharma, A. R.; Bhavesh, R.; Park, J.; Ganbold, B.; Nam, J. S.; Lee, S. S. Biomolecule-mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using dried Vitis vinifera (raisin) extract. Molecules 2014, 19, 2761– 2770, DOI: 10.3390/molecules19032761Google Scholar79https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXos12juro%253D&md5=92c8a913e8de59d3b7848a245f62bdb6Biomolecule-mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using dried Vitis vinifera (raisin) extractSharma, Garima; Sharma, Ashish Ranjan; Bhavesh, Riju; Park, Jongbong; Ganbold, Bilguun; Nam, Ju-Suk; Lee, Sang-SooMolecules (2014), 19 (3), 2761-2770, 10 pp.CODEN: MOLEFW; ISSN:1420-3049. (MDPI AG)Biomol.-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has recently gained the attention of researchers due to its ecofriendly and non-toxic nature. Metabolites from plant exts. represent a better alternative to chem. methods to fulfill the growing demand for non-hazardous nanoparticle synthesis routes. Selenium and its nanoparticles have an extensive range of applications. Thus, biofabrication of selenium nanoparticles can be potentially useful in various fields. This study reports a green approach to biosynthesize selenium nanoparticles (Se-np) using dried Vitis vinifera (raisin) exts. The biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR). Transmission electron microscopic images revealed the spherical shape of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles and a size range of 3-18 nm. Dynamic light scattering also confirmed the av. particle size of 8.12 ± 2.5 nm with 0.212 PDI. The cryst. nature of selenium nanoparticles was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction study. Moreover, as inferred from the FTIR spectrum, the presence of highly stable lignin biopolymer on the surface of selenium nanoballs suggests a possible role as capping agent.
- 81Zhao, Y.; Hu, C.; Wang, X.; Qing, X.; Wang, P.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, X. Selenium alleviated chromium stress in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L ssp. Pekinensis) by regulating root morphology and metal element uptake. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 173, 314– 321, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.090Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 82Mroczek-Zdyrska, M.; Wójcik, M. The influence of selenium on root growth and oxidative stress induced by lead in Vicia faba L. minor plants. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2012, 147, 320– 328, DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9292-6Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 83Hussain, S. M.; Khalid, A.; Shahzad, M. M.; Rasul, A.; Akram, A. M.; Ahmad, N.; Khalid, F. Effect of dietary supplementation of selenium nanoparticles on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings fed sunflower meal-based diet. Indian J. Fish. 2019, 66, 55– 61, DOI: 10.21077/ijf.2019.66.3.87585-07Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 84Zahedi, S. M.; Abdelrahman, M.; Hosseini, M. S.; Hoveizeh, N. F.; Tran, L. S. Alleviation of the effect of salinity on growth and yield of strawberry by foliar spray of selenium-nanoparticles. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 253, 246– 258, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.078Google Scholar83https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsVals7fJ&md5=5fc84c31c91c3ca47c90bdad33db312dAlleviation of the effect of salinity on growth and yield of strawberry by foliar spray of selenium-nanoparticlesZahedi, Seyed Morteza; Abdelrahman, Mostafa; Hosseini, Marjan Sadat; Hoveizeh, Narjes Fahadi; Tran, Lam-Son PhanEnvironmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 253 (), 246-258CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)The present study investigated the beneficial role of selenium-nanoparticles (Se-NPs) in mitigating the adverse effects of soil-salinity on growth and yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants by maneuvering physiol. and biochem. mechanisms. The foliar spray of Se-NPs (10 and 20 mg L-1) improved the growth and yield parameters of strawberry plants grown on non-saline and different saline soils (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM NaCl), which was attributed to their ability to protect photosynthetic pigments. Se-NPs-treated strawberry plants exhibited higher levels of key osmolytes, including total sol. carbohydrates and free proline, compared with untreated plants under saline conditions. Foliar application of Se-NPs improved salinity tolerance in strawberry by reducing stress-induced lipid peroxidn. and H2O2 content through enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Addnl., Se-NPs-treated strawberry plants showed accumulation of indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid, the vital stress signaling mols., which are involved in regulating different morphol., physiol. and mol. responses of plants to salinity. Moreover, the enhanced levels of org. acids (e.g., malic, citric and succinic acids) and sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose and sucrose) in the fruits of Se-NPs-treated strawberry plants under saline conditions indicated the pos. impacts of Se-NPs on the improvement of fruit quality and nutritional values. Our results collectively demonstrate the definite roles of Se-NPs in management of soil salinity-induced adverse effects on not only strawberry plants but also other crops.
- 85Ciccolini, V.; Pellegrino, E.; Coccina, A.; Fiaschi, A. I.; Cerretani, D.; Sgherri, C.; Quartacci, M. F.; Ercoli, L. Biofortification with Iron and Zinc Improves Nutritional and Nutraceutical Properties of Common Wheat Flour and Bread. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2017, 65 (27), 5443, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01176Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 86Samynathan, R.; Venkidasamy, B.; Ramya, K.; Muthuramalingam, P.; Shin, H.; Kumari, P. S.; Thangavel, S.; Sivanesan, I. A Recent Update on the Impact of Nano-Selenium on Plant Growth, Metabolism, and Stress Tolerance. Plants. 2023, 12 (4), 853, DOI: 10.3390/plants12040853Google Scholar85https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXkslWgtLs%253D&md5=146c7577b5982e92833b53d4abff779aA Recent Update on the Impact of Nano-Selenium on Plant Growth, Metabolism, and Stress ToleranceSamynathan, Ramkumar; Venkidasamy, Baskar; Ramya, Karthikeyan; Muthuramalingam, Pandiyan; Shin, Hyunsuk; Kumari, Pandy Saravana; Thangavel, Sivakumar; Sivanesan, IyyakkannuPlants (2023), 12 (4), 853CODEN: PLANCD; ISSN:2223-7747. (MDPI AG)Selenium (Se) is a microelement that plays an important nutrient role by influencing various physiol. and biochem. traits in plants. It has been shown to stimulate plant metab., enhancing secondary metabolites and lowering abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Globally, the enormous applications of nanotechnol. in the food and agricultural sectors have vastly expanded. Nanoselenium is more active than bulk materials, and various routes of synthesis of Se nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have been reported in which green synthesis using plants is more attractive due to a redn. in ecol. issues and an increase in biol. activities. The Se-NP-based biofortification is more significant because it increases plant stress tolerance and pos. impacts their metab. Se-NPs can enhance plant resistance to various oxidative stresses, promote growth, enhance soil nutrient status, enhance plant antioxidant levels, and participate in the transpiration process. Addnl., they use a readily available, biodegradable reducing agent and are ecol. friendly. This review concs. on notable information on the different modes of Se-NPs' synthesis and characterization, their applications in plant growth, yield, and stress tolerance, and their influence on the metabolic process.
- 87Derosa, G.; Maffioli, P. Mini-Special Issue paper Management of diabetic patients with hypoglycemic agents α-Glucosidase inhibitors and their use in clinical practice. Arch. Med. Sci. 2012, 5, 899– 906, DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.31621Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 88Mishra, S. B.; Rao, C. V.; Ojha, S. K.; Vijayakumar, M.; Verma, A.; Alok, S. An Analytical Review of Plants for Anti Diabetic Activity with Their Phytoconstituent & Mechanism of Action. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2010, 1, 29– 46, DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(1).29-46Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 89Radulovic, N. S.; Blagojevic, P. D.; Stojanovic-Radic, Z. Z.; Stojanovic, N. M. Antimicrobial plant metabolites: structural diversity and mechanism of action. Curr. Med. Chem. 2013, 20 (7), 932– 952, DOI: 10.2174/092986713805219136Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 90Sinan, K. I.; Yagi, S.; Llorent-Martínez, E. J.; Ruiz-Medina, A.; Gordo-Moreno, A. I.; Stefanucci, A.; Mollica, A.; Bene, K.; Zengin, G. Understanding the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Secamone afzelii Leaves: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds for the Food Industry. Molecules 2023, 28 (9), 3678, DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093678Google Scholar89https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXhtFSkt7vL&md5=1bfb13e7a8d86f60fb9d011a337b6b8aUnderstanding the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Secamone afzelii Leaves: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds for the Food IndustrySinan, Kouadio I.; Yagi, Sakina; Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Ruiz-Medina, Antonio; Gordo-Moreno, Ana I.; Stefanucci, Azzurra; Mollica, Adriano; Bene, Kouadio; Zengin, GokhanMolecules (2023), 28 (9), 3678CODEN: MOLEFW; ISSN:1420-3049. (MDPI AG)Secamone afzelii (Roem. & Schult.) K. Schum (family Asclepiadaceae) is a creeping woody climber used to treat ailments in many traditional medicine systems. The present study aims to examine the antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of S. afzelii leaf using different compns. of methanol-water mixt. as an extn. solvent. The exts. were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MSn in terms of chem. compds. The in silico results show that compd. 23 (quercitrin) has the higher docking scores among the selected substances and the MD simulation revealed that the interactions with the enzymic pocket are stable over the simulation time and strongly involve the tyrosinase catalytic Cu atoms. All together the results showed that both 80% and 100% methanolic exts. contained significantly (p < 0.05) the highest total phenolics content while the highest content of total flavonoids was significantly (p < 0.05) extd. by 100% methanol. About 26 compds. were tentatively identified by HPLC-ESI-MSn and 6 of them were quantified using stds. Results showed that the exts. were rich in flavonoids with a relatively high abundance of two kaempferol glycosides comprising 60% of quantified compds. The 100% and 80% methanol exts. recorded significantly (p < 0.05) the highest total antioxidant, DPPH and ABTS activity as well as tyrosinase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The best significant (p < 0.05) cholinesterase inhibitory activity and reducing capacity of Fe+++ and Cu++ was recorded from the 80% methanolic ext. while 100% ethanolic ext. gave the highest significant (p < 0.05) butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The best glucosidase activity was obsd. in the 50% and 80% methanolic exts. Although the water ext. displayed the least total phenolics and flavonoids content and consequently the lowest antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity, it displayed significantly (p < 0.05) the highest chelating power. In conclusion, these results demonstrated the richness of S. afzelii leaf as a potential source of bioactive compds. for the food industry, for the prepn. of food supplements and functional foods.
- 91Preety, R.; Anitha, R.; Rajeshkumar, S.; Lakshmi, T. Anti-diabetic activity of silver nanoparticles prepared from cumin oil using alpha amylase inhibitory assay. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 11 (2), 1267– 9, DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1978Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 92Marinaccio, L.; Zengin, G.; Pieretti, S.; Minosi, P.; Szucs, E.; Benyhe, S.; Novellino, E.; Masci, D.; Stefanucci, A.; Mollica, A. Food-inspired peptides from spinach Rubisco endowed with antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. Food Chem. X. 2023, 18, 100640, DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100640Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 93Davatgaran Taghipour, Y.; Hajialyani, M.; Naseri, R.; Hesari, M.; Mohammadi, P.; Stefanucci, A.; Mollica, A.; Farzaei, M. H.; Abdollahi, M. Nanoformulations of natural products for management of metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 5303– 5321, DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s213831Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
Cited By
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
This article has not yet been cited by other publications.
ACS Omega
Cite this: ACS Omega 2024, 9, 18, 20101–20118
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under
CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0
.
License Summary*
You are free to share (copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format within the parameters below:
Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.
Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.
Non-Commercial (NC): Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted.
No Derivatives (ND): Derivative works may be created for non-commercial purposes, but sharing is prohibited.
*Disclaimer
This summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials.
Article Views
664
Altmetric
-
Citations
-
Learn about these metrics
Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.
Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.
The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.
Recommended Articles
Abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1. Visual representation of SeNPs biosynthesized via garlic clove extract. Sodium selenite salts were used as precursors in the synthesis. The bioactive compounds present in the garlic extract serve as reducing agents, donating electrons to the selenium precursor. This reduction step converts the soluble selenium ions into selenium atoms, which then aggregate to form nanoparticles. (2) This figure has been sourced from our previously published work, corresponding by Ali et al., (2) 2023. Ali A, Mashwani Z-u-R, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Luna-Arias JP, Ahmad A and Kaushik P (2023). Phytomediated SeNPs and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front. Plant Sci. 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325359 (https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Analysis of SeNPs synthesized via plant-mediated process. (A) Illustration depicting UV–visible spectrophotometry evaluation of green synthesis of SeNP peak at 262 nm. (B) SEM image illustrating SeNPs synthesized through a green process with 40–80 nm size. (C) XRD image of green synthesized SeNPs. (D) Electron-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis image of SeNPs synthesized via a green approach, verifying the presence of selenium. (E) Peaks at the FT-IR image of phytosynthesized SeNPs. (F) SeNP size distribution by intensity. (2) This figure has been sourced from our previously published work, corresponding by Ali et al., (2) 2023. Ali A, Mashwani Z-u-R, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Luna-Arias JP, Ahmad A and Kaushik P (2023). Phytomediated SeNPs and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front. Plant Sci. 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325359 (https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Caralluma tuberculata Callus cultures were utilized for antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Callus grown on MS media supplemented with 2,4-D and BA (0.5 + 3 mg/L) under normal light (A). Callus grown on MS media supplemented with Se NPs (100 μg/L) + 2,4-D and BA (0.5 + 3 mg/L) subjected to complete darkness for 2 weeks, after which normal light conditions were restored (B). Ali A, Mashwani ZU, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Luna-Arias JP. (2) Phytomediated SeNPs and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front in Plant Sci. 2023 Sep 22; 14:1253193. (2) This figure has been sourced from our previously published work, corresponding to Ali et al., (2) 2023. Ali A, Mashwani Z-u-R, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Luna-Arias JP, Ahmad A and Kaushik P (2023). Phytomediated SeNPs and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front. Plant Sci. 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325359 (https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement).
Figure 4
Figure 4. Antioxidant activities (a) demonstrate the reducing power of Caralluma tuberculata callus extract. (b) Illustration of the scavenging potential of Caralluma tuberculata callus extract against ABTS + radicals. (c) Exhibition of the quenching power of Caralluma tuberculata callus extract. (d) Display of the potential of Caralluma tuberculata callus extract to cleave hydroxyl radicals. (e) Depiction of the results of the phosphomolybdate assay for Caralluma tuberculata callus extract. For all antioxidant activities, the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Significance was determined by a p-value less than 0.05, and this determination was confirmed through post hoc testing.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrates the antioxidant mechanisms of the bioactive constituents derived from C. tuberculata, focusing on their impact across various cellular organelles. These bioactive metabolites effectively traverse the plasma membrane, subsequently interacting with and binding to diverse organelles. This orchestrated interaction plays a pivotal role in neutralizing free-radical species. When a particular organelle generates ROS, the resultant byproducts are conveyed to other organelles. As these byproducts travel and reach different organelles, the bioactive compounds seamlessly associate with ROS molecules, preemptively mitigating any potential disruptions. This intricate interplay serves as a buffer against the emergence of oxidative disturbances. Consequently, these secondary metabolites emerge as crucial agents in diminishing oxidative stress, reinforcing cellular equilibrium.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Graph illustrates the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard metformin (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing glucose uptake using the yeast cell assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard metformin (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing glucose adsorption assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 8
Figure 8. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard Glucobay (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing the alpha-amylase inhibition assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 9
Figure 9. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard Glucobay (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 10
Figure 10. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard Glucobay (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing the sucrase inhibition assay was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 11
Figure 11. Graph illustrating the percentage values represented graphically for C. tuberculata callus extract and the standard Orlistat at three different concentrations (5, 10, and 25 mmol/L). The significance level for assessing antilipase inhibition activity was set at p < 0.05. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and this determination was supplemented with a post hoc test.
Figure 12
Figure 12. Illustration of the inhibitory capacity of secondary metabolites in C. tuberculata against alpha-glucosidases and alpha-amylase is described schematically. These secondary metabolites operate by diminishing the creation of the complex formed between the enzyme and substrate through the occlusion of the enzyme’s active site. This decline in metabolic activity results in a diminished liberation of glucose from the bloodstream.
References
This article references 93 other publications.
- 1Abdul-Aziz Al-Yahya, M.; Abdel-Sattar, E.; Guittet, E. Pregnane glycosides from Caralluma russeliana. J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63 (10), 1451– 1453, DOI: 10.1021/np990530c1https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD3M%252FkvVaisw%253D%253D&md5=df7a52360bacc5f3cf17d0c61c0583acPregnane glycosides from Caralluma russelianaAbdul-Aziz Al-Yahya M; Abdel-Sattar E; Guittet EJournal of natural products (2000), 63 (10), 1451-3 ISSN:0163-3864.The aerial parts of Caralluma russeliana yielded four new pregnane glycosides, russeliosides A-D (1-4), in addition to a known flavone glycoside, luteolin 4'-O-beta-D-neohesperidoside. The structures of compounds 1-4 were elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic methods.
- 2Ali, A.; Mashwani, Z. U.; Raja, N. I.; Mohammad, S.; Luna-Arias, J. P.; Ahmad, A.; Kaushik, P. Phytomediated selenium nanoparticles and light regimes elicited in vitro callus cultures for biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production in Caralluma tuberculata. Front. Plant Sci. 2023, 14, 1253193, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1253193There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 3Bader, A.; Braca, A.; De Tommasi, N.; Morelli, I. Further constituents from Caralluma negevensis. Phytochem 2003, 62 (8), 1277– 1281, DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00678-7There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 4Gulcin, İ. Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: An updated overview. Arch. Toxicol. 2020, 94 (3), 651– 715, DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02689-34https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXltFShsrk%253D&md5=a7e2e58feaafdf9dec2aaa257f8137ccAntioxidants and antioxidant methods: an updated overviewGulcin, IlhamiArchives of Toxicology (2020), 94 (3), 651-715CODEN: ARTODN; ISSN:0340-5761. (Springer)A review. Antioxidants had a growing interest owing to their protective roles in food and pharmaceutical products against oxidative deterioration and in the body and against oxidative stress-mediated pathol. processes. These methods are classified, described, and discussed in this review. For this purpose, the most common methods used in vitro detn. of antioxidant capacity of food constituents were examd. Also, a selection of chem. testing methods was critically reviewed and highlighted. In addn., their advantages, disadvantages, limitations and usefulness were discussed and investigated for pure mols. and raw exts. In addn., the most important advantages and shortcomings of each method were detected and highlighted. The chem. principles of methods of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical (ABTS·+) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radical scavenging, Fe3+-Fe2+ transformation assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing power assay (Cuprac). The first section is devoted to the main components in the food and pharmaceutical applications. The second general section comprises some definitions of the main antioxidant methods commonly used for the detn. of the antioxidant activity of components. In addn., some chem., mechanistic and kinetic basis, and tech. details of the used methods are given.
- 5Khan, T.; Ullah, M. A.; Garros, L.; Hano, C.; Abbasi, B. H. Synergistic effects of melatonin and distinct spectral lights for enhanced production of anti-cancerous compounds in callus cultures of Fagonia indica. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 2019, 190, 163– 171, DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.010There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 6Shebis, Y.; Iluz, D.; Kinel-Tahan, Y.; Dubinsky, Z.; Yehoshua, Y. Natural antioxidants: function and sources. Food Nutr. Sci. 2013, 4, 649, DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.46083There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 7Chaves, N.; Santiago, A.; Alías, J. C. Quantification of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts: Analysis of sensitivity and hierarchization based on the method used. Antioxid 2020, 9 (1), 76, DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010076There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 8Ajila, C.; Leelavathi, K. U.; Prasada Rao, U. Improvement of dietary fiber content and antioxidant properties in soft dough biscuits with the incorporation of mango peel powder. J. Cereal. Sci. 2008, 48 (2), 319– 326, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.10.0018https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtVarsLrE&md5=921526110224f743cbb0bb2d5026b6caImprovement of dietary fiber content and antioxidant properties in soft dough biscuits with the incorporation of mango peel powderAjila, C. M.; Leelavathi, K.; Prasada Rao, U. J. S.Journal of Cereal Science (2008), 48 (2), 319-326CODEN: JCSCDA; ISSN:0733-5210. (Elsevier Ltd.)Consumption of natural bioactive compds. such as polyphenols, carotenoids and dietary fiber offers health benefits including protection against cardiovascular diseases, cancer and other degenerative diseases. Mango peel is a major byproduct obtained during processing of mango products such as mango pulp and amchur. Currently, mango peel is discarded which contributes to environmental pollution. In the present study, mango peel was incorporated into biscuits and improvement in the nutraceutical properties of the biscuits was studied. The studies indicated that mango peel contained 51.2% of total dietary fiber, 96 mg GAE/g of polyphenols and 3092 μg/g of carotenoids. Farinograph characteristics of the wheat flour incorporated with mango peel powder (MPP) showed an increase in water absorption from 60 to 68%. Soft dough biscuits were prepd. using different levels (5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0%) of MPP and objective, sensory and nutritional properties of the biscuits were evaluated. The total dietary fiber content increased from 6.5 to 20.7% with a high proportion of sol. dietary fiber with incorporation of 20% MPP. The content of polyphenols increased from 0.54 to 4.50 mg/g and carotenoid content increased from 17 to 247 μg/g of biscuit with 20% incorporation of MPP. The biscuits incorporated with mango peel exhibited improved antioxidant properties. Acceptable biscuits with mango flavor were obtained by incorporating 10% MPP. Thus, the results indicated that wheat flour incorporated with MPP yielded dietary fiber enriched biscuits with improved antioxidant properties.
- 9https://www.dentalnewspk.com/22-May-2023/pakistan-has-highest-diabetes-prevalence-in-world (accessed May 22, 2023).There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 10Keshari, A. K.; Srivastava, R.; Singh, P.; Yadav, V. B.; Nath, G. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cestrum nocturnum. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 2020, 11 (1), 37– 44, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.11.003There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 11Edet, E. E.; Atangwho, I. J.; Akpanabiatu, M. I.; Edet, T. E.; Uboh, F. E.; David-Oku, E. Effect of Gongronema latifolium leaf extract on some liver enzymes and protein levels in diabetic and non diabetic rats. J. Pharm. Biomed Sci. 2011, 1 (5), 104– 107There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 12Bashir, A.; Abbas, S. J.; Hussain, F.; Bashir, S.; Ahmad, D. Study on Caralluma tuberculata nutritional composition and its importance as medicinal plant. Pak. J. Bot. 2014, 46 (5), 1677– 1684There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 13Zhong, J.-J. Biochemical engineering of the production of plant-specific secondary metabolites by cell suspension cultures. Plant Cells 2001, 72, 1– 26, DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45302-4_1There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 14Ali, A.; Mohammad, S.; Khan, M. A.; Raja, N. I.; Arif, M.; Kamil, A.; Mashwani, Z. U. Silver nanoparticles elicited in vitro callus cultures for accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites in Caralluma tuberculata. Artif. Cells, Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2019, 47 (1), 715– 724, DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1577884There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 15Mohammad, S.; Khan, M. A.; Ali, A.; Khan, L.; Khan, M. S.; Mashwani, Z. u. R. Feasible production of biomass and natural antioxidants through callus cultures in response to varying light intensities in olive (Olea europaea. L) cult. Arbosana. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol. 2019, 193, 140– 147, DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.03.001There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 16Anu, K.; Singaravelu, G.; Murugan, K.; Benelli, G. Green-synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using garlic cloves (Allium sativum): biophysical characterization and cytotoxicity on Vero cells. J. Clust. Sci. 2017, 28, 551– 563, DOI: 10.1007/s10876-016-1123-7There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 17Javed, B.; Nadhman, A. Phytosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles from Mentha longifolia: Their structural evaluation and therapeutic potential against HCT116 colon cancer, Leishmanial and bacterial cells. Appl. Nanosci. 2020, 10, 3503– 3515, DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01428-5There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Khan, M. A.; Abbasi, B. H.; Ahmed, N.; Ali, H. Effects of light regimes on in vitro seed germination and silymarin content in Silybum marianum. Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 46, 105– 110, DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.035There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 19Yakoob, A. T.; Tajuddin, N. B.; Mohammed Hussain, M. I.; Mathew, S.; Qadri, I.; Govindaraju, A. Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook F. ex benth. root mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles. Pharmacogn. J. 2016, 8 (6), 579– 586, DOI: 10.5530/pj.2016.6.10There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 20Prieto, P.; Pineda, M.; Aguilar, M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem. 1999, 269 (2), 337– 341, DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.401919https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXis1Kmtbk%253D&md5=4eb51fdb91f0befa90aea3117faf2d26Spectrophotometric Quantitation of Antioxidant Capacity through the Formation of a Phosphomolybdenum Complex: Specific Application to the Determination of Vitamin EPrieto, Pilar; Pineda, Manuel; Aguilar, MiguelAnalytical Biochemistry (1999), 269 (2), 337-341CODEN: ANBCA2; ISSN:0003-2697. (Academic Press)A spectrophotometric method was developed for the quant. detn. of antioxidant capacity. The assay is based on the redn. of Mo(VI) to Mo(V) by the sample analyte and the subsequent formation of a green phosphate/Mo(V) complex at acidic pH. The method has been optimized and characterized with respect to linearity interval, repetitivity and reproducibility, and molar absorption coeffs. for the quantitation of several antioxidants, including vitamin E. The phosphomolybdenum method, in combination with hexane mono-phasic extn., has also been adapted for the specific detn. of vitamin E in seeds. The results obtained with the proposed method were validated by comparison with a std. HPLC method. The phosphomolybdenum method is routinely applied in the lab. to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of plant exts. and to det. vitamin E in a variety of grains and seeds, including corn and soybean. (c) 1999 Academic Press.
- 21Harish, M.; Ahmed, F.; Urooj, A. In vitro hypoglycemic effects of Butea monosperma Lam. leaves and bark. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 51, 308– 314, DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0496-8There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 22Paul, S.; Majumdar, M. In-Vitro Antidiabetic Propensities, Phytochemical Analysis, and Mechanism of Action of Commercial Antidiabetic Polyherbal Formulation “Mehon”. in Proceedings; MDPI, 2020.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 23Sohail; Sawati, L.; Ferrari, E.; Stierhof, Y. D.; Kemmerling, B.; Mashwani, Z. u. R. Molecular effects of biogenic zinc nanoparticles on the growth and development of Brassica napus L. revealed by proteomics and transcriptomics. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 798751, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.798751There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 24Kim, Y. M.; Lee, E. W.; Eom, S. H.; Kim, T. H. Pancreatic lipase inhibitory stilbenoids from the roots of Vitis vinifera. International Food Sci. Nutr. 2014, 65 (1), 97– 100, DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.832172There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 25Ragavan, P.; Ananth, A.; Rajan, M. Impact of selenium nanoparticles on growth, biochemical characteristics and yield of cluster bean Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotech. 2017, 2 (6), 2917– 2926, DOI: 10.22161/ijeab/2.6.19There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 26Menon, S.; Agarwal, H.; Shanmugam, V. K. Catalytical degradation of industrial dyes using biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles and evaluating its antimicrobial activities. Sustain. Environ. Res. 2021, 31 (1), 2, DOI: 10.1186/s42834-020-00072-6There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 27Dhanraj, G.; Rajeshkumar, S. Anticariogenic effect of selenium nanoparticles synthesized using brassica oleracea. J. Nanomater. 2021, 2021, 1– 9, DOI: 10.1155/2021/8115585There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 28Ye, X.; Chen, L.; Liu, L.; Bai, Y. Electrochemical synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and formation of sea urchin-like selenium nanoparticles by electrostatic assembly. Mater. Lett. 2017, 196, 381– 384, DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.03.072There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 29Chen, T.; Tang, Q.; Zhong, X.; Bai, Y.; Chen, T.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Zheng, W. Surface decoration by Spirulina polysaccharide enhances the cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenium nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed. 2012, 835– 844, DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S28278There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 30Irshad, M.; Zafaryab, M.; Singh, M.; Rizvi, M. Comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity of Cassia fistula extracts. Int. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 2012, 1– 6, DOI: 10.1155/2012/157125There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 31Li, W.-T.; Chuang, Y.-H.; Hsieh, J.-F. Characterization of maltase and sucrase inhibitory constituents from Rhodiola crenulata. Foods 2019, 8 (11), 540, DOI: 10.3390/foods8110540There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 32Zia, M.; Mannan, A.; Chaudhary, M. F. Effect of growth regulators and amino acids on artemisinin production in the callus of Artemisia absinthium. Pak. J. Bot. 2007, 39, 799There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 33Yen, G.-C.; Chen, H.-Y. Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995, 43 (1), 27– 32, DOI: 10.1021/jf00049a00732https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXivFOrtrc%253D&md5=bbb1f81417a90cb5a5d78e77f71d88b7Antioxidant Activity of Various Tea Extracts in Relation to Their AntimutagenicityYen, Gow-Chin; Chen, Hui-YinJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (1995), 43 (1), 27-32CODEN: JAFCAU; ISSN:0021-8561. (American Chemical Society)The relationship between antioxidant activity and antimutagenicity of various tea exts. (green tea, pouchong tea, oolong tea, and black tea) was investigated. All tea exts. exhibited markedly antioxidant activity and reducing power, esp. oolong tea, which inhibited peroxidn. of linoleic acid by 73.6%. Tea exts. exhibited a 65-75% scavenging effect on superoxide at a dose of 1 mg and 30-50% scavenging effect on hydrogen peroxide at a dose of 400 μg. They scavenged 100% hydroxyl radical at a dosage of 4 mg, except in the case of black tea. Tea exts. also showed a 50-70% scavenging effect on α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical. The antioxidant activity and the scavenging effects on active oxygen decreased in the order semifermented tea > nonfermented tea > fermented tea. Tea exts. showed strong antimutagenic action against five indirect mutagens, i.e., aflatoxin B1, Trp-P-1, Glu-P-1, benzo[a]pyrene, and IQ, esp. in the case of oolong and pouchong teas. The antioxidant effect of tea exts. was well correlated to their antimutagenicity in some cases but varied with the mutagen and antioxidative properties.
- 34Rehman, R.; Chaudhary, M.; Khawar, K.; Lu, G.; Mannan, A.; Zia, M. In vitro propagation of Caralluma tuberculata and evaluation of antioxidant potential. Biologia 2014, 69 (3), 341– 349, DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0322-zThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 35Song, H.; Kumar, P.; Arivazhagan, G.; Lee, S. I.; Yoon, H. M.; Kim, I. H.; Kwon, H. J.; Kim, J. M.; Hakkim, F. L. Antioxidant property of leaves and calluses extracts of in-vitro grown 5 different Ocimum species. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2012, 39 (3), 146– 153, DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2012.39.3.146There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 36Noreen, S.; Hussain, I.; Tariq, M. I.; Iqbal, S.; Batool, F.; Ghumman, S. A.; Noureen, S.; Kausar, T. Influence of Extraction Scheme on the Antioxidant Potential of Caralluma tuberculata. Not Sci. Biol. 2018, 10 (3), 340– 347, DOI: 10.15835/nsb1031029035https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhvVGhsrrO&md5=be4c0000fce68f04e835512962473b32Influence of extraction scheme on the antioxidant potential of Caralluma tuberculataNoreen, Sobia; Hussain, Ishtiaq; Tariq, Muhammad Ilyas; Iqbal, Shah; Batool, Fozia; Ghumman, Shazia Akram; Noureen, Shazia; Kausar, TusneemNotulae Scientia Biologicae (2018), 10 (3), 340-347CODEN: NSBOBD; ISSN:2067-3264. (AcademicPres)Herbal industry of developing countries is facing several tech. issues related to the extn. conditions in order to attain the max. yield of a plant ext. with max. therapeutic attributes. Therefore the present study was aimed to investigate the best technique for resp. herbal products. The effect of three different extn. techniques: ultrasonic assisted extn., microwave assisted and orbital shaker assisted extn., by using three solvents (80% methanol, ethanol, and Et acetate) on the antioxidant potential of Caralluma tuberculata stem (non-conventional vegetable) exts. were investigated. Folin-Ciocalteu method was applied on tested samples in order to find the concn. of total phenols. Therefore, the optimized ext. of high yield and max. total phenolic content was selected for further anal. like total flavonoid contents, FRAP, DPPH and ABTS scavenging potential. Quantification of phenolic acids in the exts. was also carried out by HPLC. Significant variation was obsd. in the yield of total phenols within the exts., but better results were obtained in aq. methanolic ext. of ultrasonic assisted extn., followed by microwave assisted and orbital shaker assisted extn. Present findings supported the view that ultrasonic assisted extn. can be used for phytochems. profiling, activity guided assays and the development of herbal products. Correlation coeffs. of active principles indicated a significant relationship to antioxidant capacity P < 0.05.
- 37Homayouni-Tabrizi, M.; Asoodeh, A.; Mashreghi, M.; Rezazade Bazaz, M.; Kazemi Oskuee, R.; Darroudi, M. Attachment of a frog skin-derived peptide to functionalized cerium oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther. 2016, 22, 505– 510, DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9531-yThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 38Karthishwaran, K.; Shamisi, S. O.; Kurup, S. S.; Sakkir, S.; Cheruth, A. J. Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant capacities with special emphasis on enzyme activities and in vitro studies in Caralluma flava NE Br. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 2018, 32 (1), 156– 162, DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1379362There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 39Keser, S.; Celik, S.; Turkoglu, S.; Yilmaz, O.; Turkoglu, I. The investigation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna Jacq). J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 3 (2), 51, DOI: 10.5455/jice.20140120103320There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 40Deghima, A.; Righi, N.; Rosales-Conrado, N.; León-González, M. E.; Gómez-Mejía, E.; Madrid, Y.; Baali, F.; Bedjou, F. Bioactive polyphenols from Ranunculus macrophyllus Desf. Roots: Quantification, identification and antioxidant activity. S. Afr. Bot. 2020, 132, 204– 214, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.03.036There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 41Hayyan, M.; Hashim, M. A.; AlNashef, I. M. Superoxide ion: generation and chemical implications. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116 (5), 3029– 3085, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b0040740https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XisVGqsrw%253D&md5=ad9278a28e8776ce6b2fcb40c062c70cSuperoxide Ion: Generation and Chemical ImplicationsHayyan, Maan; Hashim, Mohd Ali; AlNashef, Inas M.Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2016), 116 (5), 3029-3085CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)Superoxide ion (O2•-) is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse chem. and biol. systems. However, the chem. knowledge of O2•- is rather scarce. In addn., numerous studies on O2•- were conducted within the latter half of the 20th century. Therefore, the current advancement in technol. and instrumentation will certainly provide better insights into mechanisms and products of O2•- reactions and thus will result in new findings. This review emphasizes the state-of-the-art research on O2•- so as to enable researchers to venture into future research. It comprises the main characteristics of O2•- followed by generation methods. The reaction types of O2•- are reviewed, and its potential applications including the destruction of hazardous chems., synthesis of org. compds., and many other applications are highlighted. The O2•- environmental chem. is also discussed. The detection methods of O2•- are categorized and elaborated. Special attention is given to the feasibility of using ionic liqs. as media for O2•-, addressing the latest progress of generation and applications. The effect of electrodes on the O2•- electrochem. generation is reviewed. Finally, some remarks and future perspectives are concluded.
- 42Jeong, J. B.; Seo, E. W.; Jeong, H. J. Effect of extracts from pine needle against oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis induced by hydroxyl radical via antioxidant activity. Food Chem. Toxicol 2009, 47 (8), 2135– 2141, DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.034There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Navada, K. M.; Nagaraja, G. K.; D’Souza, J. N.; Kouser, S.; Nithyashree, B. R.; Manasa, D. J. Bio-fabrication of multifunctional nano-ceria mediated from Pouteria campechiana for biomedical and sensing applications. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 2022, 424, 113631, DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113631There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 44Halliwell, B. Free radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal view. Nutr. Rev. 2012, 70 (5), 257– 265, DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00476.x43https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38rotlOgsQ%253D%253D&md5=b1473e876e33f7d37a11013b2e8f781eFree radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal viewHalliwell BarryNutrition reviews (2012), 70 (5), 257-65 ISSN:.This article looks back to the antioxidant/free radical field in 1994 and discusses how it has progressed in the past 18 years. In some areas, there has been little change: the role of oxygen radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the origin or progression of most human diseases remains uncertain, with cancer and neurodegenerative disease being likely exceptions. Even in diseases in which ROS are involved there has been little progress in developing effective antioxidant treatments. Mega-doses of dietary antioxidants have also generally failed to prevent human disease, in part because they do not decrease oxidative damage in vivo (as revealed by robust biomarkers). However, some strategies that are known to delay disease onset may act, at least in part, by decreasing oxidative damage levels. Nevertheless, far more is known today about endogenous antioxidant defenses and how they are regulated, which has led to a deeper understanding of how some ROS can act as signaling molecules. Increasing endogenous antioxidant levels (e.g., by supplying "pro-oxidants") may be a better approach to therapeutics and disease prevention than consuming large doses of "dietary antioxidants."
- 45Shantabia, L.; Jagetiaa, G. C.; Alib, M. A.; Tomcha, T. Antioxidant Potential of Croton Caudatus Leaf Extract Invitro , 2014.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 46Lalhminghlui, K.; Jagetia, G. C. Evaluation of the free-radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of Chilauni, Schima wallichii Korth in vitro. Future Sci. OA 2018, 4 (2), FSO272, DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0086There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 47Lalrinzuali, K.; Vabeiryureilai, M.; Jagetia, G. The analysis of antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of selected medicinal plants of Mizoram. Genome Biol. Evol. 2016, 6, 1, DOI: 10.5376/gab.2015.06.0011There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 48Jagetia, G. C.; Venkatesha, V. A. Effect of mangiferin on radiation-induced micronucleus formation in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2005, 46 (1), 12– 21, DOI: 10.1002/em.20124There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 49Khan, R. A.; Khan, M. R.; Sahreen, S.; Ahmed, M. Assessment of flavonoids contents and in vitro antioxidant activity of Launaea procumbens. Chem. Cent. J. 2012, 6 (1), 43, DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-43There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 50Khorrami, M. B.; Sadeghnia, H. R.; Pasdar, A.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M.; Riahi-Zanjani, B.; Hashemzadeh, A.; Zare, M.; Darroudi, M. Antioxidant and toxicity studies of biosynthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 2915– 2926, DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s194192There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 51Rehman, G.; Hamayun, M.; Iqbal, A.; Ul Islam, S.; Arshad, S.; Zaman, K.; Ahmad, A.; Shehzad, A.; Hussain, A.; Lee, I. In vitro antidiabetic effects and antioxidant potential of Cassia nemophila pods. Biomed. Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 1824790, DOI: 10.1155/2018/1824790There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Das, C. M. S.; Devi, S. G. In vitro glucose binding activity of Terminalia bellirica. Asian. Int. J. Pharm. Clin 2015, 8 (2), 320– 323There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 53Vasant, R. A.; Narasimhacharya, A. Antidotal activity of Averrhoa carambola (Star fruit) on fluoride induced toxicity in rats. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2014, 7 (2), 103– 110, DOI: 10.2478/intox-2014-0014There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 54Vignesh, A.; Amal, T. C.; Janani Sree, S.; Selvakumar, S.; Vasanth, K. Conservation linkages of endangered medicinal plant and exploration of phytochemicals, pharmaceutical screening and in silico validation against diabetics using in vivo wild and in vitro regenerated plant Boucerosia diffusa Wight. 3 Biotech 2023, 13 (7), 237, DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03645-5There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 55Abdel-Sattar, E. A.; Abdallah, H. M.; Khedr, A.; Abdel-Naim, A. B.; Shehata, I. A. Antihyperglycemic activity of Caralluma tuberculata in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013, 59, 111– 117, DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.060There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Bellamakondi, P. K.; Godavarthi, A.; Ibrahim, M. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of Caralluma umbellata Haw. BioImpacts: BI 2014, 4 (3), 113– 116, DOI: 10.15171/bi.2014.003There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 57Tabatabaei-Malazy, O.; Larijani, B.; Abdollahi, M. Targeting metabolic disorders by natural products. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 2015, 14, 57, DOI: 10.1186/s40200-015-0184-8There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 58Lopes, M.; Aniceto, D.; Abrantes, M.; Simões, S.; Branco, F.; Vitória, I.; Botelho, M. F.; Seiça, R.; Veiga, F.; Ribeiro, A. In vivo biodistribution of antihyperglycemic biopolymer-based nanoparticles for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2017, 113, 88– 96, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.037There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 59Hirst, S. M.; Karakoti, A. S.; Tyler, R. D.; Sriranganathan, N.; Seal, S.; Reilly, C. M. Anti-inflammatory properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles. Small 2009, 5 (24), 2848– 2856, DOI: 10.1002/smll.20090104858https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhs1SjsrvJ&md5=97f630aacec4f3d427e2892ec6fbcb0dAnti-inflammatory Properties of Cerium Oxide NanoparticlesHirst, Suzanne M.; Karakoti, Ajay S.; Tyler, Ron D.; Sriranganathan, Nammalwar; Seal, Sudipta; Reilly, Christopher M.Small (2009), 5 (24), 2848-2856CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)The valence and oxygen defect properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) suggest that they may act as auto-regenerative free radical scavengers. Overprodn. of the free radical nitric oxide (NO) by the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was implicated as a crit. mediator of inflammation. NO is correlated with disease activity and contributes to tissue destruction. The ability of nanoceria to scavenge free radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibit inflammatory mediator prodn. in J774A.1 murine macrophages is investigated. Cells internalize nanoceria, the treatment is nontoxic, and oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory iNOS protein expression are abated with stimulation. In vivo studies show nanoceria deposition in mouse tissues with no pathogenicity. Taken together, it is suggested that cerium oxide nanoparticles are well tolerated in mice and are incorporated into cellular tissues. Furthermore, nanoceria may have the potential to reduce ROS prodn. in states of inflammation and therefore serve as a novel therapy for chronic inflammation.
- 60Niaz, A.; Adnan, A.; Bashir, R.; Mumtaz, M. W.; Raza, S. A.; Rashid, U.; Tan, C. P.; Tan, T. B. The In vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of Various Solvent Fractions of Tamarix dioica and 1H-NMR Based Metabolite Identification and Molecular Docking Analysis. Plants 2021, 10 (6), 1128, DOI: 10.3390/plants10061128There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 61Chaudhary, A.; Raza, S.; Mumtaz, M.; Adnan, A.; Mukhtar, H.; Akhtar, M. Metabolite profiling and antidiabetic attributes of ultrasonicated leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2020, 10 (8), 353, DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.284430There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 62Elya, B.; Basah, K.; Mun’Im, A.; Yuliastuti, W.; Bangun, A.; Septiana, E. K. Screening of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from some plants of Apocynaceae, Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rubiaceae. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012, 2012, 1– 6, DOI: 10.1155/2012/281078There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 63William, J.; John, P.; Mumtaz, M. W.; Ch, A. R.; Adnan, A.; Mukhtar, H.; Sharif, S.; Raza, S. A.; Akhtar, M. T. Antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition and phytochemical profiling of Hyophorbe lagenicaulis leaf extracts. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7022 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7022There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 64Antora, R. A.; Rabeta, M. S.; Norazatul Hanim, M. R. Evaluation of in vitro sucrase Inhibitory and non-enzymatic glycation properties of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. leaves. Food Res. 2012, 2, 368, DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.2(4).076There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 65Lin, X.; Li, H. Obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics. Front. Endocrinol. 2021, 12, 706978, DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.70697864https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB2cngsFOqtA%253D%253D&md5=711ab95376d8b1f4125a5d52dbf2cb42Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and TherapeuticsLin Xihua; Li HongFrontiers in endocrinology (2021), 12 (), 706978 ISSN:1664-2392.Obesity is a complex multifactorial disease that accumulated excess body fat leads to negative effects on health. Obesity continues to accelerate resulting in an unprecedented epidemic that shows no significant signs of slowing down any time soon. Raised body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders, resulting in dramatic decrease of life quality and expectancy. The main cause of obesity is long-term energy imbalance between consumed calories and expended calories. Here, we explore the biological mechanisms of obesity with the aim of providing actionable treatment strategies to achieve a healthy body weight from nature to nurture. This review summarizes the global trends in obesity with a special focus on the pathogenesis of obesity from genetic factors to epigenetic factors, from social environmental factors to microenvironment factors. Against this background, we discuss several possible intervention strategies to minimize BMI.
- 66Melmed, S.; Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book; Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 67del Castillo-Santaella, T.; Maldonado-Valderrama, J.; Cabrerizo-Vílchez, M. Á.; Rivadeneira-Ruiz, C.; Rondon-Rodriguez, D.; Gálvez-Ruiz, M. J. Natural inhibitors of lipase: Examining lipolysis in a single droplet. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015, 63 (47), 10333– 10340, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04550There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 68Solowey, E.; Lichtenstein, M.; Sallon, S.; Paavilainen, H.; Solowey, E.; Lorberboum-Galski, H. Evaluating medicinal plants for anticancer activity. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 1– 12, DOI: 10.1155/2014/721402There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 69Jaradat, N.; Zaid, A. N.; Hussein, F.; Zaqzouq, M.; Aljammal, H.; Ayesh, O. Anti-lipase potential of the organic and aqueous extracts of ten traditional edible and medicinal plants in Palestine; a comparison study with orlistat. Medicines 2017, 4 (4), 89, DOI: 10.3390/medicines4040089There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 70Poodineh, J.; Khazaei Feizabad, A.; Nakhaee, A. Antioxidant activities of caralluma tuberculata on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Drug Dev. Res. 2015, 76 (1), 40– 47, DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21239There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 71Sudhakara, G.; Mallaiah, P.; Sreenivasulu, N.; Sasi Bhusana Rao, B.; Rajendran, R.; Saralakumari, D. Beneficial effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of caralluma fimbriata against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in wistar male rats. J. Physiol. Biochem. 2014, 70 (2), 311– 320, DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0304-1There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 72Anitha, R.; Ashwini, S. Antihyperglycemic activity of caralluma fimbriata: An in vitro approach. Phcog. Mag. 2017, 13 (51), S499, DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_59_17There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 73Habibuddin, M.; Daghriri, H. A.; Humaira, T.; Qahtani, M. S. A.; Hefzi, A. A. Antidiabetic effect of alcoholic extract of caralluma sinaica l. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rabbits. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 117 (2), 215– 220, DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.021There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 74Khan, I.; Saeed, K.; Khan, I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arab. J. Chem. 2019, 12, 908– 931, DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.01173https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXotlWqt74%253D&md5=8805b174a66260908cb7d5754feb8d08Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicitiesKhan, Ibrahim; Saeed, Khalid; Khan, IdreesArabian Journal of Chemistry (2019), 12 (7), 908-931CODEN: AJCRDR; ISSN:1878-5352. (Elsevier B.V.)A review: A detailed overview of the synthesis, properties and applications of nanoparticles (NPs) exist in different forms. NPs are tiny materials having size ranges from 1 to 100 nm. They can be classified into different classes based on their properties, shapes or sizes. The different groups include fullerenes, metal NPs, ceramic NPs, and polymeric NPs. NPs possess unique phys. and chem. properties due to their high surface area and nanoscale size. Their optical properties are reported to be dependent on the size, which imparts different colors due to absorption in the visible region. Their reactivity, toughness and other properties are also dependent on their unique size, shape and structure. Due to these characteristics, they are suitable candidates for various com. and domestic applications, which include catalysis, imaging, medical applications, energy-based research, and environmental applications. Heavy metal NPs of lead, mercury and tin are reported to be so rigid and stable that their degrdn. is not easily achievable, which can lead to many environmental toxicities.
- 75Thakkar, K. N.; Mhatre, S. S.; Parikh, R. Y. Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 2010, 6, 257– 262, DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.00274https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXksVCgtLc%253D&md5=55ea028714ff1df8eb56f71c15af711eBiological synthesis of metallic nanoparticlesThakkar, Kaushik N.; Mhatre, Snehit S.; Parikh, Rasesh Y.Nanomedicine (Philadelphia, PA, United States) (2010), 6 (2), 257-262CODEN: NANOBF; ISSN:1549-9634. (Elsevier Inc.)A review. The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an active area of academic and, more importantly, "application research" in nanotechnol. A variety of chem. and phys. procedures could be used for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. However, these methods are fraught with many problems including use of toxic solvents, generation of hazardous byproducts, and high energy consumption. Accordingly, there is an essential need to develop environmentally benign procedures for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. A promising approach to achieve this objective is to exploit the array of biol. resources in nature. Indeed, over the past several years, plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and viruses have been used for prodn. of low-cost, energy-efficient, and nontoxic metallic nanoparticles. In this review, we provide an overview of various reports of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by biol. means.
- 76Yadav, V. K.; Khan, S. H.; Malik, P.; Thappa, A.; Suriyaprabha, R.; Ravi, R. K.; Choudhary, N.; Kalasariya, H.; Gnanamoorthy, G. Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications for wastewater treatment. Microbial Biotechnology: Basic Research and Applications 2020, 147– 187, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2817-0_7There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 77Ahmad, S.; Munir, S.; Zeb, N.; Ullah, A.; Khan, B.; Ali, J.; Bilal, M.; Omer, M.; Alamzeb, M.; Salman, S. M.; Ali, S. Green nanotechnology: a review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles─an eco-friendly approach. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 5087– 5107, DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S200254There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 78Thapa, M.; Choudhury, S. R. Green synthesized nanoparticles: Physicochemical properties and mode of antimicrobial activities. Compr. Anal. Chem. 2021, 94, 49– 79, DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2020.12.006There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 79Fardsadegh, B.; Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, H. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their in vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains. Green Process. Synth. 2019, 8, 399– 407, DOI: 10.1515/gps-2019-000778https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitlansbjL&md5=c151c16ba3be0c2264308a1d316be85eAloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strainsFardsadegh, Borna; Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, HodaGreen Processing and Synthesis (2019), 8 (1), 399-407CODEN: GPSREC; ISSN:2191-9550. (Walter de Gruyter GmbH)Selenium as an essential trace element for the health of the humans was used to hydrothermally synthesis of selenium nanoparticle (Se NPs) using Aloe vera leaf ext. (ALE). Effects of synthesis parameters namely; amt. of ALE (1-5 mL) and amt. of Na2SeO3 soln. (10-30 mL), on the particle size and color intensity of the soln. contg. Se NPs were studied using response surface methodol. FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, DLS analyzer and TEM were used to det. the specifications of the ALE and synthesized Se NPs. Obtained results indicated that the ALE contained several bioactive compds., which they had hydroxyl and amide I groups in their structures and these two functional groups had key roles in the redn. of the selenium ions to form Se NPs and stabilizing of them. Furthermore, spherical fabricated Se NPs using obtained optimum synthesis parameters, 4.92 mL of ALE and 13.03 mL of Na2SeO3 soln., had color intensity, mean particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index values of 3.0% a.u., 50 nm, -18 mV and 0.344, resp. according to the DLS anal. The synthesized Se NPs had also high antibacterial and antifungal activities against 4 selected pathogenic bacteria and spoilage fungi strains.
- 80Sharma, G.; Sharma, A. R.; Bhavesh, R.; Park, J.; Ganbold, B.; Nam, J. S.; Lee, S. S. Biomolecule-mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using dried Vitis vinifera (raisin) extract. Molecules 2014, 19, 2761– 2770, DOI: 10.3390/molecules1903276179https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXos12juro%253D&md5=92c8a913e8de59d3b7848a245f62bdb6Biomolecule-mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using dried Vitis vinifera (raisin) extractSharma, Garima; Sharma, Ashish Ranjan; Bhavesh, Riju; Park, Jongbong; Ganbold, Bilguun; Nam, Ju-Suk; Lee, Sang-SooMolecules (2014), 19 (3), 2761-2770, 10 pp.CODEN: MOLEFW; ISSN:1420-3049. (MDPI AG)Biomol.-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has recently gained the attention of researchers due to its ecofriendly and non-toxic nature. Metabolites from plant exts. represent a better alternative to chem. methods to fulfill the growing demand for non-hazardous nanoparticle synthesis routes. Selenium and its nanoparticles have an extensive range of applications. Thus, biofabrication of selenium nanoparticles can be potentially useful in various fields. This study reports a green approach to biosynthesize selenium nanoparticles (Se-np) using dried Vitis vinifera (raisin) exts. The biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR). Transmission electron microscopic images revealed the spherical shape of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles and a size range of 3-18 nm. Dynamic light scattering also confirmed the av. particle size of 8.12 ± 2.5 nm with 0.212 PDI. The cryst. nature of selenium nanoparticles was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction study. Moreover, as inferred from the FTIR spectrum, the presence of highly stable lignin biopolymer on the surface of selenium nanoballs suggests a possible role as capping agent.
- 81Zhao, Y.; Hu, C.; Wang, X.; Qing, X.; Wang, P.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, X. Selenium alleviated chromium stress in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L ssp. Pekinensis) by regulating root morphology and metal element uptake. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 173, 314– 321, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.090There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 82Mroczek-Zdyrska, M.; Wójcik, M. The influence of selenium on root growth and oxidative stress induced by lead in Vicia faba L. minor plants. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2012, 147, 320– 328, DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9292-6There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 83Hussain, S. M.; Khalid, A.; Shahzad, M. M.; Rasul, A.; Akram, A. M.; Ahmad, N.; Khalid, F. Effect of dietary supplementation of selenium nanoparticles on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings fed sunflower meal-based diet. Indian J. Fish. 2019, 66, 55– 61, DOI: 10.21077/ijf.2019.66.3.87585-07There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 84Zahedi, S. M.; Abdelrahman, M.; Hosseini, M. S.; Hoveizeh, N. F.; Tran, L. S. Alleviation of the effect of salinity on growth and yield of strawberry by foliar spray of selenium-nanoparticles. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 253, 246– 258, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.07883https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsVals7fJ&md5=5fc84c31c91c3ca47c90bdad33db312dAlleviation of the effect of salinity on growth and yield of strawberry by foliar spray of selenium-nanoparticlesZahedi, Seyed Morteza; Abdelrahman, Mostafa; Hosseini, Marjan Sadat; Hoveizeh, Narjes Fahadi; Tran, Lam-Son PhanEnvironmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2019), 253 (), 246-258CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)The present study investigated the beneficial role of selenium-nanoparticles (Se-NPs) in mitigating the adverse effects of soil-salinity on growth and yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants by maneuvering physiol. and biochem. mechanisms. The foliar spray of Se-NPs (10 and 20 mg L-1) improved the growth and yield parameters of strawberry plants grown on non-saline and different saline soils (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM NaCl), which was attributed to their ability to protect photosynthetic pigments. Se-NPs-treated strawberry plants exhibited higher levels of key osmolytes, including total sol. carbohydrates and free proline, compared with untreated plants under saline conditions. Foliar application of Se-NPs improved salinity tolerance in strawberry by reducing stress-induced lipid peroxidn. and H2O2 content through enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Addnl., Se-NPs-treated strawberry plants showed accumulation of indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid, the vital stress signaling mols., which are involved in regulating different morphol., physiol. and mol. responses of plants to salinity. Moreover, the enhanced levels of org. acids (e.g., malic, citric and succinic acids) and sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose and sucrose) in the fruits of Se-NPs-treated strawberry plants under saline conditions indicated the pos. impacts of Se-NPs on the improvement of fruit quality and nutritional values. Our results collectively demonstrate the definite roles of Se-NPs in management of soil salinity-induced adverse effects on not only strawberry plants but also other crops.
- 85Ciccolini, V.; Pellegrino, E.; Coccina, A.; Fiaschi, A. I.; Cerretani, D.; Sgherri, C.; Quartacci, M. F.; Ercoli, L. Biofortification with Iron and Zinc Improves Nutritional and Nutraceutical Properties of Common Wheat Flour and Bread. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2017, 65 (27), 5443, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01176There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 86Samynathan, R.; Venkidasamy, B.; Ramya, K.; Muthuramalingam, P.; Shin, H.; Kumari, P. S.; Thangavel, S.; Sivanesan, I. A Recent Update on the Impact of Nano-Selenium on Plant Growth, Metabolism, and Stress Tolerance. Plants. 2023, 12 (4), 853, DOI: 10.3390/plants1204085385https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXkslWgtLs%253D&md5=146c7577b5982e92833b53d4abff779aA Recent Update on the Impact of Nano-Selenium on Plant Growth, Metabolism, and Stress ToleranceSamynathan, Ramkumar; Venkidasamy, Baskar; Ramya, Karthikeyan; Muthuramalingam, Pandiyan; Shin, Hyunsuk; Kumari, Pandy Saravana; Thangavel, Sivakumar; Sivanesan, IyyakkannuPlants (2023), 12 (4), 853CODEN: PLANCD; ISSN:2223-7747. (MDPI AG)Selenium (Se) is a microelement that plays an important nutrient role by influencing various physiol. and biochem. traits in plants. It has been shown to stimulate plant metab., enhancing secondary metabolites and lowering abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Globally, the enormous applications of nanotechnol. in the food and agricultural sectors have vastly expanded. Nanoselenium is more active than bulk materials, and various routes of synthesis of Se nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have been reported in which green synthesis using plants is more attractive due to a redn. in ecol. issues and an increase in biol. activities. The Se-NP-based biofortification is more significant because it increases plant stress tolerance and pos. impacts their metab. Se-NPs can enhance plant resistance to various oxidative stresses, promote growth, enhance soil nutrient status, enhance plant antioxidant levels, and participate in the transpiration process. Addnl., they use a readily available, biodegradable reducing agent and are ecol. friendly. This review concs. on notable information on the different modes of Se-NPs' synthesis and characterization, their applications in plant growth, yield, and stress tolerance, and their influence on the metabolic process.
- 87Derosa, G.; Maffioli, P. Mini-Special Issue paper Management of diabetic patients with hypoglycemic agents α-Glucosidase inhibitors and their use in clinical practice. Arch. Med. Sci. 2012, 5, 899– 906, DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.31621There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 88Mishra, S. B.; Rao, C. V.; Ojha, S. K.; Vijayakumar, M.; Verma, A.; Alok, S. An Analytical Review of Plants for Anti Diabetic Activity with Their Phytoconstituent & Mechanism of Action. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2010, 1, 29– 46, DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(1).29-46There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 89Radulovic, N. S.; Blagojevic, P. D.; Stojanovic-Radic, Z. Z.; Stojanovic, N. M. Antimicrobial plant metabolites: structural diversity and mechanism of action. Curr. Med. Chem. 2013, 20 (7), 932– 952, DOI: 10.2174/092986713805219136There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 90Sinan, K. I.; Yagi, S.; Llorent-Martínez, E. J.; Ruiz-Medina, A.; Gordo-Moreno, A. I.; Stefanucci, A.; Mollica, A.; Bene, K.; Zengin, G. Understanding the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Secamone afzelii Leaves: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds for the Food Industry. Molecules 2023, 28 (9), 3678, DOI: 10.3390/molecules2809367889https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXhtFSkt7vL&md5=1bfb13e7a8d86f60fb9d011a337b6b8aUnderstanding the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Secamone afzelii Leaves: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds for the Food IndustrySinan, Kouadio I.; Yagi, Sakina; Llorent-Martinez, Eulogio J.; Ruiz-Medina, Antonio; Gordo-Moreno, Ana I.; Stefanucci, Azzurra; Mollica, Adriano; Bene, Kouadio; Zengin, GokhanMolecules (2023), 28 (9), 3678CODEN: MOLEFW; ISSN:1420-3049. (MDPI AG)Secamone afzelii (Roem. & Schult.) K. Schum (family Asclepiadaceae) is a creeping woody climber used to treat ailments in many traditional medicine systems. The present study aims to examine the antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of S. afzelii leaf using different compns. of methanol-water mixt. as an extn. solvent. The exts. were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MSn in terms of chem. compds. The in silico results show that compd. 23 (quercitrin) has the higher docking scores among the selected substances and the MD simulation revealed that the interactions with the enzymic pocket are stable over the simulation time and strongly involve the tyrosinase catalytic Cu atoms. All together the results showed that both 80% and 100% methanolic exts. contained significantly (p < 0.05) the highest total phenolics content while the highest content of total flavonoids was significantly (p < 0.05) extd. by 100% methanol. About 26 compds. were tentatively identified by HPLC-ESI-MSn and 6 of them were quantified using stds. Results showed that the exts. were rich in flavonoids with a relatively high abundance of two kaempferol glycosides comprising 60% of quantified compds. The 100% and 80% methanol exts. recorded significantly (p < 0.05) the highest total antioxidant, DPPH and ABTS activity as well as tyrosinase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The best significant (p < 0.05) cholinesterase inhibitory activity and reducing capacity of Fe+++ and Cu++ was recorded from the 80% methanolic ext. while 100% ethanolic ext. gave the highest significant (p < 0.05) butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The best glucosidase activity was obsd. in the 50% and 80% methanolic exts. Although the water ext. displayed the least total phenolics and flavonoids content and consequently the lowest antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity, it displayed significantly (p < 0.05) the highest chelating power. In conclusion, these results demonstrated the richness of S. afzelii leaf as a potential source of bioactive compds. for the food industry, for the prepn. of food supplements and functional foods.
- 91Preety, R.; Anitha, R.; Rajeshkumar, S.; Lakshmi, T. Anti-diabetic activity of silver nanoparticles prepared from cumin oil using alpha amylase inhibitory assay. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 11 (2), 1267– 9, DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1978There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 92Marinaccio, L.; Zengin, G.; Pieretti, S.; Minosi, P.; Szucs, E.; Benyhe, S.; Novellino, E.; Masci, D.; Stefanucci, A.; Mollica, A. Food-inspired peptides from spinach Rubisco endowed with antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. Food Chem. X. 2023, 18, 100640, DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100640There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 93Davatgaran Taghipour, Y.; Hajialyani, M.; Naseri, R.; Hesari, M.; Mohammadi, P.; Stefanucci, A.; Mollica, A.; Farzaei, M. H.; Abdollahi, M. Nanoformulations of natural products for management of metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 5303– 5321, DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s213831There is no corresponding record for this reference.