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Simultaneous Dehalogenation and Removal of Persistent Halocarbon Pesticides from Water Using Graphene Nanocomposites: A Case Study of Lindane

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    Research Article

    Simultaneous Dehalogenation and Removal of Persistent Halocarbon Pesticides from Water Using Graphene Nanocomposites: A Case Study of Lindane
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    † DST Unit on Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
    ‡ Environmental Engineering Division, School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Chennai Campus Chennai 600 048, India
    § Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
    *T. Pradeep. E-mail: [email protected]. Fax: 91-44-2257-0545/0509.
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    ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

    Cite this: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2015, 3, 6, 1155–1163
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00080
    Published May 4, 2015
    Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    This paper describes an unusual chemical reaction that takes place on a graphene composite in a concerted fashion. The reaction shows the conversion of a persistent organochlorine pesticide, lindane (C6H6Cl6), present in water, to different isomers of trichlorobenzenes (TCBs, C6H3Cl3) on the surface of reduced graphene oxide–silver composites (RGO@Ag). The reaction is unique to the composite and does not occur on RGO and nanoparticles of Ag separately. The products of the reaction were isolated and extensively characterized using analytical techniques such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, infrared and NMR, which unequivocally confirmed their identity. The as-formed TCBs were removed from the aqueous medium by adsorption on the same composite. Adsorption of lindane is physical in nature, but that of TCBs is through π–π interactions. The study reveals the unusual chemical reactivity of graphene–metal composites and their potential for water treatment. The uniqueness of the reaction on RGO@Ag is due to the simultaneous removal of three HCl molecules, leading to the formation of aromatic compounds and concomitant formation of silver chloride. Recycling capacity and effect of diverse species present in natural waters were tested for potential applications in sustainable water treatment.

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    Supporting Information

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    Additional details describing the synthesis of GO and RGO; HRTEM image of RGO and RGO@Ag (at different concentrations of Ag ions); SEM-EDAX image of the composite after the reaction; XPS spectrum of the composite, GC-ECD data showing the removal of lindane; XPS spectrum of the composite after reaction with lindane, GC trace of lindane and the product, GC–MS data of lindane and the degraded product; Raman spectrum of TCBs; synthesis of Ag NPs protected with citrate and their characterization; blank test for RGO, Ag NPs, MWCNTs and AC–Ag composite for the removal of lindane and comparison with elemental silver; dependence of Ag NP size on the degradation of lindane, the effect of tap water and common ion effect on the removal of lindane and the reusability of the material up-to fifth cycle. The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00080.

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    Cite this: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2015, 3, 6, 1155–1163
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00080
    Published May 4, 2015
    Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society
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