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Biochemical and in Vivo Characterization of a Small, Membrane-Permeant, Caspase-Activatable Far-Red Fluorescent Peptide for Imaging Apoptosis

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    Biochemical and in Vivo Characterization of a Small, Membrane-Permeant, Caspase-Activatable Far-Red Fluorescent Peptide for Imaging Apoptosis†
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    Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, and Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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    Biochemistry

    Cite this: Biochemistry 2007, 46, 13, 4055–4065
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/bi061959n
    Published March 10, 2007
    Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Apoptosis is an important process involved in diverse developmental pathways, homeostasis, and response to therapy for a variety of diseases. Thus, noninvasive methods to study regulation and to monitor cell death in cells and whole animals are desired. To specifically detect apoptosis in vivo, a novel cell-permeable activatable caspase substrate, TcapQ647, was synthesized and Km, kcat, and Ki values were biochemically characterized. Specific cleavage of TcapQ647 by effector caspases was demonstrated using a panel of purified recombinant enzyme assays. Of note, caspase 3 was shown to cleave TcapQ647 with a kcat 7-fold greater than caspase 7 and 16-fold greater than caspase 6. No evidence of TcapQ647 cleavage by initiator caspases was observed. In KB 3-1 or Jurkat cells treated with cytotoxic agents or C6-ceramide, TcapQ647 detected apoptosis in individual- and population-based fluorescent cell assays in an effector caspase inhibitor-specific manner. Further, only background fluorescence was observed in cells incubated with dTcapQ647, a noncleavable all d-amino acid control peptide. Finally, in vivo experiments demonstrated the utility of TcapQ647 to detect parasite-induced apoptosis in human colon xenograft and liver abscess mouse models. Thus, TcapQ647 represents a sensitive, effector caspase-specific far-red “smart” probe to noninvasively monitor apoptosis in vivo.

    Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society

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    †

     This work was supported by NIH Grants P50 CA94056, RO1 CA82841, and RO1 AI30084.

    ‡

     Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology.

    §

     Department of Molecular Microbiology.

    *

     Correspondence to this author at Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110. Tel:  314-362-9356. Fax:  314-362-0152. E-mail:  [email protected].

    ‖

     Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology.

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    Cite this: Biochemistry 2007, 46, 13, 4055–4065
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/bi061959n
    Published March 10, 2007
    Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society
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