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Theoretical Analysis of Nucleation and Growth of ZnO Nanostructures in Vapor Phase Transport Growth

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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Crystal Growth & Design 2011, 11, 10, 4581-4587
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    Theoretical Analysis of Nucleation and Growth of ZnO Nanostructures in Vapor Phase Transport Growth
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    School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
    E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: +353 (1)700 5387. Fax: +353 (1)700 5384.
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    Crystal Growth & Design

    Cite this: Cryst. Growth Des. 2011, 11, 10, 4581–4587
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/cg200828y
    Published September 7, 2011
    Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    This paper discusses the growth atmosphere, condensing species, and nucleation conditions relevant to vapor phase transport growth of ZnO nanostructures, including the molecular parameters and thermodynamics of the gas phase ZnO molecule and its importance compared to atomic Zn and molecular O2. The partial pressure of molecular ZnO in a Zn/O2 mix at normal ZnO growth temperatures is ∼6 × 10–7 of the Zn partial pressures. In typical vapor phase transport growth conditions, using carbothermal reduction, the Zn vapor is always undersaturated while the ZnO vapor is always supersaturated. In the case of the ZnO vapor, our analysis suggests that the barrier to homogeneous nucleation (or heterogeneous nucleation at unseeded/uncatalysed areas of the substrates) is too large for nucleation of this species to take place, which is consistent with experimental evidence that nanostructures will not grow on unseeded areas of substrates. In the presence of suitable accommodation sites, due to ZnO seeds, growth can occur via Zn vapor condensation (followed by oxidation) and via direct condensation of molecular ZnO (whose flux at the surface, although less than that of Zn vapor, is still sufficient to yield an appreciable nanostructure deposit). The balance between these two condensing species is likely to be a sensitive function of growth parameters and could explain both the diversity of reported nanostructure morphologies and the challenges to be faced in developing reproducible and scalable growth systems for specific applicable morphologies.

    Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society

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    Cited By

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    This article is cited by 13 publications.

    1. Alex M. Lord, Michael B. Ward, Jonathan E. Evans, Philip R. Davies, Nathan A. Smith, Thierry G. Maffeis, and Steve P. Wilks . Enhanced Long-Path Electrical Conduction in ZnO Nanowire Array Devices Grown via Defect-Driven Nucleation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2014, 118 (36) , 21177-21184. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp505414u
    2. Ruth B. Saunders, Seamus Garry, Daragh Byrne, Martin O. Henry, and Enda McGlynn . Length versus Radius Relationship for ZnO Nanowires Grown via Vapor Phase Transport. Crystal Growth & Design 2012, 12 (12) , 5972-5979. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg3009738
    3. Igor E. Agranovski, Igor Altman. Elimination of the nucleation barrier by bipolar charging. Aerosol Science and Technology 2024, 58 (10) , 1206-1211. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2024.2376843
    4. Feng Jia, Yu-Ling Shih, David Y. H. Pui, Zi-Yi Li, Chuen-Jinn Tsai. Generation of ZnO nanoparticles by chemical vapor synthesis using quenching air. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2021, 23 (2) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-021-05145-0
    5. Ankur Gupta, Shantanu Bhattacharya. On the growth mechanism of ZnO nano structure via aqueous chemical synthesis. Applied Nanoscience 2018, 8 (3) , 499-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-018-0782-0
    6. R. Vasireddi, B. Javvaji, H. Vardhan, D. R. Mahapatra, G. M. Hegde. Growth of zinc oxide nanorod structures: pressure controlled hydrothermal process and growth mechanism. Journal of Materials Science 2017, 52 (4) , 2007-2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0489-0
    7. Ciarán Gray, Lukas Trefflich, Robert Röder, Carsten Ronning, Martin O. Henry, Enda McGlynn. Growth of 18 O isotopically enriched ZnO nanorods by two novel VPT methods. Journal of Crystal Growth 2017, 460 , 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.12.069
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    11. Wenqiang Lu, Chengming Jiang, Daniel Caudle, Chaolong Tang, Qian Sun, Jingjun Xu, Jinhui Song. Controllable growth of laterally aligned zinc oxide nanorod arrays on a selected surface of the silicon substrate by a catalyst-free vapor solid process – a technique for growing nanocircuits. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2013, 15 (32) , 13532. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp51558c
    12. Chao Liu, Xiaobin Xu, Alexander J. E. Rettie, C. Buddie Mullins, D. L. Fan. One-step waferscale synthesis of 3-D ZnO nanosuperstructures by designed catalysts for substantial improvement of solar water oxidation efficiency. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2013, 1 (28) , 8111. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta11462g
    13. Jian-Min Li, Xian-Lin Zeng, Quan Huang, Zhu-An Xu. Morphological diversity and alternate evolution in tin-assisted vapor-transport-grown ZnO micro-nanocrystal tetrapods. CrystEngComm 2012, 14 (22) , 7800. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce25963j
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    Crystal Growth & Design

    Cite this: Cryst. Growth Des. 2011, 11, 10, 4581–4587
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/cg200828y
    Published September 7, 2011
    Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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