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Alignment, Morphology and Defect Control of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorod Array: Competition between “Surfactant” and “Stabilizer” Roles of the Amine Species and Its Photocatalytic Properties

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† Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
‡ Surface and Nanoscience Division, Materials Science Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India
§ School of Physical Sciences, National Centre for Plasma Science & Technology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
∥ Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
*Tel: (91)9789757888; fax: (91)422-2422387; e-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Cryst. Growth Des. 2014, 14, 6, 2873–2879
Publication Date (Web):April 18, 2014
https://doi.org/10.1021/cg5001792
Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    We demonstrate effective control of the morphology, defect content and vertical alignment of ZnO nanorod (NR) arrays grown by a solution method by simply varying the hexamine concentration during growth. We show that the amine acts both as a growth ‘stabilizer’ and ‘surfactant’ and controls both Zn release for ZnO formation and caps non-polar planes, respectively. Competition between these ‘stabilizer’ and ‘surfactant’ roles facilitates morphology, alignment and defect content control of 1D ZnO NR arrays. Well aligned, prismatic, defect (Zn interstitial) controlled ZnO NR arrays grown with a 1M amine concentration show higher photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue dye solutions under UV irradiation. Shallow donor zinc interstitials readily supply electrons which may increase the space charge near the nano-catalyst surface. The increased band bending associated with the interfacial electric field in the space charge region may then better facilitate the separation of photogenerated carriers and thus enhance the photocatalytic performance. Understanding the role of amine in the solution growth of 1D ZnO NR arrays holds great promise for tailoring ZnO NR functionalities for various potential applications.

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    UV–Vis absorption spectra of MB as a function of irradiation time with different amine/zinc nitrate concentrations (0.2:1, 0.5:1, 0.75:1, 1:1,1.5:1, and 2:1). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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