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Assessing the Potential of Persistent Organic Chemicals for Long-Range Transport and Accumulation in Polar Regions

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Division of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 7, 1344–1351
Publication Date (Web):February 27, 2003
https://doi.org/10.1021/es026019e
Copyright © 2003 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

    A zonally averaged global distribution model is used to identify chemical partitioning properties and emission scenarios that favor enrichment in Arctic ecosystems. An immediate and a long-term Arctic Contamination Potential (ACP) are defined as the fraction of the total amount in global surface media that is in the Arctic after 1 and 10 years of steady emissions with a generic zonal distribution. Simulations for a two-dimensional “space” of hypothetical chemical property combinations indicate that the ACP of a perfectly persistent organic chemical is determined by a complex set of processes but tends to be higher for two combinations of partitioning properties:  relatively volatile (log KOA < 9) and water soluble (4 > log KAW > −0.5) substances and substances which are semivolatile (log KOA 6.5−10) and relatively hydrophobic (log KAW > −3). Very volatile chemicals with log KOA < 6.5 and log KAW > −0.5 remain in the atmosphere even under Arctic temperature conditions, whereas very involatile chemical with a log KOA > 10 are efficiently and irreversibly deposited with atmospheric particles before reaching the Arctic. The two sets of partitioning characteristics with elevated ACP overlap in the range 6.5 < log KOA < 10 and −0.5 > log KAW > −3, which also corresponds to a log KOW range of 5 to 8, i.e., comprises substances with a potential for bioaccumulation. Organic contaminants known to accumulate in the Arctic, such as hexachlorobenzene and the lighter PCBs, indeed have such partitioning properties. Marine currents contribute significantly to the long-range transport of chemicals with log KAW < −2. Emissions to surface media greatly reduce the ACP, except for chemicals with octanol/water partition coefficients log KOW < 5. The ACP of chemicals with different partitioning properties is sensitive to different sets of environmental parameters, reflecting the different pathways which determine their global transport behavior. The ACP of most chemicals is sensitive to the temperature dependence of the partition coefficients, temperature, atmospheric mixing coefficients, and sea ice cover.

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     Corresponding author phone:  (416)287-7225; fax:  (416)287-7279; e-mail:  [email protected].

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    Results of the sensitivity analysis (Table S1) and ACP10/ACP1 and ACP1+9 as a function of log KAW, log KOA, and mode of emission (Figures S1−S4). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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