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Gonadal Development of Larval Male Xenopus laevis Exposed to Atrazine in Outdoor Microcosms

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School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, Zoology Department, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China, Florida Caribbean Science Center, USGS-BRD, Gainesville, Florida 32653, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health and Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79416, and Department of Integrative Biology and Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Ontario NIG 2W1, Canada
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 14, 5255–5261
Publication Date (Web):June 9, 2005
https://doi.org/10.1021/es048134q
Copyright © 2005 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

The potential effects of atrazine on gonadal development in metamorphs and subadults of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) were studied under conditions of natural photoperiod and temperatures in outdoor microcosms from August 2002 to June 2003 in South Africa. Triplicate 1100 L microcosms for each nominal concentration of 0.0, 1, 10, and 25 μg of atrazine/L were used. Measured atrazine concentrations varied <25% throughout the study, and no atrazine was detected in the control microcosms. Tadpoles developed well at all concentrations. On the basis of histological examination of testes of recently metamorphosed stage 66 frogs, 57% of the individuals in the reference group exhibited testicular oocytes as compared with 57, 59, and 39% of the 1, 10, and 25 μg/L atrazine groups, respectively. The average prevalence of testicular oocytes for all of the treatments including the controls was 54% in a single testis, while, in 35% of individuals, testicular oocytes were observed in both testes. The number of testicular oocytes per individual ranged from 0 to 58 with means of 9.5, 9.8, 8.5, and 11.1 for the 0.0, 1, 10, and 25 μg of atrazine/L groups, respectively. Ten months after metamorphosis, another subset of juveniles was examined, and the maximum number of testicular oocytes observed was five in one animal. The presence of testicular oocytes was not related to exposure to atrazine and may be a natural phenomenon during ontogeny.

†

 North-West University.

*

 Corresponding author phone:  011-27-18-299-2372; fax:  011-27-18-299 2370; e-mail:  [email protected]

‡

 Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University.

§

 Michigan State University.

‖

 City University of Hong Kong.

⊥

 Florida Caribbean Science Center.

#

 The Institute of Environmental and Human Health and Depart ment of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University.

@

 Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph.

○

 Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph.

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Table listing elements, as detected in water and sediment scans from the different microcosms (mg/L). This material is available via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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