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Trends in Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999−2008

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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 19, 8037-8045
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    Trends in Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999−2008†
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    Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
    Part of the Perfluoroalkyl Acid Special Issue
    E-mail: [email protected]
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 19, 8037–8045
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/es1043613
    Published April 6, 2011
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    Since 2002, practices in manufacturing polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) in the United States have changed. Previous results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) documented a significant decrease in serum concentrations of some PFCs during 1999−2004. To further assess concentration trends of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), we analyzed 7876 serum samples collected from a representative sample of the general U.S. population ≥12 years of age during NHANES 1999−2008. We detected PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS in more than 95% of participants. Concentrations differed by sex regardless of age and we observed some differences by race/ethnicity. Since 1999−2000, PFOS concentrations showed a significant downward trend, because of discontinuing industrial production of PFOS, but PFNA concentrations showed a significant upward trend. PFOA concentrations during 1999−2000 were significantly higher than during any other time period examined, but PFOA concentrations have remained essentially unchanged during 2003−2008. PFHxS concentrations showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2006, but concentrations increased during 2007−2008. Additional research is needed to identify the environmental sources contributing to human exposure to PFCs. Nonetheless, these NHANES data suggest that sociodemographic factors may influence exposure and also provide unique information on temporal trends of exposure.

    Copyright © This article not subject to U.S. Copyright. Published 2011 by the American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    Analytical method details (Table S1); serum concentrations of additional seven PFCs (Tables S2−S8) and discussion about changes in their detection frequencies; regression model results (Tables S9−S12); LSGM concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA and observed statistical significance values for their differences (Table S13); and age trend by race of LSGM concentrations of PFNA and PFHxS (Figure S1). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 19, 8037–8045
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