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Electric Vehicles in China: Emissions and Health Impacts

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† Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2010, United States
‡ Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
§ School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P R China
*Phone: 865-974-7710. Fax: 865-974-2669. E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 4, 2018–2024
Publication Date (Web):December 22, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/es202347q
Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society
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E-bikes in China are the single largest adoption of alternative fuel vehicles in history, with more than 100 million e-bikes purchased in the past decade and vehicle ownership about 2× larger for e-bikes as for conventional cars; e-car sales, too, are rapidly growing. We compare emissions (CO2, PM2.5, NOX, HC) and environmental health impacts (primary PM2.5) from the use of conventional vehicles (CVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in 34 major cities in China. CO2 emissions (g km–1) vary and are an order of magnitude greater for e-cars (135–274) and CVs (150–180) than for e-bikes (14–27). PM2.5 emission factors generally are lower for CVs (gasoline or diesel) than comparable EVs. However, intake fraction is often greater for CVs than for EVs because combustion emissions are generally closer to population centers for CVs (tailpipe emissions) than for EVs (power plant emissions). For most cities, the net result is that primary PM2.5 environmental health impacts per passenger-km are greater for e-cars than for gasoline cars (3.6× on average), lower than for diesel cars (2.5× on average), and equal to diesel buses. In contrast, e-bikes yield lower environmental health impacts per passenger-km than the three CVs investigated: gasoline cars (2×), diesel cars (10×), and diesel buses (5×). Our findings highlight the importance of considering exposures, and especially the proximity of emissions to people, when evaluating environmental health impacts for EVs.

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