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Simulation of Salinity Effects on Past, Present, and Future Soil Organic Carbon Stocks

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† School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and The Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA5005, Australia
‡ Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 23 St. Machar Drive, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland, U.K.
§ Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, P.O. Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
∥ CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
⊥ Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab, India
*Phone: +61 8 8313 7306; fax: +61 8 8303 6511; e-mail: [email protected]; current address: School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Australia 5005.
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 3, 1624–1631
Publication Date (Web):December 20, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/es2027345
Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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Soil organic carbon (SOC) models are used to predict changes in SOC stocks and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soils, and have been successfully validated for non-saline soils. However, SOC models have not been developed to simulate SOC turnover in saline soils. Due to the large extent of salt-affected areas in the world, it is important to correctly predict SOC dynamics in salt-affected soils. To close this knowledge gap, we modified the Rothamsted Carbon Model (RothC) to simulate SOC turnover in salt-affected soils, using data from non-salt-affected and salt-affected soils in two agricultural regions in India (120 soils) and in Australia (160 soils). Recently we developed a decomposition rate modifier based on an incubation study of a subset of these soils. In the present study, we introduce a new method to estimate the past losses of SOC due to salinity and show how salinity affects future SOC stocks on a regional scale. Because salinity decreases decomposition rates, simulations using the decomposition rate modifier for salinity suggest an accumulation of SOC. However, if the plant inputs are also adjusted to reflect reduced plant growth under saline conditions, the simulations show a significant loss of soil carbon in the past due to salinization, with a higher average loss of SOC in Australian soils (55 t C ha–1) than in Indian soils (31 t C ha–1). There was a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between SOC loss and osmotic potential. Simulations of future SOC stocks with the decomposition rate modifier and the plant input modifier indicate a greater decrease in SOC in saline than in non-saline soils under future climate. The simulations of past losses of SOC due to salinity were repeated using either measured charcoal-C or the inert organic matter predicted by the Falloon et al. equation to determine how much deviation from the Falloon et al. equation affects the amount of plant inputs generated by the model for the soils used in this study. Both sets of results suggest that saline soils have lost carbon and will continue to lose carbon under future climate. This demonstrates the importance of both reduced decomposition and reduced plant input in simulations of future changes in SOC stocks in saline soils.

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Figures for the spatial distribution maps of electrical conductivity (EC1:5) of soil and sampling locations in Australia and India, the relationship between modelled past soil organic carbon (SOC) content of presently saline soils using measured inert organic matter (IOM) and modelled past SOC content of presently saline soils using predicted IOM by the Falloon et al. equation in soils of Australia, and the simulated percent gain of SOC from soils of Australia and India (modelling included decomposition rate modifier only). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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  24. S. B. Karunaratne, T. F. A. Bishop, J. S. Lessels, J. A. Baldock, I. O. A. Odeh. A space–time observation system for soil organic carbon. Soil Research 2015, 53 (6) , 647. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR14178
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  27. Rong-Jiang Yao, Jing-Song Yang, Peng Gao, Jian-Bin Zhang, Wen-Hui Jin, Shi-Peng Yu. Soil-quality-index model for assessing the impact of groundwater on soil in an intensively farmed coastal area of E China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 2014, 177 (3) , 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201200383
  28. Abel Chemura, Dumisani Kutywayo, Tapiwanashe M. Chagwesha, Pardon Chidoko. An Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality and Selected Soil Parameters at Mutema Irrigation Scheme, Zimbabwe. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2014, 06 (02) , 132-140. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2014.62018
  29. Raj Setia, Pia Gottschalk, Pete Smith, Petra Marschner, Jeff Baldock, Deepika Setia, Jo Smith. Soil salinity decreases global soil organic carbon stocks. Science of The Total Environment 2013, 465 , 267-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.028
  30. Raj Setia, Pichu Rengasamy, Petra Marschner. Effect of exchangeable cation concentration on sorption and desorption of dissolved organic carbon in saline soils. Science of The Total Environment 2013, 465 , 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.010
  31. Rattan Lal. Soil carbon management and climate change. Carbon Management 2013, 4 (4) , 439-462. https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.31

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