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Vulnerability of Recently Recharged Groundwater in Principle Aquifers of the United States To Nitrate Contamination
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    Vulnerability of Recently Recharged Groundwater in Principle Aquifers of the United States To Nitrate Contamination
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    Department of Geosciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, United States
    U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington 98683, United States
    *Phone: 415/338-6869. Fax: 415/338-7705. E-mail: [email protected]. Corresponding author address: Department of Geosciences, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132.
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 11, 6004–6012
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/es300688b
    Published May 15, 2012
    Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society

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    Recently recharged water (defined here as <60 years old) is generally the most vulnerable part of a groundwater resource to nonpoint-source nitrate contamination. Understanding at the appropriate scale the interactions of natural and anthropogenic controlling factors that influence nitrate occurrence in recently recharged groundwater is critical to support best management and policy decisions that are often made at the aquifer to subaquifer scale. New logistic regression models were developed using data from the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program and National Water Information System for 17 principal aquifers of the U.S. to identify important source, transport, and attenuation factors that control nonpoint source nitrate concentrations greater than relative background levels in recently recharged groundwater and were used to predict the probability of detecting elevated nitrate in areas beyond the sampling network. Results indicate that dissolved oxygen, crops and irrigated cropland, fertilizer application, seasonally high water table, and soil properties that affect infiltration and denitrification are among the most important factors in predicting elevated nitrate concentrations. Important differences in controlling factors and spatial predictions were identified in the principal aquifer and national-scale models and support the conclusion that similar spatial scales are needed between informed groundwater management and model development.

    Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society

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    Five additional tables including climatic, environmental, and hydrogeologic settings of PAs (Table SI-1), summary of NO3 and DO data and redox classification (Table SI-2), list of explanatory variables and results of univariate logistic regression modeling (Table SI-3), calibration, goodness-of-fit, and validation statistics for the multivariate logistic regression models (Table SI-4), and explanatory variables and coefficients used in the models (Table SI-5). Three additional figures including evaluation of validation for PA and national models (Figure SI-1), and alternative maps of the probability of detecting NO3 greater than or equal to the relative background concentration in recently recharged groundwater, as predicted by the PA models (Figure SI-2) and national model (Figure SI-3). Additional text including selection criteria for data and wells, establishing relative background concentrations, GIS compilation of explanatory variables, logistic regression and interpretation of model parameters, and creating PA and national vulnerability maps. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 11, 6004–6012
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/es300688b
    Published May 15, 2012
    Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society

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