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Emissions of Parent, Nitro, and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Residential Wood Combustion in Rural China

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Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
*Phone/fax: 0086-10-62751938; e-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 15, 8123–8130
Publication Date (Web):July 5, 2012
https://doi.org/10.1021/es301146v
Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society

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    Residential wood combustion is one of the important sources of air pollution in developing countries. Among the pollutants emitted, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their derivatives, including nitrated and oxygenated PAHs (nPAHs and oPAHs), are of concern because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In order to evaluate their impacts on regional air quality and human health, emission inventories, based on realistic emission factors (EFs), are needed. In this study, the EFs of 28 pPAHs (EFPAH28), 9 nPAHs (EFPAHn9), and 4 oPAHs (EFPAHo4) were measured for residential combustion of 27 wood fuels in rural China. The measured EFPAH28, EFPAHn9, and EFPAHo4 for brushwood were 86.7 ± 67.6, 3.22 ± 1.95 × 10–2, and 5.56 ± 4.32 mg/kg, which were significantly higher than 12.7 ± 7.0, 8.27 ± 5.51 × 10–3, and 1.19 ± 1.87 mg/kg for fuel wood combustion (p < 0.05). Sixteen U.S. EPA priority pPAHs contributed approximately 95% of the total of the 28 pPAHs measured. EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs, and oPAHs were positively correlated with one another. Measured EFs varied obviously depending on fuel properties and combustion conditions. The EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs, and oPAHs were significantly correlated with modified combustion efficiency and fuel moisture. Nitro-naphthalene and 9-fluorenone were the most abundant nPAHs and oPAHs identified. Both nPAHs and oPAHs showed relatively high tendencies to be present in the particulate phase than pPAHs due to their lower vapor pressures. The gas-particle partitioning of freshly emitted pPAHs, nPAHs, and oPAHs was primarily controlled by organic carbon absorption.

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    Measured EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs, and oPAHs (Tables S1–S4), correlation between individuals, derivatives and their corresponding pPAHs (Tables S5–S8), relationships between OC and pPAHs and between OC and PAH derivatives, composition profiles of pPAHs in gaseous and particulate phases, and comparison between KP of PAH derivatives and their corresponding parent PAHs. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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