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Iodine-129 in Seawater Offshore Fukushima: Distribution, Inorganic Speciation, Sources, and Budget

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Center for Nuclear Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Xi’an AMS Center, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi’an 710075, China
§ Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
# Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xían Jiaotong University, China
Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
$ NSF Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
*E-mail: [email protected]; phone:+45-21325129; fax:+45-46775347.
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 7, 3091–3098
Publication Date (Web):March 5, 2013
https://doi.org/10.1021/es304460k
Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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The Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011 has released a large amount of radioactive pollutants to the environment. Of the pollutants, iodine-129 is a long-lived radionuclide and will remain in the environment for millions of years. This work first report levels and inorganic speciation of 129I in seawater depth profiles collected offshore Fukushima in June 2011. Significantly elevated 129I concentrations in surface water were observed with the highest 129I/127I atomic ratio of 2.2 × 10–9 in the surface seawater 40 km offshore Fukushima. Iodide was found as the dominant species of 129I, while stable 127I was mainly in iodate form, reflecting the fact that the major source of 129I is the direct liquid discharges from the Fukushima NPP. The amount of 129I directly discharged from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant to the sea was estimated to be 2.35 GBq, and about 1.09 GBq of 129I released to the atmosphere from the accident was deposited in the sea offshore Fukushima. A total release of 8.06 GBq (or 1.2 kg) of 129I from the Fukushima accident was estimated. These Fukushima-derived 129I data provide necessary information for the investigation of water circulation and geochemical cycle of iodine in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in the future.

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Detailed chemical procedure for separation of iodine species in seawater samples; detailed sampling information and analytical results of 129I and 127I in 4 seawater profiles (Table S-1); analytical results of inorganic speciation of 129I and 127I in 4 seawater profiles (Table S-2); a map showing sampling stations and water depth (Figure S-1); and a schematic diagram of chemical procedure for speciation analysis of 129I and 127I (Figure S-2). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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