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Source and Transport of Human Enteric Viruses in Deep Municipal Water Supply Wells

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† Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, University of Wisconsin−Extension, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
‡ USDA−Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Drive, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
§ Department of Statistics and Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
⊥ U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
*E-mail: [email protected]; phone: 608-263-7921; fax: 608-262-8086.
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 9, 4096–4103
Publication Date (Web):April 9, 2013
https://doi.org/10.1021/es400509b
Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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Until recently, few water utilities or researchers were aware of possible virus presence in deep aquifers and wells. During 2008 and 2009 we collected a time series of virus samples from six deep municipal water-supply wells. The wells range in depth from approximately 220 to 300 m and draw water from a sandstone aquifer. Three of these wells draw water from beneath a regional aquitard, and three draw water from both above and below the aquitard. We also sampled a local lake and untreated sewage as potential virus sources. Viruses were detected up to 61% of the time in each well sampled, and many groundwater samples were positive for virus infectivity. Lake samples contained viruses over 75% of the time. Virus concentrations and serotypes observed varied markedly with time in all samples. Sewage samples were all extremely high in virus concentration. Virus serotypes detected in sewage and groundwater were temporally correlated, suggesting very rapid virus transport, on the order of weeks, from the source(s) to wells. Adenovirus and enterovirus levels in the wells were associated with precipitation events. The most likely source of the viruses in the wells was leakage of untreated sewage from sanitary sewer pipes.

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More explanation for (1) well-by-well results, sample distributions, and viruses detected; (2) statistical analyses of relationships between virus detections, sample sites, viruses in sewage, and precipitation events; (3) relationships between virus occurrence, water quality, and well construction; and (4) isotopic results from groundwater and lakes. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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