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Deepwater Horizon Oil in Gulf of Mexico Waters after 2 Years: Transformation into the Dissolved Organic Matter Pool

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† Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Post Office Box 112120, Gainesville, Florida 32611-2120, United States
‡ Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
§ Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
∥ School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
*Telephone: 352-392-6138. Fax: 352-392-9294. E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 16, 9288–9297
Publication Date (Web):August 1, 2014
https://doi.org/10.1021/es501547b
Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Recent work has shown the presence of anomalous dissolved organic matter (DOM), with high optical yields, in deep waters 15 months after the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Here, we continue to use the fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) technique coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) modeling, measurements of bulk organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), oil indices, and other optical properties to examine the chemical evolution and transformation of oil components derived from the DWH in the water column of the GOM. Seawater samples were collected from the GOM during July 2012, 2 years after the oil spill. This study shows that, while dissolved organic carbon (DOC) values have decreased since just after the DWH spill, they remain higher at some stations than typical deep-water values for the GOM. Moreover, we continue to observe fluorescent DOM components in deep waters, similar to those of degraded oil observed in lab and field experiments, which suggest that oil-related fluorescence signatures, as part of the DOM pool, have persisted for 2 years in the deep waters. This supports the notion that some oil-derived chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) components could still be identified in deep waters after 2 years of degradation, which is further supported by the lower DIC and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) associated with greater amounts of these oil-derived components in deep waters, assuming microbial activity on DOM in the current water masses is only the controlling factor of DIC and pCO2 concentrations.

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    Spatial plot of DOC concentrations for July 2012 GOM deep-water samples (Figure S1), DOC profiles for July 2012 sampling locations (Figure S2), absorption spectra of deep-water samples (Figure S3), comparisons to OpenFluor PARAFAC models (Table S1), PARAFAC comparison to Zhou et al. model (Figure S4), and PCA of Fmax values from PARAFAC model for 2010/2012 (Figure S5). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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