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Measurement of Black Carbon and Particle Number Emission Factors from Individual Heavy-Duty Trucks

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, Atmospheric Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1710
* Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]; phone: +1510 643 9168; fax: +1510 642 7483.
†Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California.
‡Atmospheric Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
§Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California.
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 5, 1419–1424
Publication Date (Web):February 4, 2009
https://doi.org/10.1021/es8021039
Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

Emission factors for black carbon (BC) and particle number (PN) were measured from 226 individual heavy-duty (HD) diesel trucks driving through a 1-km-long California highway tunnel in August 2006. Emission factors were based on concurrent increases in BC, PN, and CO2 concentrations (measured at 1 Hz) that corresponded to the passage of individual HD trucks. The distributions of BC and PN emission factors from individual HD trucks are skewed, meaning that a large fraction of pollution comes from a small fraction of the in-use vehicle fleet. The highest-emitting 10% of trucks were responsible for ∼40% of total BC and PN emissions from all HD trucks. BC emissions were log-normally distributed with a mean emission factor of 1.7 g kg−1 and maximum values of ∼10 g kg−1. Corresponding values for PN emission factors were 4.7 × 1015 and 4 × 1016 # kg−1. There was minimal overlap among high-emitters of these two pollutants: only 1 of the 226 HD trucks measured was found to be among the highest 10% for both BC and PN. Monte Carlo resampling of the distribution of BC emission factors observed in this study revealed that uncertainties (1σ) in extrapolating from a random sample of n HD trucks to a population mean emission factor ranged from ± 43% for n = 10 to ± 8% for n = 300, illustrating the importance of vehicle sample sizes in emissions studies. When n = 10, sample means are more likely to be biased due to misrepresentation of high-emitters. As vehicles become cleaner on average in the future, skewness of the emissions distributions will increase, and thus sample sizes needed to extrapolate reliably from a subset of vehicles to the entire in-use vehicle fleet will become more of a challenge.

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Table S1 (BC and PN emission factors, average speeds, and drive-by dates and times for all 226 HD diesel trucks). This information is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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