ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Perfluoroalkyl Contaminants in Window Film: Indoor/Outdoor, Urban/Rural, and Winter/Summer Contamination and Assessment of Carpet as a Possible Source

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 19, 7317-7323
    Article

    Perfluoroalkyl Contaminants in Window Film: Indoor/Outdoor, Urban/Rural, and Winter/Summer Contamination and Assessment of Carpet as a Possible Source
    Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

    View Author Information
    Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada, L2S 3A1, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, ON, Canada, M9P 3V6, Centre for Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3E8, Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3G3, and Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada, L7R 4A6
    * Corresponding author phone: 416-327-3171; fax: 416-327-6519; e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
    †Brock University.
    ‡Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
    §University of Toronto.
    ⊥Environment Canada.
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (1)

    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 19, 7317–7323
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/es9002718
    Published September 2, 2009
    Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Abstract

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    Window film concentrations of ionic perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs) were determined indoors and outdoors at urban, suburban, and rural sites in or near Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to identify locations of relatively elevated concentrations and the nature of potential sources. The role of carpet installation and floor wax application as possible sources was also evaluated by sampling indoor window films at five sites before and after new carpet installations, at one site before and after a floor wax application, and at two carpet stores. Low concentrations were found in all outdoor window films, with comparable relative proportions of individual PFCs among sites, suggesting similar sources to the outdoor environment and rapid air mixing. PFCs in indoor window film were up to 20-fold greater than outdoor, providing some evidence that a significant proportion of PFCs originate from the indoor environment, although precipitation wash-off of outdoor window film may be confounding these results. For both indoor and outdoor film, PFC concentrations generally changed between the summer and winter but the chemical profiles were similar between seasons. Concentrations of PFCs in window films increased one month post carpet installation at three of the five sites, suggesting that some of the carpets may have been a source to the indoor environment. Indoor window films from two carpet stores (ΣPFC = 16 and 7 pg/cm2) contained higher concentrations than the other indoor locations (ΣPFC = <MDL to 4.3 pg/cm2), which may reflect the carpets stored within these buildings. The use of window film allowed collection of a wide range of samples and the results can be used to focus the efforts of more traditional air sampling campaigns.

    Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society

    Subjects

    what are subjects

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. Add or change your institution or let them know you’d like them to include access.

    Supporting Information

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    Figures and tables describing PFC concentrations in samples taken simultaneously from windows exposed and unexposed to precipitation, the ratio of indoor to outdoor ΣPFC window film concentrations, additional details on sampling locations and rooms, method detection limits, and PFC concentrations and profiles in indoor window film of different rooms of the Suburban1 and Suburban3 sites, in carpet and floor wax samples, and in the indoor and outdoor window film of two carpet stores. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

    Terms & Conditions

    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Citation Statements
    Explore this article's citation statements on scite.ai
    powered by  Scite

    This article is cited by 43 publications.

    1. Sarah A. Styler, Alyson M. Baergen, D. J. Donaldson, Hartmut Herrmann. Organic Composition, Chemistry, and Photochemistry of Urban Film in Leipzig, Germany. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2018, 2 (9) , 935-945. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00087
    2. Chun-Yan Huo, Li-Yan Liu, Zi-Feng Zhang, Wan-Li Ma, Wei-Wei Song, Hai-Ling Li, Wen-Long Li, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Yong-Kai Wu, Ya-Meng Han, Zhi-Xiang Peng, and Yi-Fan Li . Phthalate Esters in Indoor Window Films in a Northeastern Chinese Urban Center: Film Growth and Implications for Human Exposure. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50 (14) , 7743-7751. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06371
    3. Line S. Haug, Sandra Huber, Martin Schlabach, Georg Becher, and Cathrine Thomsen . Investigation on Per- and Polyfluorinated Compounds in Paired Samples of House Dust and Indoor Air from Norwegian Homes. Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45 (19) , 7991-7998. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103456h
    4. Mahiba Shoeib, Tom Harner, Glenys M. Webster, and Sum Chi Lee . Indoor Sources of Poly- and Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCS) in Vancouver, Canada: Implications for Human Exposure. Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45 (19) , 7999-8005. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103562v
    5. Torsten Meyer, Amila O. De Silva, Christine Spencer, and Frank Wania . Fate of Perfluorinated Carboxylates and Sulfonates During Snowmelt Within an Urban Watershed. Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45 (19) , 8113-8119. https://doi.org/10.1021/es200106q
    6. Stuart Harrad, Cynthia A. de Wit, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, Caroline Bergh, Justina A. Björklund, Adrian Covaci, Per Ola Darnerud, Jacob de Boer, Miriam Diamond, Sandra Huber, Pim Leonards, Manolis Mandalakis, Conny Östman, Line Småstuen Haug, Cathrine Thomsen and Thomas F. Webster . Indoor Contamination with Hexabromocyclododecanes, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Perfluoroalkyl Compounds: An Important Exposure Pathway for People?. Environmental Science & Technology 2010, 44 (9) , 3221-3231. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903476t
    7. Naomi Y. Chang, Clara M. A. Eichler, Elaine A. Cohen Hubal, Jason D. Surratt, Glenn C. Morrison, Barbara J. Turpin. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in North Carolina homes: results from the indoor PFAS assessment (IPA) campaign. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2025, 55 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EM00525B
    8. Zhenhai Liu, Jiameng Liu, Panpan Zhu, Yan Ma. Interaction and coexistence characteristics of dissolved organic matter and toxic metals with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in landfill leachate. Environmental Research 2024, 260 , 119680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119680
    9. Jeffrey M. Minucci, Nicole M. DeLuca, James T. Durant, Bradley Goodwin, Peter Kowalski, Karen Scruton, Kent Thomas, Elaine A. Cohen Hubal. Linking exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in house dust and biomonitoring data in eight impacted communities. Environment International 2024, 188 , 108756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108756
    10. Bryan E. Cummings, Pascale S. J. Lakey, Glenn C. Morrison, Manabu Shiraiwa, Michael S. Waring. Composition of indoor organic surface films in residences: simulating the influence of sources, partitioning, particle deposition, and air exchange. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2024, 26 (2) , 305-322. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EM00399J
    11. Pradeep Dewapriya, Lachlan Chadwick, Sara Ghorbani Gorji, Bastian Schulze, Sara Valsecchi, Saer Samanipour, Kevin V. Thomas, Sarit L. Kaserzon. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in consumer products: Current knowledge and research gaps. Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters 2023, 4 , 100086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2023.100086
    12. Samantha Schildroth, Kathryn M. Rodgers, Mark Strynar, James McCord, Giulia Poma, Adrian Covaci, Robin E. Dodson. Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and persistent chemical mixtures in dust from U.S. colleges. Environmental Research 2022, 206 , 112530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112530
    13. Mansoor Ahmad Bhat, Fatma Nur Eraslan, Kadir Gedik, Eftade O. Gaga. Impact of Textile Product Emissions: Toxicological Considerations in Assessing Indoor Air Quality and Human Health. 2022, 505-541. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76073-1_27
    14. Şana Sungur. Environmental fate and transportation of perfluorinated compounds. 2022, 203-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85160-2.00017-2
    15. Adam D. Point, Thomas M. Holsen, Sujan Fernando, Philip K. Hopke, Bernard S. Crimmins. Trends (2005–2016) of perfluoroalkyl acids in top predator fish of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 778 , 146151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146151
    16. Ying Lu, Zulin Hua, Kejian Chu, Li Gu, Yuanyuan Liu, Xiaodong Liu. Distribution behavior and risk assessment of emerging perfluoroalkyl acids in multiple environmental media at Luoma Lake, East China. Environmental Research 2021, 194 , 110733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110733
    17. Soledad González-Rubio, Ana Ballesteros-Gómez, Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Veerle L.B. Jaspers. A review on contaminants of emerging concern in European raptors (2002−2020). Science of The Total Environment 2021, 760 , 143337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143337
    18. Yan Wu, Gillian Z. Miller, Jeff Gearhart, Graham Peaslee, Marta Venier. Side-chain fluorotelomer-based polymers in children car seats. Environmental Pollution 2021, 268 , 115477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115477
    19. Yan Wu, Kevin Romanak, Tom Bruton, Arlene Blum, Marta Venier. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in paired dust and carpets from childcare centers. Chemosphere 2020, 251 , 126771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126771
    20. Sarah R. Haines, Rachel I. Adams, Brandon E. Boor, Thomas A. Bruton, John Downey, Andrea R. Ferro, Elliott Gall, Brett J. Green, Bridget Hegarty, Elliott Horner, David E. Jacobs, Paul Lemieux, Pawel K. Misztal, Glenn Morrison, Matthew Perzanowski, Tiina Reponen, Rachael E. Rush, Troy Virgo, Celine Alkhayri, Ashleigh Bope, Samuel Cochran, Jennie Cox, Allie Donohue, Andrew A. May, Nicholas Nastasi, Marcia Nishioka, Nicole Renninger, Yilin Tian, Christina Uebel-Niemeier, David Wilkinson, Tianren Wu, Jordan Zambrana, Karen C. Dannemiller. Ten questions concerning the implications of carpet on indoor chemistry and microbiology. Building and Environment 2020, 170 , 106589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106589
    21. Heather Schwartz-Narbonne, D. James Donaldson. Water uptake by indoor surface films. Scientific Reports 2019, 9 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47590-x
    22. Wen-Xiu Liu, Wei He, Jing-Yi Wu, Wen-Jing Wu, Fu-Liu Xu. Effects of fluorescent dissolved organic matters (FDOMs) on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in lake and river water. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 666 , 598-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.219
    23. Wenxiu Liu, Jingyi Wu, Wei He, Fuliu Xu. A review on perfluoroalkyl acids studies: Environmental behaviors, toxic effects, and ecological and health risks. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2019, 5 (1) , 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2018.1558031
    24. Tunga Salthammer, Yinping Zhang, Jinhan Mo, Holger M. Koch, Charles J. Weschler. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angewandte Chemie 2018, 130 (38) , 12406-12443. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201711023
    25. Tunga Salthammer, Yinping Zhang, Jinhan Mo, Holger M. Koch, Charles J. Weschler. Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2018, 57 (38) , 12228-12263. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711023
    26. Jun-Meng Jian, Ying Guo, Lixi Zeng, Liu Liang-Ying, Xingwen Lu, Fei Wang, Eddy Y. Zeng. Global distribution of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in potential human exposure source–A review. Environment International 2017, 108 , 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.024
    27. C. J. Weschler, W. W. Nazaroff. Growth of organic films on indoor surfaces. Indoor Air 2017, 27 (6) , 1101-1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12396
    28. Meng-Jia Chen, An-Chih Yang, Nan-Hui Wang, Hao-Che Chiu, Yung-Lin Li, Dun-Yen Kang, Shang-Lien Lo. Influence of crystal topology and interior surface functionality of metal-organic frameworks on PFOA sorption performance. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2016, 236 , 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.08.046
    29. Satyendra P. Bhavsar, Craig Fowler, Sarah Day, Steve Petro, Nilima Gandhi, Sarah B. Gewurtz, Chunyan Hao, Xiaoming Zhao, Ken G. Drouillard, Dave Morse. High levels, partitioning and fish consumption based water guidelines of perfluoroalkyl acids downstream of a former firefighting training facility in Canada. Environment International 2016, 94 , 415-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.023
    30. Pavlína Karásková, Marta Venier, Lisa Melymuk, Jitka Bečanová, Šimon Vojta, Roman Prokeš, Miriam L. Diamond, Jana Klánová. Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in household dust in Central Europe and North America. Environment International 2016, 94 , 315-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.031
    31. Elena De Felip, Annalisa Abballe, Fulvia Lucia Albano, Tatiana Battista, Valter Carraro, Michele Conversano, Silva Franchini, Laura Giambanco, Nicola Iacovella, Anna Maria Ingelido, Antonio Maiorana, Francesco Maneschi, Valentina Marra, Antonella Mercurio, Roberta Nale, Bianca Nucci, Vincenzo Panella, Flavia Pirola, Maria Grazia Porpora, Enrico Procopio, Nicola Suma, Silvia Valentini, Luisa Valsenti, Valerio Vecchiè. Current exposure of Italian women of reproductive age to PFOS and PFOA: A human biomonitoring study. Chemosphere 2015, 137 , 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.046
    32. L. A. Wallace, W. R. Ott, C. J. Weschler. Ultrafine particles from electric appliances and cooking pans: experiments suggesting desorption/nucleation of sorbed organics as the primary source. Indoor Air 2015, 25 (5) , 536-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12163
    33. Wen-Xiu Liu, Wei He, Ning Qin, Xiang-Zhen Kong, Qi-Shuang He, Bin Yang, Chen Yang, Sven Erik Jorgensen, Fu-Liu Xu. Temporal-spatial distributions and ecological risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the surface water from the fifth-largest freshwater lake in China (Lake Chaohu). Environmental Pollution 2015, 200 , 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.028
    34. Robin Vestergren, Dorte Herzke, Thanh Wang, Ian T. Cousins. Are imported consumer products an important diffuse source of PFASs to the Norwegian environment?. Environmental Pollution 2015, 198 , 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.034
    35. Christie Gallen, Christine Baduel, Foon Yin Lai, Kristie Thompson, Jack Thompson, Michael Warne, Jochen F. Mueller. Spatio-temporal assessment of perfluorinated compounds in the Brisbane River system, Australia: Impact of a major flood event. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2014, 85 (2) , 597-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.02.014
    36. Anna Axmon, Jonatan Axelsson, Kristina Jakobsson, Christian H. Lindh, Bo A.G. Jönsson. Time trends between 1987 and 2007 for perfluoroalkyl acids in plasma from Swedish women. Chemosphere 2014, 102 , 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.021
    37. Martin Schlummer, Ludwig Gruber, Dominik Fiedler, Markus Kizlauskas, Josef Müller. Detection of fluorotelomer alcohols in indoor environments and their relevance for human exposure. Environment International 2013, 57-58 , 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.03.010
    38. Christian H. Lindh, Lars Rylander, Gunnar Toft, Anna Axmon, Anna Rignell-Hydbom, Aleksander Giwercman, Henning S. Pedersen, Katarzyna Góalczyk, Jan K. Ludwicki, Valentyna Zvyezday, Roel Vermeulen, Virissa Lenters, Dick Heederik, Jens Peter Bonde, Bo A.G. Jönsson. Blood serum concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in men from Greenlandic Inuit and European populations. Chemosphere 2012, 88 (11) , 1269-1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.049
    39. Dorte Herzke, Elisabeth Olsson, Stefan Posner. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in consumer products in Norway – A pilot study. Chemosphere 2012, 88 (8) , 980-987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.035
    40. Gloria B. Post, Perry D. Cohn, Keith R. Cooper. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: A critical review of recent literature. Environmental Research 2012, 116 , 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.007
    41. Susan A. Csiszar, Miriam L. Diamond, Louis J. Thibodeaux. Modeling urban films using a dynamic multimedia fugacity model. Chemosphere 2012, 87 (9) , 1024-1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.044
    42. I. Ericson Jogsten, M. Nadal, B. van Bavel, G. Lindström, J.L. Domingo. Per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in house dust and indoor air in Catalonia, Spain: Implications for human exposure. Environment International 2012, 39 (1) , 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.004
    43. Paul J. Lioy. Exposure Science: A View of the Past and Milestones for the Future. Environmental Health Perspectives 2010, 118 (8) , 1081-1090. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901634
    Download PDF
    Go to Environmental Science & Technology
    Get e-Alerts
    Get e-Alerts

    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 19, 7317–7323
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/es9002718
    Published September 2, 2009
    Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    1151

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    43
    Learn about these metrics

    Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

    Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

    The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.