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Mechanism of Photocatalytic Water Splitting in TiO2. Reaction of Water with Photoholes, Importance of Charge Carrier Dynamics, and Evidence for Four-Hole Chemistry

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    Mechanism of Photocatalytic Water Splitting in TiO2. Reaction of Water with Photoholes, Importance of Charge Carrier Dynamics, and Evidence for Four-Hole Chemistry
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    Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., and UK Energy Research Center (UKERC), 58 Prince’s Gate, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2PG, U.K.
    [email protected].
    †Imperial College London.
    ‡UKERC.
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    Journal of the American Chemical Society

    Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 42, 13885–13891
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/ja8034637
    Published September 26, 2008
    Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    We show for the first time that the photogenerated hole lifetime in TiO2 is a strong determinant of the ability of TiO2 to split water. Hole lifetimes were measured using transient absorption spectroscopy over a range of excitation intensities. The lifetimes of the holes were modulated by the use of exogenous scavengers and were also found to vary systematically with the excitation intensity. In all cases the quantum yield of oxygen production is found to be linked to the light intensity used, ranging from below 1 sun equivalent to nearly 1 sun equivalent. We also provide evidence that oxygen production requires four photons for each molecule of oxygen, which is reminiscent of the natural photosynthetic water-splitting mechanism. This in turn suggests a mechanism for oxygen production which requires four-hole chemistry, presumably via three, as yet unidentified intermediates. It is also shown that at excitation densities on the order of 1 sun, nongeminate electron−hole recombination limits the quantum yield significantly.

    Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society

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    Calcuation of photon number per TiO2nanoparticle; transient absorption study of photoholes as a function of Pt loading and kinetics of photoholes on the nanosecond time scale with Pt and Ag+ ions as electron scavengers. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 42, 13885–13891
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