α/β-Peptide Foldamers Targeting Intracellular Protein–Protein Interactions with Activity in Living Cells
- James W. Checco
- ,
- Erinna F. Lee
- ,
- Marco Evangelista
- ,
- Nerida J. Sleebs
- ,
- Kelly Rogers
- ,
- Anne Pettikiriarachchi
- ,
- Nadia J. Kershaw
- ,
- Geoffrey A. Eddinger
- ,
- David G. Belair
- ,
- Julia L. Wilson
- ,
- Chelcie H. Eller
- ,
- Ronald T. Raines
- ,
- William L. Murphy
- ,
- Brian J. Smith
- ,
- Samuel H. Gellman
- , and
- W. Douglas Fairlie
Abstract

Peptides can be developed as effective antagonists of protein–protein interactions, but conventional peptides (i.e., oligomers of l-α-amino acids) suffer from significant limitations in vivo. Short half-lives due to rapid proteolytic degradation and an inability to cross cell membranes often preclude biological applications of peptides. Oligomers that contain both α- and β-amino acid residues (“α/β-peptides”) manifest decreased susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, and when properly designed these unnatural oligomers can mimic the protein-recognition properties of analogous “α-peptides”. This report documents an extension of the α/β-peptide approach to target intracellular protein–protein interactions. Specifically, we have generated α/β-peptides based on a “stapled” Bim BH3 α-peptide, which contains a hydrocarbon cross-link to enhance α-helix stability. We show that a stapled α/β-peptide can structurally and functionally mimic the parent stapled α-peptide in its ability to enter certain types of cells and block protein–protein interactions associated with apoptotic signaling. However, the α/β-peptide is nearly 100-fold more resistant to proteolysis than is the parent stapled α-peptide. These results show that backbone modification, a strategy that has received relatively little attention in terms of peptide engineering for biomedical applications, can be combined with more commonly deployed peripheral modifications such as side chain cross-linking to produce synergistic benefits.
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