Elucidating Electrostatic Self-Assembly: Molecular Parameters as Key to Thermodynamics and Nanoparticle Shape
Abstract

The rational design of supramolecular nanoparticles by self-assembly is a crucial field of research due to the wide applications and the possibility of control through external triggers. Understanding the shape-determining factors is the key for tailoring nanoparticles with desired properties. Here, we show how the thermodynamics of the interaction control the shape of the nanoparticle. We highlight the connection between the molecular structure of building blocks, the interaction strength, and the nanoassembly shape. Nanoparticles are prepared by electrostatic self-assembly of cationic polyelectrolyte dendrimers of different generations and oppositely charged multivalent organic dyes relying on the combination of electrostatic and π–π interactions. Different building blocks have been used to vary interaction strength, geometric constraints, and charge ratio, providing insights into the assembly process. The nanoassembly structure has been characterized using atomic force microscopy, static light scattering, small angle neutron scattering, and UV–vis spectroscopy. We show that the isotropy/anisotropy of the nanoassemblies is related to the dye valency. Isothermal titration calorimetry has been used to investigate both dye–dye and dye–dendrimer interaction. The existence of a threshold value in entropy and enthalpy change separating isotropic and anisotropic shapes for both interactions has been demonstrated. The effects of the dye molecular structure on the interaction thermodynamics and therefore on the nanoparticle structure have been revealed using molecular modeling. The polar surface area of the dye molecule takes a key role in the dye self-interaction. This study opens the possibility for a priori shape determination knowing the building blocks structure and their interactions.
Cited By
This article is cited by 45 publications.
- Alexander Zika, Mohit Agarwal, Ralf Schweins, Franziska Gröhn. Double-Wavelength-Switchable Molecular Self-Assembly of a Photoacid and Spirooxazine in an Aqueous Solution. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2023, 14
(43)
, 9563-9568. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02392
- Thomas J.P. Hersbach, Charlie Rabin. pH- and Functionalization-Dependent Host–Guest Interactions Between Fluorescein and Various Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2022, 126
(46)
, 9632-9642. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06288
- Murray R. Gray, Harvey W. Yarranton, Martha L. Chacón-Patiño, Ryan P. Rodgers, Brice Bouyssiere, Pierre Giusti. Distributed Properties of Asphaltene Nanoaggregates in Crude Oils: A Review. Energy & Fuels 2021, 35
(22)
, 18078-18103. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01837
- Delphine Talbot, Jordy Queiros Campos, Blanca L. Checa-Fernandez, Jéssica A. Marins, Claire Lomenech, Charlotte Hurel, Guilhem D. Godeau, Maxime Raboisson-Michel, Gregory Verger-Dubois, Layaly Obeid, Pavel Kuzhir, Agnès Bee. Adsorption of Organic Dyes on Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Part I: Mechanisms and Adsorption-Induced Nanoparticle Agglomeration. ACS Omega 2021, 6
(29)
, 19086-19098. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02401
- Maximilian Wagner, Anja Krieger, Martin Minameyer, Benjamin Hämisch, Klaus Huber, Thomas Drewello, Franziska Gröhn. Multiresponsive Polymer Nanoparticles Based on Disulfide Bonds. Macromolecules 2021, 54
(6)
, 2899-2911. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00299
- Raphaël Salles, Benjamin Abécassis, Etienne Derat, Dalil Brouri, Aurélie Bernard, Qichun Zhang, Anna Proust, Christophe Desmarets, Guillaume Izzet. Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Polyoxometalate-Based Organo Palladium(II) Metallomacrocycles via Electrostatic Interactions. Inorganic Chemistry 2020, 59
(4)
, 2458-2463. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03333
- Jianan Huang, Jiahua Wang, Peng Ding, Wenjuan Zhou, Lei Liu, Xuhong Guo, Martien A. Cohen Stuart, Junyou Wang. Hierarchical Assemblies of Dendrimers Embedded in Networks of Lanthanide-Based Supramolecular Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2019, 52
(4)
, 1874-1881. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02480
- Daniel Moldenhauer, Juan Pablo Fuenzalida Werner, Cristian A. Strassert, Franziska Gröhn. Light-Responsive Size of Self-Assembled Spiropyran–Lysozyme Nanoparticles with Enzymatic Function. Biomacromolecules 2019, 20
(2)
, 979-991. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01605
- Jasmin Düring, Wiebke Alex, Alexander Zika, Robert Branscheid, Erdmann Spiecker, and Franziska Gröhn . Dendrimer–Dye Assemblies as Templates for the Formation of Gold Nanostructures. Macromolecules 2017, 50
(18)
, 6998-7009. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00752
- Jinglin Shen, Xia Xin, Guokui Liu, Jinyu Pang, Zhaohua Song, Guiying Xu, and Shiling Yuan . Fabrication of Smart pH-Responsive Fluorescent Solid-like Giant Vesicles by Ionic Self-Assembly Strategy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2016, 120
(48)
, 27533-27540. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b08140
- Giacomo Mariani, Ralf Schweins, and Franziska Gröhn . Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Dendrimer Macroions and Multivalent Dye Counterions: The Role of Solution Ionic Strength. Macromolecules 2016, 49
(22)
, 8661-8671. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00565
- Xijie Wang, Min Zhang, Yanan Li, Hailin Cong, Bing Yu, Youqing Shen. Research Status of Dendrimer Micelles in Tumor Therapy for Drug Delivery. Small 2023, 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202304006
- Alexander Zika, Mohit Agarwal, Ralf Schweins, Franziska Gröhn. Joining Two Switches in One Nano‐Object: Photoacidity and Photoisomerization in Electrostatic Self‐Assembly. Chemistry – A European Journal 2023, 29
(10)
https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202203373
- Maximilian Wagner, Cristian A. Strassert, Franziska Gröhn. Hierarchical electrostatic nanotemplating and self-assembly of electron-transferring hybrid nanostructures: CdS–polymer–porphyrin particles. Nanoscale 2022, 14
(36)
, 13040-13045. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NR02132C
- Saurabh Shah, Paras Famta, Deepkumar Bagasariya, Kondasingh Charankumar, Etikala Amulya, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi, Shashi Bala Singh, Saurabh Srivastava. Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems: Does shape really matter?. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2022, 625 , 122101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122101
- Jianhui Li, Shun-Li Chen, Yi Hou, Qunhui Yuan, Wei Gan. Revealing the mechanisms of vesicle formation with multiple spectral methods. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2022, 24
(20)
, 12465-12475. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP01183B
- Anja Krieger, Alexander Zika, Franziska Gröhn. Functional Nano-Objects by Electrostatic Self-Assembly: Structure, Switching, and Photocatalysis. Frontiers in Chemistry 2022, 9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.779360
- Yuqing Yang, Ehsan Raee, Yifan Zhou, Tianbo Liu. The Role of Electrostatic Interaction in the Self-assembly of Macroions. 2022, 55-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00657-9_3
- Alberto Concellón, Verónica Iguarbe. Ionic Self-Assembly of Dendrimers. 2022, 85-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00657-9_4
- Alexander Zika, Anja Krieger, Franziska Gröhn. Nano-Objects by Spontaneous Electrostatic Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution. 2022, 119-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00657-9_5
- Gasper Fernandes, Abhijeet Pandey, Sanjay Kulkarni, Sadhana P. Mutalik, Ajinkya Nitin Nikam, Raviraja N. Seetharam, Smita S. Kulkarni, Srinivas Mutalik. Supramolecular dendrimers based novel platforms for effective oral delivery of therapeutic moieties. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 2021, 64 , 102647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102647
- Raquel Teixeira, Vanda Vaz Serra, David Botequim, Pedro M. R. Paulo, Suzana M. Andrade, Sílvia M. B. Costa. Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines: Some Insights into Supramolecular Self-Assembly, Microencapsulation, and Imaging Microscopy. Molecules 2021, 26
(14)
, 4264. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144264
- Piotr Tarach, Anna Janaszewska. Recent Advances in Preclinical Research Using PAMAM Dendrimers for Cancer Gene Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22
(6)
, 2912. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062912
- Alexander Zika, Franziska Gröhn. Multiswitchable photoacid–hydroxyflavylium–polyelectrolyte nano-assemblies. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2021, 17 , 166-185. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.17.17
- Alexander Zika, Sarah Bernhardt, Franziska Gröhn. Photoresponsive Photoacid-Macroion Nano-Assemblies. Polymers 2020, 12
(8)
, 1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081746
- Roberto Zagami, Domenico Franco, James D. Pipkin, Vince Antle, Laura De Plano, Salvatore Patanè, Salvatore Guglielmino, Luigi Monsù Scolaro, Antonino Mazzaglia. Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphine nanoassemblies with sustained antimicrobial phototherapeutic action. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2020, 585 , 119487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119487
- Sandy Wong, Jiacheng Zhao, Cheng Cao, Chin Ken Wong, Rhiannon P. Kuchel, Sergio De Luca, James M. Hook, Christopher J. Garvey, Sean Smith, Junming Ho, Martina H. Stenzel. Just add sugar for carbohydrate induced self-assembly of curcumin. Nature Communications 2019, 10
(1)
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08402-y
- Prajakta Tambe, Pramod Kumar, Kishore M. Paknikar, Virendra Gajbhiye. Smart triblock dendritic unimolecular micelles as pioneering nanomaterials: Advancement pertaining to architecture and biomedical applications. Journal of Controlled Release 2019, 299 , 64-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.026
- Dominic W. Hayward, Leonardo Chiappisi, Sylvain Prévost, Ralf Schweins, Michael Gradzielski. A Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Environment for In-Situ Observation of Chemical Processes. Scientific Reports 2018, 8
(1)
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24718-z
- Qidi Ran, Xiao Xu, Pradip Dey, Shun Yu, Yan Lu, Joachim Dzubiella, Rainer Haag, Matthias Ballauff. Interaction of human serum albumin with dendritic polyglycerol sulfate: Rationalizing the thermodynamics of binding. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2018, 149
(16)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5030601
- Madeleine Piot, Benjamin Abécassis, Dalil Brouri, Claire Troufflard, Anna Proust, Guillaume Izzet. Control of the hierarchical self-assembly of polyoxometalate-based metallomacrocycles by redox trigger and solvent composition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2018, 115
(36)
, 8895-8900. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808445115
- Giacomo Mariani, Anja Krieger, Daniel Moldenhauer, Ralf Schweins, Franziska Gröhn. Light‐Responsive Shape: From Micrometer‐Long Nanocylinders to Compact Particles in Electrostatic Self‐Assembly. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 2018, 39
(17)
https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201700860
- Yongxian Guo, Jie Lu, Qi Kang, Tao Wang, Li Yu. Photo‐responsive Supra‐Amphiphilic Aggregates with Differential Morphology and Fluorescent Property Mediated by the Substituent Position in the Counterions of Bola‐Amphiphiles. ChemistrySelect 2018, 3
(11)
, 2982-2988. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201800350
- Sabine Frühbeißer, Juan Pablo Fuenzalida Werner, Franziska Gröhn. Metalloporphyrin–polyelectrolyte assemblies in aqueous solution: Influence of the metal center and the polyelectrolyte architecture. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 2018, 56
(6)
, 484-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24557
- Hongfang Zhang, Pengli Li, Xiujuan Han. A charge-labeled electrochemical immunosensor: enhanced sensitivity by electrostatic interaction of the electrode/solution interface. Ionics 2018, 24
(2)
, 589-596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2199-2
- Giacomo Mariani, Ralf Schweins, Franziska Gröhn. Structure Tuning of Electrostatically Self‐Assembled Nanoparticles through pH: The Role of Charge Ratio. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2017, 218
(24)
https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201700191
- Yuriy K. Bashmakov, Ivan M. Petyaev. Dendrimers, Carotenoids, and Monoclonal Antibodies. Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapy 2017, 36
(5)
, 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1089/mab.2017.0032
- Sabine Frühbeißer, Franziska Gröhn. Porphyrin-Polyelectrolyte Nanoassemblies: The Role of Charge and Building Block Architecture in Self-Assembly. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2017, 218
(17)
, 1600526. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201600526
- Becca Hoene, Dion Rivera. Optical studies of the solution phase reduction and stabilization of indigo tetrasulfonate in polyelectrolyte complexes. Heliyon 2017, 3
(9)
, e00397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00397
- M. Müller, B. Urban, D. Vehlow, M.L. Möller. Adjusting and switching the elution of bone therapeutics from thermoaddressable coatings of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/ethylenediaminocellulose complex particles. Colloid and Polymer Science 2017, 295
(7)
, 1187-1199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-017-4112-y
- Fernando R. Carvalho, Eduardo H. Zampieri, Wilker Caetano, Rafael Silva. Unveiling One‐Dimensional Supramolecular Structures Formed through π–π Stacking of Phenothiazines by Differential Pulse Voltammetry. ChemPhysChem 2017, 18
(10)
, 1224-1228. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201700183
- Giacomo Mariani, Anne Kutz, Zhenyu Di, Ralf Schweins, Franziska Gröhn. Inducing Hetero‐aggregation of Different Azo Dyes through Electrostatic Self‐Assembly. Chemistry – A European Journal 2017, 23
(26)
, 6249-6254. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201605194
- Nor-El-Houda Fardjaoui, Fatima Zohra El Berrichi, Faouzi Ayari. Kaolin-issued zeolite A as efficient adsorbent for Bezanyl Yellow and Nylomine Green anionic dyes. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2017, 243 , 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.01.008
- Aaron Alford, Veronika Kozlovskaya, Eugenia Kharlampieva. Small Angle Scattering for Pharmaceutical Applications: From Drugs to Drug Delivery Systems. 2017, 239-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6038-0_15
- Keerti Jain. Dendrimers. 2017, 169-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101914-6.00007-7