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Mechanism-Based Development of a Low-Potential, Soluble, and Cyclable Multielectron Anolyte for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries

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    Mechanism-Based Development of a Low-Potential, Soluble, and Cyclable Multielectron Anolyte for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries
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    † Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
    ‡ Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
    *[email protected]
    *[email protected]
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    Journal of the American Chemical Society

    Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 47, 15378–15384
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b07638
    Published November 15, 2016
    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    The development of nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NRFBs) has been impeded by a lack of electroactive compounds (anolytes and catholytes) with the necessary combination of (1) redox potentials that exceed the potential limits of water, (2) high solubility in nonaqueous media, and (3) high stability toward electrochemical cycling. In addition, ideal materials would maintain all three of these properties over multiple electron transfer events, thereby providing a proportional increase in storage capacity. This paper describes the mechanism-based design of a new class of metal-coordination complexes (MCCs) as anolytes for NRFBs. The tridentate bipyridylimino isoindoline (BPI) ligands of these complexes were designed to enable multielectron redox events. These molecules were optimized using a combination of systematic variation of the BPI ligand and the metal center along with mechanistic investigations of the decomposition pathways that occur during electrochemical cycling. Ultimately, these studies led to the identification of nickel BPI complexes that could undergo stable charge-discharge cycling (<5% capacity loss over 200 cycles) as well as a derivative that possesses the previously unprecedented combination of high solubility (>700 mM in CH3CN), multiple electron transfers at low redox potentials (–1.7 and –1.9 V versus Ag/Ag+), and high stability in the charged state for days at high concentration. Overall, the studies described herein have enabled the identification of a promising anolyte candidate for NRFBs and have also provided key insights into chemical design principles for future classes of MCC-based anolytes.

    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07638.

    • Crystallographic data of Fe(L4)2 in CIF format (CIF)

    • Crystallographic data of HL4 in CIF format (CIF)

    • Crystallographic data of Mn(L4)2 in CIF format (CIF)

    • Crystallographic data of Ni(L4)2 in CIF format (CIF)

    • Crystallographic data of Zn(L4)2 in CIF format (CIF)

    • Experimental procedures and characterization of all new compounds, including spectroscopic data and potentiometric data (PDF)

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    Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 47, 15378–15384
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