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    Formation of Natural Indigo Derived from Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) in Relation to Product Purity
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    School of Plant Sciences, Plant Science Laboratories, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, United Kingdom
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    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

    Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 26, 7891–7896
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0486803
    Published November 26, 2004
    Copyright © 2004 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    There is an increasing commercial demand for naturally sourced indigo that meets the purity standards set by the synthetic product. This study concerns the indigo made from leaves of woad (Isatis tinctoria L.), and in particular its interaction with particulate impurities arising from soil and plant materials. Also, a more reliable method using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone has been developed for the spectrophotometric determination of indigo. In a novel application of fluorescence spectroscopy, indoxyl intermediates in indigo formation are shown to be stable for minutes. The main indigo precursor from woad can be adsorbed onto Amberlite XAD16 in conformity with a Langmuir isotherm, but indigo precursors break down on this and other resin beads to yield indigo and red compounds. Indigo made from indoxyl acetate aggregates into particles, the size distribution of which can be modified by the inclusion of a fine dispersion of calcium hydroxide. Bright field microscopy of indigo products made under defined conditions and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis reveal the relationship of indigo with particulate materials. A model illustrating the interaction of indigo with particulate contaminants is developed on the basis of the results obtained, and recommendations are made for improving the purity of natural indigo.

    Keywords: Fluorescence spectroscopy; dispersive X-ray analysis; indigo extraction; N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; scanning electron microscopy; soil; woad (Isatis tinctoria L.)

    Copyright © 2004 American Chemical Society

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    Data from indoxyl fluorescence, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the effect on indigo sedimentation of calcium, sodium, and potassium nitrate and chloride salts. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    Cited By

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    Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 26, 7891–7896
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0486803
    Published November 26, 2004
    Copyright © 2004 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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