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Application of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography To Elucidate the Native Carotenoid Composition in Red Orange Essential Oil

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Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Facoltà di Scienze, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; and Campus-Biomedico, Via E. Longoni 47, 00155 Roma, Italy
* Corresponding author (e-mail [email protected]; telephone +39 090 6766536 ; fax +39 090 6766532).
†Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Università di Messina.
§Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Università di Messina.
#Campus-Biomedico.
Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 10, 3478–3485
Publication Date (Web):April 30, 2008
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800144v
Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

    In the present work, the ability of a LC × LC-DAD/APCI-MS method developed at this laboratory to identify the native composition of carotenoid in an extremely complex matrix such as red orange essential oil was demonstrated. To carry out this task, two independent and orthogonal separation mechanisms were coupled through a 10-port switching valve that simultaneously collected the eluent from a microbore cyano column used as the first dimension in normal phase mode and injected it to a conventional reversed phase monolithic C18 column in the second dimension separation. By using this novel analytical technique together with the use of DAD and APCI-MS detectors it was possible to identify in the sample, without the need of any pretreatment, 40 different carotenoids. Among them, 16 carotenoid monoesters were identified, mainly β-cryptoxanthin palmitate (C16:0), myristate (C14:0), and laureate (C12:0) as well as several lutein, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and luteoxanthin monoesters. Moreover, 21 carotenoid diesters composed by several antheraxanthin, luteoxanthin, violaxanthin, and auroxanthin diesters were found in the native carotenoid composition of the orange oil. The main carotenoid diesters were the laureate palmitate (C12:0, C16:0), myristate palmitate (C14:0, C16:0), and dipalmitate (C16:0, C16:0) diesters, although other diesters were also identified. Besides, two different free carotenes, ζ-carotene and phytofluene, and a xanthophyll, lutein, were also determined. To the authorsʼ knowledge, this is the first time that carotenoid diesters are described and identified in orange essential oil. Likewise, it has been demonstrated that the LC × LC approach proposed in this study is capable of coping with the direct analysis and identification of a complex natural source of carotenoids such as the orange.

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