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Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Color of Cabernet Franc, Merlot, and Pinot Noir Wines from British Columbia

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    Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Color of Cabernet Franc, Merlot, and Pinot Noir Wines from British Columbia†
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    Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada, and Hawthorne Mountain Vineyards, Okanagan Falls, British Columbia V0H 1R0, Canada
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    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

    Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 10, 4009–4017
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990449f
    Published September 25, 1999
    Copyright © 1999 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Changes in phenolics (anthocyanins, flavonols, tartaric esters, and total phenolics) during ripening of grapes and in phenolics and color during vinification and aging of Cabernet Franc, Merlot, and Pinot Noir wines were studied. Anthocyanins in grape skins showed variations in accumulation pattern, concentration, and distribution depending on variety and to a lesser extent on season. During vinification, colorless phenolics increased during alcoholic fermentation, reached maximum values at pressing, and remained stable during malolactic fermentation and subsequent storage. Anthocyanins and color density, on the other hand, increased during the early stages of alcoholic fermentation, reached maximum values 2−3 days after the start of fermentation, decreased during malolactic fermentation, and slowly declined during subsequent storage. Viticultural practices that increased cluster sun exposure generally led to higher phenolics and color density of wines, whereas changing yeasts used for fermentation had minimal effects.

    Keywords: Wine color; polyphenols; flavonoids; flavonols; anthocyanins; tartaric esters; grapes; polymeric pigments; HPLC analysis; yeast

    Copyright © 1999 American Chemical Society

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    †

     Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre Contribution No. 2031.

    *

     Corresponding author (fax, (250)494-0755; e-mail, [email protected]).

    ‡

     Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre.

    §

     Hawthorne Mountain Vineyards.

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    Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 10, 4009–4017
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990449f
    Published September 25, 1999
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