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Structure-Based Approach for Binding Site Identification on AmpC β-Lactamase

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    Structure-Based Approach for Binding Site Identification on AmpC β-Lactamase
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    Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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    Journal of Medicinal Chemistry

    Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 15, 3222–3234
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/jm020002p
    Published June 19, 2002
    Copyright © 2002 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    β-Lactamases are the most widespread resistance mechanism to β-lactam antibiotics and are an increasing menace to public health. Several β-lactamase structures have been determined, making this enzyme an attractive target for structure-based drug design. To facilitate inhibitor design for the class C β-lactamase AmpC, binding site “hot spots” on the enzyme were identified using experimental and computational approaches. Experimentally, X-ray crystal structures of AmpC in complexes with four boronic acid inhibitors and a higher resolution (1.72 Å) native apo structure were determined. Along with previously determined structures of AmpC in complexes with five other boronic acid inhibitors and four β-lactams, consensus binding sites were identified. Computationally, the programs GRID, MCSS, and X-SITE were used to predict potential binding site hot spots on AmpC. Several consensus binding sites were identified from the crystal structures. An amide recognition site was identified by the interaction between the carbonyl oxygen in the R1 side chain of β-lactams and the atom Nδ2 of the conserved Asn152. Surprisingly, this site also recognizes the aryl rings of arylboronic acids, appearing to form quadrupole−dipole interactions with Asn152. The highly conserved “oxyanion” hole defines a site that recognizes both carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. A hydroxyl binding site was identified by the O2 hydroxyl in the boronic acids, which hydrogen bonds with Tyr150 and a conserved water. A hydrophobic site is formed by Leu119 and Leu293. A carboxylate binding site was identified by the ubiquitous C3(4) carboxylate of the β-lactams, which interacts with Asn346 and Arg349. Four water sites were identified by ordered waters observed in most of the structures; these waters form extensive hydrogen-bonding networks with AmpC and occasionally the ligand. Predictions by the computational programs showed some correlation with the experimentally observed binding sites. Several sites were not predicted, but novel binding sites were suggested. Taken together, a map of binding site hot spots found on AmpC, along with information on the functionality recognized at each site, was constructed. This map may be useful for structure-based inhibitor design against AmpC.

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    Table of conservation of water molecules in the AmpC complexes. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    Journal of Medicinal Chemistry

    Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 15, 3222–3234
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    Published June 19, 2002
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