Modulation of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Channel TRPV4 by 4α-Phorbol Esters: A Structure−Activity Study
- Thomas Kjær Klausen
- ,
- Alberto Pagani
- ,
- Alberto Minassi
- ,
- Abdellah Ech-Chahad
- ,
- Jean Prenen
- ,
- Grzegorz Owsianik
- ,
- Else Kay Hoffmann
- ,
- Stine Falsig Pedersen
- ,
- Giovanni Appendino
- , and
- Bernd Nilius
Abstract

The mechanism of activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel by 4α-phorbol esters was investigated by combining information from chemical modification of 4α-phorbol-didecanoate (4α-PDD, 2a), site-directed mutagenesis, Ca2+ imaging, and electrophysiology. Binding of 4α-phorbol esters occurs in a loop in the TM3−TM4 domain of TRPV4 that is analogous to the capsaicin binding site of TRPV1, and the ester decoration of ring C and the A,B ring junction are critical for activity. The lipophilic ester groups on ring C serve mainly as a steering element, affecting the orientation of the diterpenoid core into the ligand binding pocket, while the nature of the A,B ring junction plays an essential role in the Ca2+-dependence of the TRPV4 response. Taken together, our results show that 4α-phorbol is a useful template to investigate the molecular details of TRPV4 activation by small molecules and obtain information for the rational design of structurally simpler ligands for this ion channel.
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