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Inhibition of in Vitro and in Vivo HIV Replication by a Distamycin Analogue That Interferes with Chemokine Receptor Function:  A Candidate for Chemotherapeutic and Microbicidal Application

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Intramural Research Support Program, Anti-AIDS Virus Drug Screening Laboratory, and Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, SAIC Frederick, and Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Division of Basic Science, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Department of Pharmacology and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, Southern Research Institute-Frederick Research Center, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21702
Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 13, 2184–2193
Publication Date (Web):June 3, 1998
https://doi.org/10.1021/jm9801253
Copyright © 1998 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

    Select chemokine receptors act as coreceptors for HIV-1 entry into human cells and represent targets for antiviral therapy. In this report we describe a distamycin analogue, 2,2‘-[4,4‘-[[aminocarbonyl]amino]bis[N,4‘-di[pryrrole-2-carboxamide-1,1‘-dimethyl]]-6,8-naphthalenedisulfonic acid]hexasodium salt (NSC 651016), that selectively inhibited chemokine binding to CCR5, CCR3, CCR1, and CXCR4, but not to CXCR2 or CCR2b, and blocked chemokine-induced calcium flux. Inhibition was not due to nonspecific charge interactions at the cell surface, but was based on a specific competition for the ligand receptor interaction sites since the inhibitory effect was specific for some but not all chemoattractant receptors. NSC 651016 inhibited in vitro replication of a wide range of HIV-1 isolates, as well as HIV-2 and SIV, and exhibited in vivo anti-HIV-1 activity in a murine model. In contrast, a distamycin analogue with similar structure and charge and the monomeric form of NSC 651016 demonstrated no inhibitory effects. These data demonstrate that molecules which interfere with HIV-1 entry into cells by targeting specific chemokine coreceptors can provide a viable approach to anti-HIV-1 therapy. NSC 651016 represents an attractive candidate for the chemotherapeutic treatment of HIV-1 infection and as a microbicide to prevent the sexual transmisssion of HIV-1. Moreover, NSC 651016 can serve as a template for medicinal chemical modifications leading to more effective antivirals.

    †

     Intramural Research Support Program, NCI-FCRDC.

    ‡

     Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, NCI-FCRDC.

    §

     Developmental Therapeutics Program, NCI.

    ‖

     University of Vermont.

    ⊥

     Southern Research Institute-FRC.

    ∇

     Anti-AIDS Virus Drug Screening Laboratory, NCI-FCRDC.

    #

     Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, NCI-FCRDC.

    *

     Corresponding author:  William G. Rice, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist and Head, Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer research and Development Center, SAIC Frederick, Building 431 T-B, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702-1201; Phone (301) 846-5060; FAX (301)846-6846; E-mail rice@ dtpax2.ncifcrf.gov.

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