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Study of PEGylated Lipid Layers as a Model for PEGylated Liposome Surfaces: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Langmuir Monolayer Studies

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    Study of PEGylated Lipid Layers as a Model for PEGylated Liposome Surfaces: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Langmuir Monolayer Studies
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    † †Centre for Drug Research and ‡Division of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
    § Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
    ⊥ ∥Department of Physics and ⊥Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
    ▽ #Department of Applied Physics and ▽Department of Chemistry, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
    ○ Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
    E-mail: [email protected]
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    Cite this: Langmuir 2011, 27, 12, 7788–7798
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/la200003n
    Published May 23, 2011
    Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    We have combined Langmuir monolayer film experiments and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of a bilayer to study the surface structure of a PEGylated liposome and its interaction with the ionic environment present under physiological conditions. Lipids that form both gel and liquid-crystalline membranes have been used in our study. By varying the salt concentration in the Langmuir film experiment and including salt at the physiological level in the simulation, we have studied the effect of salt ions present in the blood plasma on the structure of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) layer. We have also studied the interaction between the PEG layer and the lipid bilayer in both the liquid-crystalline and gel states. The MD simulation shows two clear results: (a) The Na+ ions form close interactions with the PEG oxygens, with the PEG chains forming loops around them and (b) PEG penetrates the lipid core of the membrane for the case of a liquid-crystalline membrane but is excluded from the tighter structure of the gel membrane. The Langmuir monolayer results indicate that the salt concentration affects the PEGylated lipid system, and these results can be interpreted in a fashion that is in agreement with the results of our MD simulation. We conclude that the currently accepted picture of the PEG surface layer acting as a generic neutral hydrophilic polymer entirely outside the membrane, with its effect explained through steric interactions, is not sufficient. The phenomena we have observed may affect both the interaction between the liposome and bloodstream proteins and the liquid-crystalline–gel transition and is thus relevant to nanotechnological drug delivery device design.

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    Supporting Information

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    The validation of our all-atom model for the PEG polymer. Verification that our system is not affected by finite size effects. Effect of PEGylation on the water ordering in the vicinity of the membrane. Animation of DSPC and DLPC. A detailed discussion of the pure lipid system results and the effect of the salt concentration. Simulations of PEG in water solution. Graph of the deuterium order parameter. Pressure–area isotherms for the pure systems. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    Cite this: Langmuir 2011, 27, 12, 7788–7798
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