Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley!

STEP 1:
Click to create an ACS ID

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

MENDELEY PAIRING EXPIRED
Your Mendeley pairing has expired. Please reconnect
ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles in Medicine for Cancer Therapy
More

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 11, 1012-1013
  • Free to Read
Viewpoint

Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles in Medicine for Cancer Therapy
Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

View Author Information
Department of Translational Research National Cancer Institute-CRO, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano 33081, Italy
*(F.R.) E-mail: [email protected]
Open PDF

ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters

Cite this: ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 11, 1012–1013
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
https://doi.org/10.1021/ml400394a
Published October 24, 2013

Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use.

Request reuse permissions

Abstract

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Nanotechnology provides exciting opportunities for the development of novel, clinically relevant diagnostic and therapeutic multifunctional systems. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) due to their intrinsic fluorescence and high biocompatibility are among the best candidates. As innovative nanomaterials, CNPs could be utilized both as nontoxic drug delivery system and bioimaging. We foresee a great future for CNPs in cancer diagnostic and therapy.

This publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society.

Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society

Subjects

what are subjects

Personalized medicine is a major goal in cancer therapy, aiming to increase drug efficacy and reduce toxicity. All the available chemotherapeutic drugs currently in use for cancer treatment have some undesired side effects. One strategy to overcome side effects and increase efficacy is delivering chemotherapeutic drugs in close proximity to the tumor. In this regard, in the last years, nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs) have been developed and tested in vitro and in vivo. Among these, gold nanoparticles-based DDSs have been investigated extensively. (1) The strong Au–S interactions make it very convenient to conjugate various sulfur containing molecules and/or thiol-modified biomolecules (proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids) to the surface of Au nanoparticles. However, the major problem with AuNPs-based DDSs is the toxicity since these particles are made-up of heavy metal, which limits their applications in clinics. (2) Moreover, the conjugation of drug molecules or targeting chemicals to the gold nanoparticles usually occurs through thiols, which reduce the choices to medicinal chemists for drug loading through chemical conjugation. Gold NPs are also known to quench fluorescence of fluorophores, which makes them difficult to track in vivo. (3)

Recently discovered, a new class of carbon nanomaterials termed fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) could be a potential technological alternative due to their high water solubility, flexibility in surface modification with various chemicals, excellent biocompatibility, good cell permeability, and high photostability. (4, 5) These CNPs are made up of only carbon with inherent fluorescence properties, so their toxicity should be minimal. On the basis of their synthesis, these particles may contain different functional groups on their surface; viz., −COOH, −OH, >CO, and −NH2, which imparts them excellent water solubility and possibilities for covalent conjugation with the chemotherapeutic agent, targeting agent, and/or antibody (Figure 1). (6, 7) Chemotherapeutic drug in combination with targeting agent could be easily tethered to the CNPs through covalent linkage with these functional groups. Chemical synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles generally involves nonhazardous experimental procedures including either the carbonization of carbohydrates of different molecular weight or oxidation of carbon soot with nitric acid, which could be considered as green. (6-8) In order to increase the fluorescence, their surface could be passivated with poly ethylene glycol or other polymers.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Carbon nanoparticle bearing −COOH group at their surface and the drug molecule (or antibody) containing −NH2 conjugated through amide bond. This carbon nanoparticle-based drug delivery system provides a unique possibility for tracking them inside the biological system due to the intrinsic fluorescence of carbon nanoparticle.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

The toxicity studies of carbon nanoparticles show that these particles are nontoxic. In vitro studies demonstrate that under biological relevant concentration range, cell treated with carbon nanoparticles exhibited more than 80% of survival rate, clearly manifesting minimal toxicity. (6, 9) In vivo toxicity of carbon nanoparticles were also carried out on mice. Different amounts of carbon nanoparticles were administered to mice intravenously. (10) After 4 weeks there were no sign of toxicity and adverse clinical symptoms. Hepatic indicators, blood urea nitrogen, kidney function, uric acid, and creatinine were found to be similar as the control untreated mice. Furthermore, no abnormality or necrosis were seen in the harvested organs. This study demonstrates that the particles are almost nontoxic and are biocompatible.

CNPs possess distinct optical and chemical properties that allow us to (i) have optical properties compatible with living cells, (ii) modify with suitable exogenous chemicals, and (iii) be biocompatible and nontoxic. These properties provide the opportunity to medicinal chemists for the development of a new multimodal drug delivery system, which could be used for simultaneous drug delivery and fluorescent tracking. To date there are several approaches reported in the literature for the synthesis of carbon nanoparticles; however, they possess low fluorescence mainly in the blue-green region. Thus, the development of new methodologies for the synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles with fine-tuned fluorescence and engineered surface functionalization is urgently required. Carbon nanoparticles having fluorescence in the red or NIR range could be the best candidate for tracking and delivery, which will avoid background noise from the endogenous fluorophores during bioimaging. We believe that the development of highly biocompatible and fluorescent drug delivery systems based on fluorescent carbon nanoparticles holds great promises for specific drug delivery with minimal side effect and toxicity in cancer patients and provide valuable tools to medicinal chemists for the synthesis of site-specific carriers of various therapeutic agents with possible application also as imaging systems. A possible future could be foreseen for CNPs in medicine and clinics providing virtually no general toxicity and long circulation times to seek out and destroy cancer cells.

Author Information

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
  • Corresponding Author
    • Flavio Rizzolio,  Department of Translational Research National Cancer Institute-CRO, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano 33081, Italy,  Email: [email protected]
  • Authors
    • Vinit Kumar,  Department of Translational Research National Cancer Institute-CRO, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano 33081, Italy
    • Giuseppe Toffoli,  Department of Translational Research National Cancer Institute-CRO, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano 33081, Italy
  • Funding

    Authors are thankful to Special Program Molecular Clinical Oncology, 5x1000 (No. 12214), European Research Council, Programme “Ideas”, Proposal No. 269051, and Italian Ministry of Education MIUR (FIRB prot. RBAP11ETKA) for funding.

  • Notes
    Views expressed in this editorial are those of the author and not necessarily the views of the ACS.
    The authors declare no competing financial interest.

References

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This article references 10 other publications.

  1. 1
    Dreaden, E. C.; Alkilany, A. M.; Huang, X.; Murphy, C. J.; El-Sayed, M. A. The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 2740– 2779
    Google Scholar
    1
    The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine
    Dreaden, Erik C.; Alkilany, Alaaldin M.; Huang, Xiaohua; Murphy, Catherine J.; El-Sayed, Mostafa A.
    Chemical Society Reviews (2012), 41 (7), 2740-2779CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    A review. Gold nanoparticles have been used in biomedical applications since their first colloidal syntheses more than three centuries ago. However, over the past two decades, their beautiful colors and unique electronic properties have also attracted tremendous attention due to their historical applications in art and ancient medicine and current applications in enhanced optoelectronics and photovoltaics. In spite of their modest alchem. beginnings, gold nanoparticles exhibit phys. properties that are truly different from both small mols. and bulk materials, as well as from other nanoscale particles. Their unique combination of properties is just beginning to be fully realized in range of medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This crit. review will provide insights into the design, synthesis, functionalization, and applications of these artificial mols. in biomedicine and discuss their tailored interactions with biol. systems to achieve improved patient health. Further, we provide a survey of the rapidly expanding body of literature on this topic and argue that gold nanotechnol.-enabled biomedicine is not simply an act of gilding the (nanomedicinal) lily', but that a new Golden Age' of biomedical nanotechnol. is truly upon us. Moving forward, the most challenging nanoscience ahead of us will be to find new chem. and phys. methods of functionalizing gold nanoparticles with compds. that can promote efficient binding, clearance, and biocompatibility and to assess their safety to other biol. systems and their long-term term effects on human health and reprodn. (472 refs.).
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xjs1Cksbw%253D&md5=cc60f72214eb970bcd990b92fe39f136
  2. 2
    Alkilany, A. M.; Murphy, C. J. Toxicity and cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles: what we have learned so far? J. Nanopart. Res. 2010, 12, 2313– 2333
    Google Scholar
    2
    Toxicity and cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles: what we have learned so far?
    Alkilany, Alaaldin M.; Murphy, Catherine J.
    Journal of Nanoparticle Research (2010), 12 (7), 2313-2333CODEN: JNARFA; ISSN:1388-0764. (Springer)
    A review. Gold nanoparticles have attracted enormous scientific and technol. interest due to their ease of synthesis, chem. stability, and unique optical properties. Proof-of-concept studies demonstrate their biomedical applications in chem. sensing, biol. imaging, drug delivery, and cancer treatment. Knowledge about their potential toxicity and health impact is essential before these nanomaterials can be used in real clin. settings. Furthermore, the underlying interactions of these nanomaterials with physiol. fluids is a key feature of understanding their biol. impact, and these interactions can perhaps be exploited to mitigate unwanted toxic effects. In this Perspective we discuss recent results that address the toxicity of gold nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo, and we provide some exptl. recommendations for future research at the interface of nanotechnol. and biol. systems.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtVCju77N&md5=64b411cc92a958f8dd3224f34235b5dd
  3. 3
    Dulkeith, E.; Morteani, A. C.; Niedereichholz, T.; Klar, T. A.; Feldmann, J.; Levi, A. A.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Möller, M.; Gittins, D. I. Fluorescence quenching of dye molecules near gold nanoparticles: radiative and nonradiative effects Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89, 203002– 1– 4
    Google Scholar
    3
    Fluorescence Quenching of Dye Molecules near Gold Nanoparticles: Radiative and Nonradiative Effects
    Dulkeith, E.; Morteani, A. C.; Niedereichholz, T.; Klar, T. A.; Feldmann, J.; Levi, S. A.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Moller, M.; Gittins, D. I.
    Physical Review Letters (2002), 89 (20), 203002/1-203002/4CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:0031-9007. (American Physical Society)
    The radiative and nonradiative decay rates of lissamine dye mols., chem. attached to differently sized gold nanoparticles, are investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence expts. A pronounced fluorescence quenching is obsd. already for the smallest nanoparticles of 1 nm radius. The quenching is caused not only by an increased nonradiative rate but, equally important, by a drastic decrease in the dye's radiative rate. Assuming resonant energy transfer to be responsible for the nonradiative decay channel, we compare our exptl. findings with theor. results derived from the Gersten-Nitzan model.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XosVenur4%253D&md5=e21cfd321d6bf1c3c47c5ec5ef5be47d
  4. 4
    Baker, S. N.; Baker, G. A. Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6726– 6744
    Google Scholar
    4
    Luminescent Carbon Nanodots: emergent Nanolights
    Baker, Sheila N.; Baker, Gary A.
    Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2010), 49 (38), 6726-6744, S6726/1-S6726/5CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. Similar to its popular older cousins the fullerene, the C nanotube, and graphene, the latest form of nanocarbon, the C nanodot, is inspiring intensive research efforts in its own right. These surface-passivated carbonaceous quantum dots, so-called C-dots, combine several favorable attributes of traditional semiconductor-based quantum dots (namely, size- and wavelength-dependent luminescence emission, resistance to photobleaching, ease of bioconjugation) without incurring the burden of intrinsic toxicity or elemental scarcity and without the need for stringent, intricate, tedious, costly, or inefficient prepn. steps. C-dots can be produced inexpensively and on a large scale (frequently using a 1-step pathway and potentially from biomass waste-derived sources) by many approaches, ranging from simple candle burning to in situ dehydration reactions to laser ablation methods. Recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of C-dots are summarized. The authors also speculate on their future and discuss potential developments for their use in energy conversion/storage, bioimaging, drug delivery, sensors, diagnostics, and composites.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtFGnsbnI&md5=d9697f8e20909c76143c66218e744391
  5. 5
    Ding, C.; Zhu, A.; Tian, Y. Functional Surface Engineering of C-Dots for fluorescent biosensing and in vivo bioimaging Acc. Chem. Res. 2013,  DOI: 10.1021/ar400023s
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  6. 6
    Bhunia, S. K.; Saha, A.; Maity, A. R.; Ray, S. C.; Jana, N. R. Carbon nanoparticle-based fluorescent bioimaging probes Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1– 7
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  7. 7
    Wang, X.; Cao, L.; Yang, S.-T.; Lu, F.; Meziani, M. J.; Tian, L.; Sun, K. W.; Bloodgood, M. A.; Sun, Y.-P. Bandgap-like strong fluorescence in functionalized carbon nanoparticles Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5310– 5314
    Google Scholar
    7
    Bandgap-Like Strong Fluorescence in Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles
    Wang, Xin; Cao, Li; Yang, Sheng-Tao; Lu, Fushen; Meziani, Mohammed J.; Tian, Leilei; Sun, Katherine W.; Bloodgood, Mathew A.; Sun, Ya-Ping
    Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2010), 49 (31), 5310-5314, S5310/1-S5310/5CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Authors reported a possibility of functionalization of as-prepd. carbon dots by applying fractionalization on an aq. gel column. The most fluorescent fractions achieved emission close to 60 %, comparable to those of the best com. CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. The absorption and fluorescence of the carbon dots resembled those of band-gap transitions typically found in nanoscale semiconductors. Prospects of carbon particles on the nanoscale acquiring essentially semiconductor-like properties that are enhanced by surface functionalization are discussed.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXptlWgu78%253D&md5=6faf40e061867d32cef2c8e499fc23be
  8. 8
    Liu, H.; Ye, T.; Mao, C. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6473– 6475
    Google Scholar
    8
    Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot
    Liu, Haipeng; Ye, Tao; Mao, Chengde
    Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2007), 46 (34), 6473-6475CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    Flame and fluorescence: water-sol., multicolor fluorescent C nanoparticles were prepd. by refluxing candle soot with HNO3. The starting materials are easily accessible and inexpensive.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXhtVOjs7rM&md5=499128e70a66936f740cc59b5d8747c0
  9. 9
    Ko, H. Y.; Chang, Y. W.; Paramasivam, G.; Jeong, M. S.; Cho, S.; Kim, S. In vivo imaging of tumour bearing near-infrared fluorescence-emitting carbon nanodots derived from tire soot Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 10290– 10292
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  10. 10
    Yang, S.-T.; Wang, X.; Wang, H.; Lu, F.; Luo, P. G.; Cao, L.; Meziani, M. J.; Liu, J.-H.; Liu, Y.; Chen, M.; Huang, Y.; Sun, Y.-P. Carbon dots as nontoxic and high-performance fluorescence imaging agents J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 18110– 18114
    Google Scholar
    10
    Carbon Dots as Nontoxic and High-Performance Fluorescence Imaging Agents
    Yang, Sheng-Tao; Wang, Xin; Wang, Haifang; Lu, Fushen; Luo, Pengju G.; Cao, Li; Meziani, Mohammed J.; Liu, Jia-Hui; Liu, Yuanfang; Chen, Min; Huang, Yipu; Sun, Ya-Ping
    Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2009), 113 (42), 18110-18114CODEN: JPCCCK; ISSN:1932-7447. (American Chemical Society)
    Fluorescent carbon dots (small carbon nanoparticles with the surface passivated by oligomeric PEG mols.) were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity and also for their optical imaging performance in ref. to that of the com. supplied CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. The results suggested that the carbon dots were biocompatible, and their performance as fluorescence imaging agents was competitive. The implication to the use of carbon dots for in vitro and in vivo applications is discussed.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhtFynsbbE&md5=498d9f3b170065458aba3d175a573fae

Cited By

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This article is cited by 62 publications.

  1. Supriya Hegde Anuj Kumar Gurumurthy Hegde . Synthesis of Sustainable Carbon Nanospheres from Natural Bioresources and Their Diverse Applications. 2020, 393-420. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2020-1353.ch016
  2. Simone Cailotto, Emanuele Amadio, Manuela Facchin, Maurizio Selva, Enrico Pontoglio, Flavio Rizzolio, Pietro Riello, Giuseppe Toffoli, Alvise Benedetti, Alvise Perosa. Carbon Dots from Sugars and Ascorbic Acid: Role of the Precursors on Morphology, Properties, Toxicity, and Drug Uptake. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2018, 9 (8) , 832-837. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00240
  3. Reshma Rani, Vinit Kumar, and Flavio Rizzolio . Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles in Medicine for Cancer Therapy: An Update. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2018, 9 (1) , 4-5. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00523
  4. Haydar Ali, Susanta Kumar Bhunia, Chumki Dalal, and Nikhil R. Jana . Red Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticle-Based Cell Imaging Probe. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016, 8 (14) , 9305-9313. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b11318
  5. Pengfei Shen and Yunsheng Xia . Synthesis-Modification Integration: One-Step Fabrication of Boronic Acid Functionalized Carbon Dots for Fluorescent Blood Sugar Sensing. Analytical Chemistry 2014, 86 (11) , 5323-5329. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac5001338
  6. So Young Park, Hyun Uk Lee, Eun Sik Park, Soon Chang Lee, Jae-Won Lee, Soon Woo Jeong, Chi Hyun Kim, Young-Chul Lee, Yun Suk Huh, and Jouhahn Lee . Photoluminescent Green Carbon Nanodots from Food-Waste-Derived Sources: Large-Scale Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Applications. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2014, 6 (5) , 3365-3370. https://doi.org/10.1021/am500159p
  7. Sunny Mukherjee, Anamika Verma, Nitisha Beniwal, Aravind Kumar Rengan. Biocompatibility, biodistribution, cytotoxicity, biological and medical challenges, environmental and health impact of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles. 2025, 801-825. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13591-0.00009-7
  8. N. Anwesha, Bibhuti B. Sahu, Kalim Deshmukh, Srikanta Moharana. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for bioimaging applications. 2025, 225-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13591-0.00016-4
  9. Arshi Khanam, Gurvirender Singh, Smita Narwal, Bhawna Chopra, Ashwani K. Dhingra. A Review on Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in the Management of Prostate Cancer. Current Drug Delivery 2024, 21 (9) , 1161-1179. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018180695230925113521
  10. Ranjit Barua, Sudipto Datta. The Emerging Next-Generation Materials for Biomedical Applications. 2024, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1306-0.ch001
  11. Sumel Ashique, Prathap Madeswara Guptha, Satish Shilpi, Saurabh Sharma, Shubneesh Kumar, Mohammad A. Altamimi, Afzal Hussain, Sandhya Chouhan, Neeraj Mishra. Nanocarrier-mediated delivery for targeting for prostate cancer. 2024, 355-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95303-0.00008-3
  12. Monikankana Saikia, Abhishek Hazarika, Kallol Roy, Puja Khare, Anjum Dihingia, Rituraj Konwar, Binoy K. Saikia. Waste-derived high-yield biocompatible fluorescent carbon quantum dots for biological and nanofertiliser applications. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2023, 11 (6) , 111344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.111344
  13. Ashish Garg, Vijay Sagar Madamsetty, Sumel Ashique, Vinod Gauttam, Neeraj Mishra. Targeted Nanocarriers-based Approach For Prostate Cancer Therapy. 2023, 133-162. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815080506123010008
  14. Sekhar C. Ray. Electrical and magnetic performances of semiconductor based carbon nanoparticles. AIP Advances 2023, 13 (3) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0143363
  15. Manika Chaudhary, Ashwani Kumar, Arti Devi, Beer Pal Singh, Bansi D. Malhotra, Kushagr Singhal, Sangeeta Shukla, Srikanth Ponnada, Rakesh K. Sharma, Carmen A. Vega-Olivencia, Shrestha Tyagi, Rahul Singhal. Prospects of nanostructure-based electrochemical sensors for drug detection: a review. Materials Advances 2023, 4 (2) , 432-457. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MA00896C
  16. Vanya Nayak, Kshitij RB Singh, Rishi Paliwal, Jay Singh, Mrituanjay D Pandey, Ravindra Pratap Singh. Introduction to nanotechnological utility in the pharmaceutical industry. 2023, 337-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95325-2.00013-4
  17. Hong Jing, Fevzi Bardakci, Sinan Akgöl, Kevser Kusat, Mohd Adnan, Mohammad Alam, Reena Gupta, Sumaira Sahreen, Yeng Chen, Subash Gopinath, Sreenivasan Sasidharan. Green Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Functional Biomaterials 2023, 14 (1) , 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010027
  18. Maryam Farmand, Fatemeh Jahanpeyma, Alieh Gholaminejad, Mostafa Azimzadeh, Fatemeh Malaei, Nahid Shoaie. Carbon nanostructures: a comprehensive review of potential applications and toxic effects. 3 Biotech 2022, 12 (8) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03175-6
  19. Priyanka Ray, Parikshit Moitra, Dipanjan Pan. Emerging theranostic applications of carbon dots and its variants. VIEW 2022, 3 (2) https://doi.org/10.1002/VIW.20200089
  20. Huachen Tao, Tianyi Wu, Sina Kheiri, Matteo Aldeghi, Alán Aspuru‐Guzik, Eugenia Kumacheva. Self‐Driving Platform for Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis: Combining Microfluidics and Machine Learning. Advanced Functional Materials 2021, 31 (51) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202106725
  21. Suraiya Saleem, Rajaretinam Rajesh Kannan. Zebrafish: A Promising Real-Time Model System for Nanotechnology-Mediated Neurospecific Drug Delivery. Nanoscale Research Letters 2021, 16 (1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-021-03592-1
  22. Alain Géloën, Gauhar Mussabek, Alexander Kharin, Tetiana Serdiuk, Sergei A. Alekseev, Vladimir Lysenko. Impact of Carbon Fluoroxide Nanoparticles on Cell Proliferation. Nanomaterials 2021, 11 (12) , 3168. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123168
  23. Samer Bayda, Emanuele Amadio, Simone Cailotto, Yahima Frión-Herrera, Alvise Perosa, Flavio Rizzolio. Carbon dots for cancer nanomedicine: a bright future. Nanoscale Advances 2021, 3 (18) , 5183-5221. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NA00036E
  24. Seyed Mostafa Jafari, Saeed Masoum, Seyed Ali Hosseini Tafreshi. A microlagal-based carbonaceous sensor for enzymatic determination of glucose in blood serum. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2021, 101 , 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.06.012
  25. Huachen Tao, Tianyi Wu, Matteo Aldeghi, Tony C. Wu, Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Eugenia Kumacheva. Nanoparticle synthesis assisted by machine learning. Nature Reviews Materials 2021, 6 (8) , 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00337-5
  26. Ankita Thakuria, Bharti Kataria, Deepshikha Gupta. Nanoparticle-based methodologies for targeted drug delivery—an insight. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2021, 23 (4) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-021-05190-9
  27. Ashish Garg, Sweta Garg, Nitin Kumar Swarnakar. Nanoparticles and prostate cancer. 2021, 275-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819793-6.00012-6
  28. Nemi Malhotra, Gilbert Audira, Jung-Ren Chen, Petrus Siregar, Hua-Shu Hsu, Jiann-Shing Lee, Tzong-Rong Ger, Chung-Der Hsiao. Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Carbon-Coating Can Increase Its Biosafety: Evidences from Biochemical and Neurobehavioral Tests in Zebrafish. Molecules 2020, 25 (9) , 2256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092256
  29. Sharanabasava D. Hiremath, Bhaskar Priyadarshi, Mainak Banerjee, Amrita Chatterjee. Carbon dots-MnO2 based turn-on fluorescent probe for rapid and sensitive detection of hydrazine in water. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2020, 389 , 112258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112258
  30. S. Sharath Shankar, Vishnu Ramachandran, Rabina P. Raj, T. V. Sruthi, V. B. Sameer Kumar. Carbon Quantum Dots: A Potential Candidate for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Application. 2020, 49-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9840-8_3
  31. Deepali Sharma, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain. Smart nanomaterials in pharmaceutical analysis. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2020, 13 (1) , 3319-3343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.11.007
  32. Riyue Dong, Yanjuan Li, Wei Li, Haoran Zhang, Yingliang Liu, Li Ma, Xiaojun Wang, Bingfu Lei. Recent developments in luminescent nanoparticles for plant imaging and photosynthesis. Journal of Rare Earths 2019, 37 (9) , 903-915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2019.04.001
  33. Elham Asadian, Masoumeh Ghalkhani, Saeed Shahrokhian. Electrochemical sensing based on carbon nanoparticles: A review. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2019, 293 , 183-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.04.075
  34. Liting Zhang, Wanpeng Liu, Haifeng Zhuang, Jin Zhang, Chao Chen, Yibing Wang, Shengdao Shan. Environmentally friendly synthesis of photoluminescent biochar dots from waste soy residues for rapid monitoring of potentially toxic elements. RSC Advances 2019, 9 (38) , 21653-21659. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA03001H
  35. Xiaoyu Li, Lihe Yan, Jinhai Si, Huanhuan Xu, Yanmin Xu. Tuning the photoluminescence property of carbon dots by ultraviolet light irradiation. RSC Advances 2019, 9 (22) , 12732-12736. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA02080B
  36. Roshni V, Sweta Misra, Manas Kumar Santra, Divya Ottoor. One pot green synthesis of C-dots from groundnuts and its application as Cr(VI) sensor and in vitro bioimaging agent. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2019, 373 , 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.12.028
  37. Masoud Farshbaf, Soodabeh Davaran, Fariborz Rahimi, Nasim Annabi, Roya Salehi, Abolfazl Akbarzadeh. Carbon quantum dots: recent progresses on synthesis, surface modification and applications. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 2018, 46 (7) , 1331-1348. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1377725
  38. Enamul Haque, Alister C. Ward. Zebrafish as a Model to Evaluate Nanoparticle Toxicity. Nanomaterials 2018, 8 (7) , 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8070561
  39. Rossella Farra, Francesco Musiani, Francesca Perrone, Maja Čemažar, Urška Kamenšek, Federica Tonon, Michela Abrami, Aleš Ručigaj, Mario Grassi, Gabriele Pozzato, Deborah Bonazza, Fabrizio Zanconati, Giancarlo Forte, Maguie El Boustani, Lucia Scarabel, Marica Garziera, Concetta Russo Spena, Lucia De Stefano, Barbara Salis, Giuseppe Toffoli, Flavio Rizzolio, Gabriele Grassi, Barbara Dapas. Polymer-Mediated Delivery of siRNAs to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Variables Affecting Specificity and Effectiveness. Molecules 2018, 23 (4) , 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040777
  40. Gesmi Milcovich, Stefania Lettieri, Filipe E. Antunes, Bruno Medronho, Ana C. Fonseca, Jorge F.J. Coelho, Paolo Marizza, Francesca Perrone, Rossella Farra, Barbara Dapas, Gabriele Grassi, Mario Grassi, Silvia Giordani. Recent advances in smart biotechnology: Hydrogels and nanocarriers for tailored bioactive molecules depot. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2017, 249 , 163-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2017.05.009
  41. Mumei Han, Liping Wang, Siheng Li, Liang Bai, Yunjie Zhou, Yue Sun, Hui Huang, Hao Li, Yang Liu, Zhenhui Kang. High-bright fluorescent carbon dot as versatile sensing platform. Talanta 2017, 174 , 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.067
  42. Lucia Scarabel, Francesca Perrone, Marica Garziera, Rossella Farra, Mario Grassi, Francesco Musiani, Concetta Russo Spena, Barbara Salis, Lucia De Stefano, Giuseppe Toffoli, Flavio Rizzolio, Federica Tonon, Michela Abrami, Gianluca Chiarappa, Gabriele Pozzato, Giancarlo Forte, Gabriele Grassi, Barbara Dapas. Strategies to optimize siRNA delivery to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 2017, 14 (6) , 797-810. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2017.1292247
  43. Irina Yu. Goryacheva, Andrei V. Sapelkin, Gleb B. Sukhorukov. Carbon nanodots: Mechanisms of photoluminescence and principles of application. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2017, 90 , 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.02.012
  44. Samer Bayda, Mohamad Hadla, Stefano Palazzolo, Vinit Kumar, Isabella Caligiuri, Emmanuele Ambrosi, Enrico Pontoglio, Marco Agostini, Tiziano Tuccinardi, Alvise Benedetti, Pietro Riello, Vincenzo Canzonieri, Giuseppe Corona, Giuseppe Toffoli, Flavio Rizzolio. Bottom-up synthesis of carbon nanoparticles with higher doxorubicin efficacy. Journal of Controlled Release 2017, 248 , 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.022
  45. Marianne Geiser, Natalie Jeannet, Martin Fierz, Heinz Burtscher. Evaluating Adverse Effects of Inhaled Nanoparticles by Realistic In Vitro Technology. Nanomaterials 2017, 7 (2) , 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020049
  46. Dan Gu, Shaoming Shang, Qin Yu, Jie Shen. Green synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots from lotus root for Hg(II) ions detection and cell imaging. Applied Surface Science 2016, 390 , 38-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.08.012
  47. Tyler J. Goodwin, Leaf Huang. On the article “Findings questioning the involvement of Sigma-1 receptor in the uptake of anisamide-decorated particles” [J. Control. Release 224 (2016) 229–238]. Journal of Controlled Release 2016, 243 , 382-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.022
  48. Aoife Kilcoyne, Mukesh G. Harisinghani, Umar Mahmood. Prostate Cancer Imaging and Therapy: Potential Role of Nanoparticles. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2016, 57 (Supplement 3) , 105S-110S. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.170738
  49. Igor Levchenko, Michael Keidar, Uroš Cvelbar, Davide Mariotti, Anne Mai-Prochnow, Jinghua Fang, Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov. Novel biomaterials: plasma-enabled nanostructures and functions. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2016, 49 (27) , 273001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/27/273001
  50. Natalie Jeannet, Martin Fierz, Sarah Schneider, Lisa Künzi, Nathalie Baumlin, Matthias Salathe, Heinz Burtscher, Marianne Geiser. Acute toxicity of silver and carbon nanoaerosols to normal and cystic fibrosis human bronchial epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2016, 10 (3) , 279-291. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2015.1049233
  51. Xingru Chen, Xue Bai, Chun Sun, Liang Su, Yiding Wang, Yu Zhang, William W. Yu. High efficient light-emitting diodes based on liquid-type carbon dots. RSC Advances 2016, 6 (99) , 96798-96802. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA20570D
  52. Li Wang, Shoujun Zhu, Tong Lu, Guangji Zhang, Jia Xu, Yubin Song, Yang Li, Liping Wang, Bai Yang, Fei Li. The effects of a series of carbon dots on fibrillation and cytotoxicity of human islet amyloid polypeptide. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2016, 4 (28) , 4913-4921. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TB00921B
  53. Irena Gotman, Sergey G. Psakhie, Aleksandr S. Lozhkomoev, Elazar Y. Gutmanas. Iron oxide and gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy. 2016, 020020. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4960239
  54. Prabuddha Mukherjee, Santosh K. Misra, Mark C. Gryka, Huei-Huei Chang, Saumya Tiwari, William L. Wilson, John W. Scott, Rohit Bhargava, Dipanjan Pan. Tunable Luminescent Carbon Nanospheres with Well-Defined Nanoscale Chemistry for Synchronized Imaging and Therapy. Small 2015, 11 (36) , 4691-4703. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201500728
  55. Alexander Kharin, Olga Syshchyk, Alain Geloen, Sergey Alekseev, Andrey Rogov, Vladimir Lysenko, Victor Timoshenko. Carbon fluoroxide nanoparticles as fluorescent labels and sonosensitizers for theranostic applications. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 2015, 16 (4) , 044601. https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/16/4/044601
  56. Shi Ying Lim, Wei Shen, Zhiqiang Gao. Carbon quantum dots and their applications. Chemical Society Reviews 2015, 44 (1) , 362-381. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00269E
  57. Chetna Dhand, Neeraj Dwivedi, Xian Jun Loh, Alice Ng Jie Ying, Navin Kumar Verma, Roger W. Beuerman, Rajamani Lakshminarayanan, Seeram Ramakrishna. Methods and strategies for the synthesis of diverse nanoparticles and their applications: a comprehensive overview. RSC Advances 2015, 5 (127) , 105003-105037. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA19388E
  58. Yu. A. Shchipunov, O. N. Khlebnikov, V. E. Silant’ev. Carbon quantum dots hydrothermally synthesized from chitin. Polymer Science Series B 2015, 57 (1) , 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1560090415010121
  59. Wei Wang, Lu Cheng, WenGuang Liu. Biological applications of carbon dots. Science China Chemistry 2014, 57 (4) , 522-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-014-5064-4
  60. Shih-Fan Jang, Wei-Hsiu Liu, Wen-Shin Song, Kuan-Lin Chiang, Hsin-I Ma, Chung-Lan Kao, Ming-Teh Chen. Nanomedicine-Based Neuroprotective Strategies in Patient Specific-iPSC and Personalized Medicine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2014, 15 (3) , 3904-3925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15033904
  61. Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta, Sanjay Jha, Rakesh Kumar Singhal, Suresh Kumar Kailasa. Preparation of multicolor emitting carbon dots for HeLa cell imaging. New J. Chem. 2014, 38 (12) , 6152-6160. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NJ00840E
  62. Bo Liao, Wu Wang, Peng Long, Benqiao He, Fangwen Li, Qingquan Liu. Synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles grafted with polystyrene and their fluorescent fibers processed by electrospinning. RSC Adv. 2014, 4 (101) , 57683-57690. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA09899D
Download PDF
Open PDF
Go to ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters
Get e-Alerts
Get e-Alerts

ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters

Cite this: ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 11, 1012–1013
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
https://doi.org/10.1021/ml400394a
Published October 24, 2013

Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use.

Request reuse permissions

Article Views

3419

Altmetric

-

Citations

62
Learn about these metrics

Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.

  • Figure 1

    Figure 1. Carbon nanoparticle bearing −COOH group at their surface and the drug molecule (or antibody) containing −NH2 conjugated through amide bond. This carbon nanoparticle-based drug delivery system provides a unique possibility for tracking them inside the biological system due to the intrinsic fluorescence of carbon nanoparticle.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

  • References

    This article references 10 other publications.

    1. 1
      Dreaden, E. C.; Alkilany, A. M.; Huang, X.; Murphy, C. J.; El-Sayed, M. A. The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 2740– 2779
      1
      The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine
      Dreaden, Erik C.; Alkilany, Alaaldin M.; Huang, Xiaohua; Murphy, Catherine J.; El-Sayed, Mostafa A.
      Chemical Society Reviews (2012), 41 (7), 2740-2779CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      A review. Gold nanoparticles have been used in biomedical applications since their first colloidal syntheses more than three centuries ago. However, over the past two decades, their beautiful colors and unique electronic properties have also attracted tremendous attention due to their historical applications in art and ancient medicine and current applications in enhanced optoelectronics and photovoltaics. In spite of their modest alchem. beginnings, gold nanoparticles exhibit phys. properties that are truly different from both small mols. and bulk materials, as well as from other nanoscale particles. Their unique combination of properties is just beginning to be fully realized in range of medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This crit. review will provide insights into the design, synthesis, functionalization, and applications of these artificial mols. in biomedicine and discuss their tailored interactions with biol. systems to achieve improved patient health. Further, we provide a survey of the rapidly expanding body of literature on this topic and argue that gold nanotechnol.-enabled biomedicine is not simply an act of gilding the (nanomedicinal) lily', but that a new Golden Age' of biomedical nanotechnol. is truly upon us. Moving forward, the most challenging nanoscience ahead of us will be to find new chem. and phys. methods of functionalizing gold nanoparticles with compds. that can promote efficient binding, clearance, and biocompatibility and to assess their safety to other biol. systems and their long-term term effects on human health and reprodn. (472 refs.).
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xjs1Cksbw%253D&md5=cc60f72214eb970bcd990b92fe39f136
    2. 2
      Alkilany, A. M.; Murphy, C. J. Toxicity and cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles: what we have learned so far? J. Nanopart. Res. 2010, 12, 2313– 2333
      2
      Toxicity and cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles: what we have learned so far?
      Alkilany, Alaaldin M.; Murphy, Catherine J.
      Journal of Nanoparticle Research (2010), 12 (7), 2313-2333CODEN: JNARFA; ISSN:1388-0764. (Springer)
      A review. Gold nanoparticles have attracted enormous scientific and technol. interest due to their ease of synthesis, chem. stability, and unique optical properties. Proof-of-concept studies demonstrate their biomedical applications in chem. sensing, biol. imaging, drug delivery, and cancer treatment. Knowledge about their potential toxicity and health impact is essential before these nanomaterials can be used in real clin. settings. Furthermore, the underlying interactions of these nanomaterials with physiol. fluids is a key feature of understanding their biol. impact, and these interactions can perhaps be exploited to mitigate unwanted toxic effects. In this Perspective we discuss recent results that address the toxicity of gold nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo, and we provide some exptl. recommendations for future research at the interface of nanotechnol. and biol. systems.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtVCju77N&md5=64b411cc92a958f8dd3224f34235b5dd
    3. 3
      Dulkeith, E.; Morteani, A. C.; Niedereichholz, T.; Klar, T. A.; Feldmann, J.; Levi, A. A.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Möller, M.; Gittins, D. I. Fluorescence quenching of dye molecules near gold nanoparticles: radiative and nonradiative effects Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89, 203002– 1– 4
      3
      Fluorescence Quenching of Dye Molecules near Gold Nanoparticles: Radiative and Nonradiative Effects
      Dulkeith, E.; Morteani, A. C.; Niedereichholz, T.; Klar, T. A.; Feldmann, J.; Levi, S. A.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Moller, M.; Gittins, D. I.
      Physical Review Letters (2002), 89 (20), 203002/1-203002/4CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:0031-9007. (American Physical Society)
      The radiative and nonradiative decay rates of lissamine dye mols., chem. attached to differently sized gold nanoparticles, are investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence expts. A pronounced fluorescence quenching is obsd. already for the smallest nanoparticles of 1 nm radius. The quenching is caused not only by an increased nonradiative rate but, equally important, by a drastic decrease in the dye's radiative rate. Assuming resonant energy transfer to be responsible for the nonradiative decay channel, we compare our exptl. findings with theor. results derived from the Gersten-Nitzan model.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XosVenur4%253D&md5=e21cfd321d6bf1c3c47c5ec5ef5be47d
    4. 4
      Baker, S. N.; Baker, G. A. Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6726– 6744
      4
      Luminescent Carbon Nanodots: emergent Nanolights
      Baker, Sheila N.; Baker, Gary A.
      Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2010), 49 (38), 6726-6744, S6726/1-S6726/5CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. Similar to its popular older cousins the fullerene, the C nanotube, and graphene, the latest form of nanocarbon, the C nanodot, is inspiring intensive research efforts in its own right. These surface-passivated carbonaceous quantum dots, so-called C-dots, combine several favorable attributes of traditional semiconductor-based quantum dots (namely, size- and wavelength-dependent luminescence emission, resistance to photobleaching, ease of bioconjugation) without incurring the burden of intrinsic toxicity or elemental scarcity and without the need for stringent, intricate, tedious, costly, or inefficient prepn. steps. C-dots can be produced inexpensively and on a large scale (frequently using a 1-step pathway and potentially from biomass waste-derived sources) by many approaches, ranging from simple candle burning to in situ dehydration reactions to laser ablation methods. Recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of C-dots are summarized. The authors also speculate on their future and discuss potential developments for their use in energy conversion/storage, bioimaging, drug delivery, sensors, diagnostics, and composites.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtFGnsbnI&md5=d9697f8e20909c76143c66218e744391
    5. 5
      Ding, C.; Zhu, A.; Tian, Y. Functional Surface Engineering of C-Dots for fluorescent biosensing and in vivo bioimaging Acc. Chem. Res. 2013,  DOI: 10.1021/ar400023s
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    6. 6
      Bhunia, S. K.; Saha, A.; Maity, A. R.; Ray, S. C.; Jana, N. R. Carbon nanoparticle-based fluorescent bioimaging probes Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1– 7
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    7. 7
      Wang, X.; Cao, L.; Yang, S.-T.; Lu, F.; Meziani, M. J.; Tian, L.; Sun, K. W.; Bloodgood, M. A.; Sun, Y.-P. Bandgap-like strong fluorescence in functionalized carbon nanoparticles Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5310– 5314
      7
      Bandgap-Like Strong Fluorescence in Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles
      Wang, Xin; Cao, Li; Yang, Sheng-Tao; Lu, Fushen; Meziani, Mohammed J.; Tian, Leilei; Sun, Katherine W.; Bloodgood, Mathew A.; Sun, Ya-Ping
      Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2010), 49 (31), 5310-5314, S5310/1-S5310/5CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Authors reported a possibility of functionalization of as-prepd. carbon dots by applying fractionalization on an aq. gel column. The most fluorescent fractions achieved emission close to 60 %, comparable to those of the best com. CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. The absorption and fluorescence of the carbon dots resembled those of band-gap transitions typically found in nanoscale semiconductors. Prospects of carbon particles on the nanoscale acquiring essentially semiconductor-like properties that are enhanced by surface functionalization are discussed.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXptlWgu78%253D&md5=6faf40e061867d32cef2c8e499fc23be
    8. 8
      Liu, H.; Ye, T.; Mao, C. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6473– 6475
      8
      Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot
      Liu, Haipeng; Ye, Tao; Mao, Chengde
      Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2007), 46 (34), 6473-6475CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      Flame and fluorescence: water-sol., multicolor fluorescent C nanoparticles were prepd. by refluxing candle soot with HNO3. The starting materials are easily accessible and inexpensive.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXhtVOjs7rM&md5=499128e70a66936f740cc59b5d8747c0
    9. 9
      Ko, H. Y.; Chang, Y. W.; Paramasivam, G.; Jeong, M. S.; Cho, S.; Kim, S. In vivo imaging of tumour bearing near-infrared fluorescence-emitting carbon nanodots derived from tire soot Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 10290– 10292
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    10. 10
      Yang, S.-T.; Wang, X.; Wang, H.; Lu, F.; Luo, P. G.; Cao, L.; Meziani, M. J.; Liu, J.-H.; Liu, Y.; Chen, M.; Huang, Y.; Sun, Y.-P. Carbon dots as nontoxic and high-performance fluorescence imaging agents J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 18110– 18114
      10
      Carbon Dots as Nontoxic and High-Performance Fluorescence Imaging Agents
      Yang, Sheng-Tao; Wang, Xin; Wang, Haifang; Lu, Fushen; Luo, Pengju G.; Cao, Li; Meziani, Mohammed J.; Liu, Jia-Hui; Liu, Yuanfang; Chen, Min; Huang, Yipu; Sun, Ya-Ping
      Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2009), 113 (42), 18110-18114CODEN: JPCCCK; ISSN:1932-7447. (American Chemical Society)
      Fluorescent carbon dots (small carbon nanoparticles with the surface passivated by oligomeric PEG mols.) were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity and also for their optical imaging performance in ref. to that of the com. supplied CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. The results suggested that the carbon dots were biocompatible, and their performance as fluorescence imaging agents was competitive. The implication to the use of carbon dots for in vitro and in vivo applications is discussed.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhtFynsbbE&md5=498d9f3b170065458aba3d175a573fae