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    Electrical Control of Optical Plasmon Resonance with Graphene
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    † Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
    ‡ Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
    *E-mail: [email protected]
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    Nano Letters

    Cite this: Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 11, 5598–5602
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302656d
    Published October 1, 2012
    Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Surface plasmon has the unique capability to concentrate light into subwavelength volume. (1-5) Active plasmon devices using electrostatic gating can enable flexible control of the plasmon excitations, (6) which has been demonstrated recently in terahertz plasmonic structures. (7-9) Controlling plasmon resonance at optical frequencies, however, remains a significant challenge because gate-induced free electrons have very weak responses at optical frequencies. (10) Here we achieve efficient control of near-infrared plasmon resonance in a hybrid graphene-gold nanorod system. Exploiting the uniquely strong (11, 12) and gate-tunable optical transitions (13, 14) of graphene, we are able to significantly modulate both the resonance frequency and quality factor of gold nanorod plasmon. Our analysis shows that the plasmon–graphene coupling is remarkably strong: even a single electron in graphene at the plasmonic hotspot could have an observable effect on plasmon scattering intensity. Such hybrid graphene–nanometallic structure provides a powerful way for electrical control of plasmon resonances at optical frequencies and could enable novel plasmonic sensing down to single charge transfer events.

    Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    Calculation on gate-dependent dielectric constants of graphene, finite element analysis on optical plasmon resonance modulation with graphene, estimation of shot-noise-limited detection. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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    This article is cited by 267 publications.

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    Cite this: Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 11, 5598–5602
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302656d
    Published October 1, 2012
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